Ulwandle olubonakala lungenamkhawulo beluyingcebo yezinganekwane nezingathekiso zezimbongi nabacabangi kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngisho nanamuhla akutholakalanga zonke izakhamuzi zakhona nezimfihlo. Inganekwane ethakazelisayo yasolwandle yileyo i-kraken ophendula imikhumbi ibe yizicucu. Umbuzo wokuthi ngabe lesi silo sikhona ngempela na kuze kube namuhla.
i-kraken
I-kraken, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-krake engapheli, isilwane esiyinganekwane esivela ezinganekwaneni zaseNorway ngesimo sesilwane esikhulu sasolwandle noma inhlanzi enkulu okuthiwa abadobi bayibone ngasogwini lwaseNorway, e-Iceland nase-Ireland. Izindaba zezinhlanzi ezinkulu zitholakala emasikweni amaningi amadala kakhulu. I-Mirror yenkosi yaseNorse yekhulu le-XNUMX ikhuluma nge-monster ngokuthi i-Hafgufa. Kukhona nezindaba zezilo ezinkulu zasolwandle emanzini ase-Asia kanye nolwandle lwasendulo lweMedithera nolwandle i-Atlantic.
Nokho, lesi silo abasibiza ngokuthi i-kraken saqale sachazwa kabanzi nguMbhishobhi u-Erik Pontoppidan waseBergen maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Uyifanisa nesiqhingi esinezikhali nezinsika. Abanye baye bayifanisa namadragoni afana noLeviyathani kanye nezikelemu zasolwandle. Abanye, ikakhulukazi ekhulwini le-XNUMX, baye bachaza i-kraken ngokuthi i-squid enkulu, futhi abantu abakhuluma isiNgisi basebenzisa igama lesiNorway njengegama elifanele lesilwane esinjalo.
Lokhu kuqiniswe esikweni lesimanje lama-Anglo-American adumile. Ngakho-ke kukhona amasiko ahlukene axubene, kanye nemibono yezinye izilo zasolwandle. Isici esijwayelekile siseyisayizi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinhlanzi, umkhomo, ufudu noma ingwane. I-Krake igama lesiNorway nesiSwidi, futhi inesimo esithi kraken noma krakene ngesiJalimane okuyigama lePolypus (Octopus) vulgaris, uhlobo lwengwane enezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili.
Izilo zasolwandle ezikhathini zasendulo
Kakade ezikhathini zasendulo kwakukhona izindaba eziningana mayelana nezilo zasolwandle. Ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki nezamaRoma, ngokwesibonelo, kukhulunywa ngoScylla, inyozi eyaguqulwa yaba isilo sasolwandle ngumthakathi Circe, futhi okubi nakakhulu, uCharybdis, ongaphenduka isivunguvungu. Bendawonye bagada iStrait of Messina phakathi kwe-Italy neSicily, kanti i-Odyssey ilandisa ukuthi bacishe bagwinya kanjani iqhawe lamaGreki elidumile u-Odysseus. EBhayibhelini, isilo sasolwandle esingaqondakali uLeviyathani kukhulunywa ngaso izikhathi eziyisikhombisa.
Inganekwane yamaGreki kaScylla, inunu enamakhanda ayisithupha u-Odysseus okumelwe abhekane nayo ohambweni lwakhe, iyisibonelo saleli siko. Ngo-1555, u-Olaus Magnus wabhala ngesidalwa sasolwandle “esinezimpondo ezinde ezibukhali nxazonke, njengesihlahla ngasezimpandeni: ziyizingalo eziyishumi noma eziyishumi nambili ubude, namehlo amakhulu amnyama kakhulu. Isisekelo sezindaba ezinjalo kungenzeka ukuthi kwakungabadobi namatilosi abone izenzakalo zasolwandle ezingachazwanga, imikhomo nama-octopus amakhulu. Ngokufanayo, umbono we-kraken kungenzeka ukuthi waqala ngeNkathi Ephakathi.
i-nordic kraken
Incazelo yokuqala nephelele kunazo zonke ebhaliwe ye-kraken ivela kumlobi waseDenmark kanye noMbhishobhi waseBergen Erik Pontoppidan (1698-1764), owashicilela Umzamo Wokuqala Emlandweni Wemvelo waseNorway. Lapho ubhekisela ku-kraken ngokuthi "i-monster enkulu yasolwandle". Uthi igama lakhe nguKraken, Kraxen noma uKrabben. Ngemva kokuba incwadi ihunyushelwe esiNgisini eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, i-Kraken yaziwa kakhulu ngesiNgisi.
Iyindilinga futhi iyisicaba njengesiqhingi esintantayo, futhi inezingalo ezinkulu eziphumela ngaphandle njengomhlanga, ezinkulu kangangokuthi zingakwazi ukuhudulela imikhumbi emikhulu ngazo ekujuleni. UPontoppidan usekele izincazelo zakhe ezindabeni zabadobi baseNorway. Lapho ezindaweni lapho amanzi ayevame ukujula ngamafathomu angu-80-100 (amamitha angu-140-180), esikhundleni samafathomu angu-20-30 kuphela (amamitha angu-40-50), abadobi bazi ukuthi kunomfantu ngaphansi kwawo.
Bathi umfantu wawutholakala ikakhulukazi ehlobo futhi ufana nezixhobo zamatshe neziqhingi. Izinhlanzi eziningi nazo zinganqwabelana emhlane, futhi abadobi bachaza ukuthi ngakho-ke bangakwazi "ukudoba i-hook". Ngakho-ke kwakuwukuqaphela nje ukuthi isilwane esikhulu asisukumi phezulu ngokuzumayo, sigumbuqele izikebhe futhi sizidonsele ku-maelstrom eyaqhuma njengoba siphindela phansi.
I-Pontopiddan ibuye ixoxe ngendlela isilwane esidla ngayo izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi ezinyangeni ezilandelayo sithulula ubulongwe esifaka imibala emanzini, siwenze ashube futhi abe nodaka futhi sibe nephunga elimnandi kanye nokunambitheka okukhanga izinhlanzi eziningi. Kusukela entshonalanga Norway kukhona ezinye izinganekwane nezindaba mayelana kraken. Inganekwane ejwayeleke kakhulu ikhuluma ngabadobi abathile ababengekho emgqeni. Ngokuphazima kweso, babona ukuthi izinga liya ngokuya lishona phansi. Khona-ke baqonda ukuthi kwakuyiKraken eyayiphakama, base begwedla ngokushesha baya ogwini.
Lo mkhuba ungasuka ekubonweni kwangempela kwama-octopus amakhulu noma emibonweni ekhohlisayo olwandle, njengokuboniswa komoya kanye nokwakheka kwamafu aphansi. Kodwa-ke, i-kraken ayishiwongo kuma-Norse sagas, kodwa izilwane ezifanayo njenge-hafgufa ("isitimu sasolwandle") kukhulunywa ngaso esaga se-Örvar-Odds naku-Kongespeilet (Isibuko Senkosi) kusukela cishe ngo-1250. Umbhalo umelela ulwandle isilwane esilingana nesiqhingi. Isilwane asivamile ukubