Izimpi Zenkolo UbuKristu babewuchungechunge lwezenzakalo zemvelo yenkolo, lapho iSonto LamaKatolika lalihileleke phakathi nenkathi yeNkathi Ephakathi; Funda okwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko ngokufunda isihloko esilandelayo.
izinkolo zobuKristu
Phakathi nengxenye enkulu yeNkathi Ephakathi, kwaqhutshwa uchungechunge lwezimpi ezihlomile lapho kwakuhileleke khona lokho okwakuthiwa Amasosha Enkolo Yenkolo. Lezi zilwi zaziwuhlobo lwamasosha ayefuna ngandlela-thile ukubuyisela ubuKristu kuso sonke isifunda sasempumalanga, umgomo wawuwukumisa ubuKristu futhi ezweni elingcwele.
Abalweli benkolo benza izifungo okwesikhashana futhi enye yezinzuzo ukuthi banikezwa ukuzitika nokuthethelelwa kwezono zabo ngezenzo zabo, njengoba babesindisa i-patriot kaJesu. Kuyo yonke iNtshonalanga Yurophu kwakunababusi ababebusa imibuso eminingi; lezi zingxabano zaqala phakathi konyaka ka-1095 no-1291, omelela cishe amakhulu amabili eminyaka ezimpi.
Nokho, izimpi zenkolo aziphelanga ngokunqotshwa kwalezo zindawo, kamuva izingxabano ezingokwenkolo zaqhubeka ezifundeni zaseSpain nakwezinye izindawo zaseMpumalanga Yurophu; Labo ababenomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza yonke inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi iziMpi Zenkolo kwakuyizicukuthwane ezibaluleke kakhulu zeSonto LamaKatolika; Imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yenziwa ngenhloso yokunqoba ababusi bamaSulumane emazweni aseSpain, abantu abangamaqaba basePrussia naseLithuania.
Isihloko esilandelayo mayelana Ukushushiswa kwamaKristu, ikuvumela ukuthi ukwazise nokuziphatha okuthile komphakathi kwesintu ngezizathu zenkolo.
Origen
Igama elinjalo livela egameni elithi isiphambano, elalimelela umfanekiso wokubethelwa komfanekiso kaJesu Kristu, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ubuKristu bathatha isiphambano njengophawu lwenkululeko, lapho wonke amasosha kufanele agqoke izingubo zabo ( ngaphambili. ) isiphambano, esasibaveza njengamaQembu Enkolo.
Nakuba le ncazelo inezimpikiswano ezithile zezazi-mlando, kukholakala ukuthi ngonyaka we-1090, igama elithi impi yenkolo kanye nophawu lwesiphambano lase lisungulwe njengenhlangano yokubuyisela izwe elingcwele, ukuze kwenziwe inqubo yokuvuselela kabusha izwe elingcwele. impi ngokumelene namaSulumane ukuze afune ukubuyiselwa kwezindawo ezithathwe amaTurkey.
Ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi leli gama lalisetshenziswa ukuchaza izimpi ezazizoholela ekuhlanganisweni kobuKristu emhlabeni, okwaphoqa amaqaba nabangakholwa ukuthi benze izifungo zobuKrestu. Lezi zimpi zisekelwe ekushushisweni kwamaSulumane, amaqaba, ama-Orthodox amaKristu, ayenamandla phezu kwezwe elingcwele kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Isingeniso
Izenzakalo ezenzeka eConstantinople emuva onyakeni we-1000 wenkathi yethu, yizo ezanquma ukuthi izimpi zenkolo zazikhona; leso sifunda sasichume kakhulu kodwa futhi sinamandla kakhulu, sasisendaweni esentshonalanga ye-Asia, kwenziwa amabhizinisi amakhulu futhi abathengisi batshala imali kunoma iyiphi inombolo yezinto.
Izindlela zokuhweba ezibaluleke kakhulu zazidlula eConstantinople, eyayisezandleni zezombangazwe zoMbuso WaseByzantium. Ukuthathwa kwezindawo kwakungenxa yemikhankaso yoMbusi uBasil II Bulgaroktonos, owaxosha zonke izakhamuzi nabalandeli benhlangano kulawo mazwe.
Ngemva kokushona kuka-Emperor Basil, umbuso washiywa ezandleni zababusi abangasebenzi kahle, nokho-ke amaTurkey ayethola amandla futhi ayesehlasele ezinye izifunda. Ngalokho abakuthatha ukuze bafinyelele endaweni yaseConstantinople; Kodwa-ke, imisinga eminingi yaseTurkey yayingenazo izindawo ezimisiwe futhi yayihlala njengemizulane, kodwa futhi yayingabasekeli bobuSulumane.
AmaTurkey
Ababizwa ngokuthi amaSeljuk Turks, ababenoSeljuq njengomholi wabo, banquma ukuhlasela iConstantinople, futhi ngonyaka ka-1071 bakwazi ukunqoba ibutho lombuso ngokuthatha lesi sifunda, ngale ndlela kakade bahlanganisa ezinye izifunda zase-Asia Minor, ukuze cishe yonke iConstantinople ishiye ezandleni zamaSulumane.
Ibutho laseTurkey laqhubeka nokuqhubekela phambili kwezinye izifunda, ikakhulukazi eningizimu lapho iSyria nePalestine zazikhona, kangangokuthi phakathi no-1075, cishe zonke izifunda zase zibuswe amaTurkey angamaMuslim. Kulokhu kuhlasela kwase kungene iJerusalema, elalibhekwa njengezwe elingcwele lamaKristu.
Ukuphendula
IYurophu yonke yashaqeka ngalezi zenzo zaseTurkey futhi abaningi besaba ukuthi izindawo zaseYurophu zizowela ezandleni zamaSulumane. Kangangoba umhlaba wamaKrestu usengozini, kwezwakala amahlebezi ngezenzo zobulwane ezenziwa ngamaTurks kuma-pilgrim namaKrestu, ukubulala nokuthobisa ngenkani inengi elikhulu labathembekileko.
Isiqalo
IziMpi Zenkolo ziqala lapho uPapa Alexander II eqale eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili ukwazisa ngengozi yokuhlasela kweTurkey nendawo amaSulumane ayefuna ukuyimisa e-Asia Minor naseYurophu. Ngonyaka ka-1065 kwase kuhlaselwe izifunda zaseSicily nangonyaka ka-1064 ezifundeni zase-Iberia, kangangokuthi kwase kuqhamuke isibonelo sempi engcwele, ngakho uPapa Alexander II wanikeza inkululeko kulabo ababefisa ukungenelela ekuhlaseleni. impi.
Ngonyaka ka-1074, uPapa uGregory VII wabiza amasosha kaKristu, owawabiza ngokuthi "Milites Christi", ecela ukuba ayosiza umbuso waseByzantium owawuwele ngaphansi kwezikhali zamaTurkey. Lolu bizo aluzange lunakwe ngababusi abaningi abaze benza nokuphikiswa okukhulu.
Izindlela zohwebo eziya eJerusalema zavalwa futhi abaningi babengafuni ukusungula ukungqubuzana namaTurkey.Kwaphela iminyaka emihlanu kwaba nemizamo yamaTurkey yokungena e-Europe kodwa yaxoshwa, ngaphandle kokungena ezingxabanweni ezinkulu.Nokho, ngonyaka ka-1081 , wayecabanga ukuthi uMbusi u-Alexios Komnenos uphethe uMbuso WaseByzantium.
Ukubandakanyeka kweByzantine
Lesi sicukuthwane sasinqume ukubhekana nebutho laseTurkey, kodwa ngokubona amandla alo, sanquma ukufuna usizo eNtshonalanga. Kodwa-ke, ohulumeni abaningi babephule ubuhlobo ngemva kwezingxabano ezithile ezenzeka phakathi nonyaka ka-1054, nokho umbusi waseByzantium wayenethemba lokuthola usizo lwalawo mabutho ukuze akhiphe abaseTurkey kuleyo ndawo.
U-Alexios wayecele uPapa Urban II ukuba angenele ukuze abuthe amadoda amasosha ukuze akwazi ukubhekana nebutho laseTurkey. Upapa wayebonise izimpawu zamandla ezindabeni zezempi lapho ememezela “Iqiniso LikaNkulunkulu,” elithi alikho isosha elingumKristu elalingalwa kusukela ngoLwesihlanu kusihlwa kuze kube uMsombuluko ekuseni.
Imizila
Ngonyaka ka-1095, uPapa Urban II wabiza umkhandlu waseLascencia, lapho ethula khona isiphakamiso soMbusi waseByzantium u-Alexios, lokhu kwakungabalulekile ngenxa yezingxabano zemibono nezomuntu siqu zababekhona noMbusi WaseRoma Ongcwele waseJalimane uHenry IV, owashiya eceleni. isicelo.
I-Islam ngokusebenzisa amabutho aseTurkey, yayihlanganiswe futhi imele ingozi enkulu eYurophu. I-Islam yayiyilungiselele kahle impi, futhi ohulumeni abaningi baseYurophu nabo babekulungele ukubhekana nokuhlasela okungenzeka. Lezi zimo zavela futhi iziphathimandla zobuKristu zanquma ukuqala ukubuyisela umhlaba.
AbaseTurkey baqala ukuthuthuka kodwa baxoshwa ibutho leLobukholwa elalisekelwa ibutho laseYurophu. NjengeVenice, iFrance namanye amabutho aseJalimane. Nokho, impi yokuqala yeMpi Yenkolo yenzeke eNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia.
izinkolo ezihlukahlukene
ukuthuthukiswa kwezenzakalo kwaholela esikhathini seminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 yezingxabano zempi, lapho kwakukhona ukufa, ukuhlukunyezwa nokuchithwa kwegazi eliningi, lezi zimpi zenkolo zazilwela ukubuyiswa kabusha kwezindawo ezithathiwe, zenziwa ngezifunda ezihlukahlukene, zazikholelwa ukuthi eyokuqala Ukubizelwa kwezimpi zenkolo kwenzeka ngoNovemba 27, 1095.
Lapho esesimisweni sasobala esasiphakathi noMkhandlu WaseClermont eFrance, upapa wakhuluma nesixuku ecela wonke amaKristu nabathembekile ababebuthene ukuba balwe namaTurkey. UPapa wachazela ababekhona ukuthi amaSulumane ayephatha kabi abahambi kuzo zonke izifunda zobuKristu zaseMpumalanga.
Wabuye wanikeza intethelelo yezono kulabo abahamba umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka wokusindisa labo bantu, labo ababenesithakazelo kwakufanele balungele ukwamukela ulaka lwaphezulu. Masinyane isixuku sakhamuluka ngenjabulo nokukhala kokuthi ¡uNkulunkulu uyathanda, impi yezomthetho yayizokwenzeka phakathi konyaka ka-1095 no-1099. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwaqala isiteji esaphawula umlando wobuKristu.
Izimpi zemibono nazo ziyingxenye yomlando womuntu, esihlokweni owasungula ibandla lobuKristu Sikubonisa ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zenzeka kanjani.
zonke izimpi zenkolo
Ngemva kokumenyezelwa kwe-Urban II kwaqala ukuqashwa kwamakholwa ayezimisele ukulwa ukuze avikele ubuKristu. Amaqembu okuqala ayeholwa umshumayeli uPeter of Amiens the Hermit ndawonye amahhashi athile aseFrance; Ekuqaleni yayibizwa ngokuthi impi yenkolo ethandwayo, eyabampofu noma ekaPeter the Hermit.
i-crusade yokuqala
Leli qembu lokuqala lakhiwe abantu abathobekile kodwa abanenhliziyo eyiqhawe. Baqala futhi ngendlela engahlelekile kakhulu baya eMpumalanga, lapho babulala khona izinkulungwane zamaJuda. La mabutho axoshwa ngo-1096 ibutho leNkosi uColoman yaseHungary; amasosha okuqala enkolo adala umonakalo omkhulu eHungary.
Kodwa-ke iNkosi uColoman izogcina isimo sengqondo esinobutha ngamasosha enkolo asala kwezinye izindawo. Inzondo yayikhula njengoba amabutho eMpi Yenkolo ayebulale abantu baseHungary abangaphezu kuka-4000 XNUMX ekuqaleni; UColoman waphinde wanqoba amabutho e-Crusader ayezama ukuqhubeka eqhubekela phambili emazweni aseHungary
Umpristi uGottschalk wayengomunye wabambalwa abakwazi ukungena kulawo mazwe nebutho lakhe lamasosha enkolo, kanye namaqembu amaJalimane, kamuva axoshwa ibutho likaColoman.Impi yayishubile futhi inkosi yaseHungary yafuna inketho yokusayina isivumelwano. lapho ama-Crusaders aqala khona ukudlula endaweni yaseTurkey ngaphandle kokwenza noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesihluku noma ukufa. Nokho, lapho lifika ezweni laseTurkey, ibutho leMpi Yenkolo lanqotshwa kalula amabutho amaSulumane.
I-Crusade of the Princes
Kwakuyibutho elihlelekile kakhulu futhi ngokusho kwezazi-mlando zazibhekwa njengempi yokuqala yempi, yayakhiwe ngamasosha futhi ethembekile evela eFrance, eSicily naseNetherlands, eyadalwa ngonyaka we-1096. Lawa mabutho ayeholwa yizikhulu zezinga lesibili. kuhlanganise Godofredo of Bouillón, Raymond of Tolosa kanye Bohemond of Taranto; ngesikhathi behlala eConstantinople bafunga ukubuyisela umbuso waseByzantium kumaKristu.
Leli butho lasuka eByzantium liya eSyria, lavimbezela isifunda sase-Antiyokiya futhi lanqoba zonke izindawo zalo, nokho ngemva kokubuyisela indawo yaseByzantium, alizange liyibuyisele kumaKristu futhi umholi walo obizwa ngokuthi amaBohemian wadala isikhulu esifundeni sase-Antiyokiya.
Ngalokhu kunqotshwa kuzophela impi yenkolo yokuqala, eyayizoba yisethulo kuphela ekupheleni konyaka we-1000 ukuze kuphendulwe izingxabano ezintsha kanye nokuzalwa kwempi yesibili ebizwa nge-1101, engaphumelelanga kakhulu futhi yanqotshwa. amaTurkey ngenkathi ezama ukungena endaweni ethathwe ama-Islamists.
impi yesibili
Le mpi yesibili yaqala ngo-1140 futhi iyinqubo eyenzeka ngemva kokuba amazwe amaSulumane ahlanganiswe kakhulu. Imibuso yabo yanda ibheke eMedithera futhi umoya wempi engcwele wakhula, kuyilapho amandla okugcina izimpi zenkolo encipha, okwakusatshwa ukulahlekelwa ezinye izindawo.
Abaholi abaningi bakwazi ukuhlanganisa izifundazwe zamaSulumane futhi banquma ukuqalisa ukunqoba imibuso yobuKristu. Owokuqala owahlaselwa umbuso wamaFrank owathola amabutho aseMosul nase-Aleppo ngo-1144. Ubuthakathaka bamabutho empi abuzange bubaluleke kangako, okwaholela uPapa Eugenio III ukuba enze impi yesibili ibe ngokusemthethweni.
U-abbot kaClaraval, obizwa ngoBernardo nombhali wemfundiso yamaTemplars waqala ukushumayela ngale mpi yesibili. Amakhosi eLobukholwa njengeNkosi uLouis VII yaseFrance noMbusi waseJalimane uConrad III aba nengxenye kulesi sigaba, nokho ukungezwani kwawo akuzange kuwavumele ukuba afinyelele umgomo wawo wokuhlasela i-Edessa, kodwa kunalokho ahlasela iDamaseku, izwe elihlangene neJerusalema.
Ngakho impi yenkolo yayimele ukwehluleka okuphelele, ngemva kokuthatha leli dolobha kwaphela amasonto amabili kuphela futhi kamuva babuyela emazweni abo, lokhu kwabangela ukuba iDamaseku iwele ezandleni zikaNur al-Din, umholi wamaMuslim owayehlasela kancane kancane izindawo zaseYurophu; ngale ndlela futhi ngokuhlaselwa kukaBaldwin III kuqeda impi yesibili yempi.
impi yesithathu
Baqala cishe ngonyaka we-1174, ngokuvela kukaSaladin eGibhithe, owathunyelwa nguNur al-Din ukuba aphathe leyo ndawo, kodwa akazange nje abuse leli zwe kodwa futhi wathatha yonke indawo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kweSiriya nengxenye yezwe. eMpumalanga Ephakathi, ukuqala ubukhosi bama-Ayyubid. Umqondo kaSaladin wawuwukuxosha wonke amaKristu kulezo zindawo futhi ikakhulukazi eJerusalema.
Ngokufa kukaBaldwin IV umbusi waseJerusalema inkundla yahlukaniswa, futhi umbusi wayo omusha uGuy of Lusignan uthatha amandla. Lo mbusi wayenezinkinga eziningi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezamholela ekuhlanganiseni impi noSaladin, owalahlekelwa ngayo kanye nedolobha.
Kamuva, izingxabano nokungqubuzana kugqamile ukuze kukhishwe uSaladin eJerusalema kodwa akuphumelelanga. USaladin wabulala omunye wabaholi abangamaKristu ababaluleke kakhulu njengoReinaldo de Châtillon owazama ukuthatha iJerusalema futhi wanqotshwa ngo-1187. Amabutho angamaKristu anqotshwa, ashiya umbuso ungenakuzivikela, kangangokuthi iJerusalema lavinjezelwa ngokuphelele amaSulumane.
Lesi simo sabangela ukucasuka okukhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, njengoba uSaladin wayekhiphe isimemezelo sokuqedwa kwesifunda saseJerusalema, okwaholela uPapa Gregory VII ukuba abize impi yenkolo entsha ngo-1189. Amakhosi abalulekile anjengoReinaldo de Châtillon de León ahlanganyela kuso. kaHenry II, noPhilip II Augustus waseFrance noMbusi uFrederick I Barbarossa
UBarbarossa wahamba waya eJalimane efuna ukufinyelela eMbusweni WaseByzantium, kodwa akazange aphumelele, nokho amanye amakhosi afuna ukufika eJerusalema, uPhilip II wayengomunye walabo ababengafinyelela eJerusalema futhi waba namadoda angaphezu kuka-10.000 XNUMX athatha umuzi, kodwa wanquma umzuzu wokugcina wokungangeni ezingxabanweni, kodwa ukusayina isivumelwano neSaladin, lapho ukufinyelela kwamahhala kwabahambi abangahlomile beya eDolobheni Elingcwele kuvunyelwe.
USaladin washona ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva futhi impi yesithathu yaphela ngomunye umzamo ohlulekile wokuthatha idolobha elingcwele, nokho ezinye izingxabano zaqhubeka kwezinye izifunda ezaholela empini yokugcina.
impi yesine
Ngemva kokusayina isivumelwano esaqeda impi yesithathu ngo-1193, izifunda ezisempumalanga zazizolile ngandlela-thile, izifundazwe zamaFrank zaba amakoloni achuma kakhulu kwezohwebo, kodwa ukubuyiswa ngokuphelele kweJerusalema kwakusaqhubeka. Ngakho ngonyaka ka-1199 uPapa Innocent III wabiza impi yenkolo entsha ukuze kudambiswe isimo sezifunda zeMpi Yenkolo.
Kule mpi amakhosi ayengabandakanyeki, kwakuhloswe ngawo ukubuyisela iGibhithe kwasekuqaleni, ngale ndlela imizila yayilandelwa ulwandle phakathi kwabaholi benkolo yenkolo kwakungoThe Doge Enrico Dandolo, Bonifacio de Montferrato kanye no-Alejo IV Ángelo, ababe indawo yokuqala eConstantinople.
Lamakhosi ayenomgomo wokufinyelela eHungary futhi athathe izindawo ezithile, lokhu kwakungekho ezinhlelweni zikapapa, ngakho ngamunye wawo waxoshwa esontweni. I-Byzantium ithathwa futhi ngo-1203 u-Alexios IV uthatha umbuso, izingxabano zakhe nama-crusaders zazimbi kakhulu futhi ngemva konyaka wehliswa lapho amabutho enkolo ethatha umbuso owaphangwa futhi wacekelwa phansi.
Ukuphanga kwavumela izinkulungwane zemisebenzi yobuciko, ubucwebe, izincwadi nezinsalela (okumanje ezikumamnyuziyamu nasezandleni zabaqoqi) ukuthi zifinyelele eYurophu. UMbuso WaseByzantium wabhujiswa ngokuphelele, kodwa ama-Crusaders ngokwawo anquma ukumisa uMbuso WaseLatini. Kamuva umbuso wathathwa ngonyaka we-1261 umbuso waseNicaea, ukuze ubuyisele ukuhleleka.
Le mpi yenkolo yesine yabhubhisa imibuso eminingi futhi yenza buthaka izifunda eziningana zaseFrance-Palestine, kanye namaKristu amaningi ngemva kokubhujiswa kombuso waseByzantium, amaKristu ayeseJerusalema athuthela ezweni elisha lesiLatini, ngalezi zenzakalo izimpi ezinkulu zenkolo zaphela.
izinkolo ezincane
Ukuhlakazwa kweMpi Yenkolo kwase kuqala ukuphela, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokubhuntsha kweMpi Yenkolo Yesine. Kwavela umbandela owanquma ukuthi ama-crusaders ahlanzekile kufanele athathe idolobha laseJerusalema, bese kuba nezimpi zenkolo ezihlukahlukene ezazama ukuthatha iZwe Elingcwele.
Omunye wabo wawuhlelwe yizingane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-youth crusade, ezazama ukulithatha iJerusalema lodwa kodwa zathunjwa futhi kamuva zathengiswa ebugqilini. Bese kuvela isimemezelo sikaPapa Innocent III ngo-1213 lapho ememezela khona impi yesihlanu.
impi yesihlanu
Elinye lamabutho amakhulu e-Crusader laqoqwa futhi ngo-1218, futhi ngokulandela umqondo weNkolo yesine, banquma ukuhlasela iGibhithe futhi, amasosha ayeyalwa ngu-Honorius III, owajoyina ibutho le-Crusader King Andrew II yaseHungary. , nokho umzamo wabo awuzange uphumelele lapho bezama ukuthatha uDaniela; bahlulwa ngonyaka ka-1221 ngaleyo ndlela baqeda okunye ukwehluleka ngamasosha enkolo.
impi yesithupha
Umyalo kapapa ngemva kokwehluleka kwangaphambili, kwakuwukuyala umbusi uFrederick II Hohenstaufen, inhlawulo ehlanganisa ukuhola ibutho lempi yenkolo, kodwa lapho ethatha isikhathi ukuhlomisa ibutho waxoshwa esontweni. Ekugcineni amabutho ahlonywa ngo-1228 nguFrederick II ngokwakhe, efihliwe kupapa; umbusi waba nokuzenzisa ukuthatha isihlalo sobukhosi saseJerusalema, wahamba ngaphandle kokuthola imvume kapapa, ngale ndlela wakwazi ukubuyisela iJerusalema ngo-1229 ezimemezela ukuthi uyinkosi.
impi yesikhombisa
Ngonyaka ka-1244, iJerusalema laphinde lawa kodwa kulokhu ngokuqinisekile, okwabangela iNkosi uLouis IX yaseFrance, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi “uSaint Louis” yibandla, ukuba ihlele impi entsha yenkolo. Njengoba kwenziwa empini yesihlanu, wabhekisa amabombo ngakuDaniela, ehluleka futhi futhi waboshwa edolobheni lase-El Mansura, eGibhithe, khona-ke le mpi yempi yaphetha ukwengeza ukwehluleka okunye ohlwini lwemizamo.
impi yesishiyagalombili
Kwathatha iminyaka engu-25 ngemva kwempi yesikhombisa yenkolo kaLouis IX waseFrance ukuba aphinde ahlele enye impi yenkolo ngo-1269. inkosi yacabanga ukuqoqa amabutho kuleso sifunda futhi asuke lapho aye ekuhlaseleni.
Izimpi zenkolo yangaleso sikhathi zazingenawo amandla afanayo naseminyakeni edlule, kodwa ulaka olufanayo, nokho, lapho iTunisia ifika izwe laligcwele i-diphtheria futhi iningi labo lafa, kuhlanganise neNkosi uLouis IX, ngaleyo ndlela yaphela kancane impi yempi yempi.
impi yesishiyagalolunye
Bayingxenye yokuphothulwa kwempi yesishiyagalombili futhi bahlangana ndawonye enqubweni yomlando, lapho iNkosana u-Edward waseNgilandi, owayezoba u-Edward I, anquma ukujoyina amabutho eNkosi uLouis IX yaseFrance (owayefile ngaphambili) ukuze ahlasele. I-Tunisia.
Inkosana yanquma ukuqhubeka nempi ngebutho lamadoda acishe abe ngu-2000, yafika esifundeni ngoMeyi 1271, nokho ukuthatha akukwazanga ukwenziwa ngenxa yokulahlwa kwamanye amasosha, athembekile kuPapa omusha uGregory X owanikela. ngombono wokuqhubeka nalezi zenzo, ibutho le-Prince Edward lancishiswa laba ikamu elilula lamasosha.
Ngemva kokusayina isivumelwano neziphathimandla zaseTunisia, wabuyela ezweni lakubo, kodwa izitha zakhe, zazi ukuthi wayehlose ukumisa impi entsha yenkolo, zazama ukumbulala ngoJuni 1272. Inxeba alizange libulale futhi inkosana yayigula kakhulu. izinsuku ezimbalwa, lapho ephulukisa wabuyela eNgilandi.
U-Eduardo kanye nabanye obaba bazama futhi ukushumayela izimpi ezintsha zenkolo, nokho babengabatholi abahlanganyeli noma abalandeli, ngakho abalweli benkolo banquma ngo-1291 nangemva kokuwa kwe-Acre, ukukhipha impahla yokugcina eTire, eSidoni naseBeirut. Ukuphetha ngale ndlela ngalowo mnyakazo owashiya umkhondo wempi, ukufa nonya.
Imiphumela
Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-200 yempi nokubulalana, izimpi zenkolo zashiya umkhondo wezimo ezisabhekene nanamuhla, kochwepheshe abaningi kwakungafanele neze le nhlangano iphakanyiswe ngaleyo ndlela, njengoba indlela eyanikezwa iziphathimandla zesonto yokubuyisela iJerusalema iyasebenza. ungavumeli ukucaca ezinhlelweni.
IJerusalema laphinde latholakala ngonyaka ka-1099 kodwa laphinde lalahleka eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Impi, ukufa, ukuhlukunyezwa kanye nokuphangwa kwaba umphumela oyinhloko wale nqubo, kodwa ake sibone eminye imiphumela.
uhlobo lwenkolo
Yahlanganisa ukungezwani phakathi kwamasonto esiLatini nawe-Orthodox, lapho isimo sokuhlukana ngo-1054, savula izibazi ukuze kudale ukuhlukana okwengeziwe. Ngokufanayo, ukunqotshwa kweConstantinople yiSonto lesiLatini akuzange kubonwe kahle iSonto Lobu-Orthodox; UbuKristu baveza amaSulumane njengezitha zawo, ngakho iminyaka eminingi yafuna ukubuqeda, okuyinto eyayingakwazi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abameleli bamaSulumane, bayeka ukuhlonipha amaKristu, futhi bamemezela ukuthi bayizitha zabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaJuda ashushiswa amaKristu kuzo zonke izifunda zaseYurophu, okwadala inzondo esekhona nanamuhla.
Uhlobo lomphakathi
Ohulumeni bamafeudal baba nosizi, bagcina sebenemibuso eminingi kanti amanye amakhosi amaSulumane aze azibulala azi ukuthi alahlekelwe yikho konke. Ama-serf kanye nama-vassal athola inkululeko ethile ngenxa yokuthathwa kwezindawo eziningi ngamakhosi, amadolobha acebile ahlomula ngenzuzo etholakala emabhizinisini ezokuthutha nezohwebo.
AmaFulentshi, ayengabanduleli bezimpi zenkolo, ayenethonya elikhulu eMpumalanga Ephakathi, lapho ukuhlanganyela kwawo ezimweni zendabuko nezamasiko kuzwakala kuze kube namuhla. Izifunda eziningi zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi zize zigcine isiFulentshi njengolimi lwazo oluyinhloko.
Ezomnotho
Uhwebo lwahlukaniswa futhi iningi lezifunda zaseMpumalanga zaba nenqubekelaphambili ebalulekile, ngenxa yokulethwa kwamakhosi nokuvulwa kwemizila yokuhweba. Ngokufanayo, ukuhwebelana ngolwandle nomfula kwaqina kangangokuthi eYurophu naseMpumalanga, imikhiqizo yathengiswa phakathi kwamazwe anjengeSicily, iGenoa, iVenice, iMarseille, iBarcelona, phakathi kwamanye amadolobha.
Isiko
Ukuphanga okwenziwa ama-Crusaders, kwaqeda ingxenye yesiko lamasiko kwezinye izifunda zaseByzantium naseMedithera, iYurophu yathola izinkulungwane zemisebenzi yobuciko, ubucwebe nezincwadi manje eziyingxenye yesiko laseMpumalanga eliye lahlala iminyaka eminingi.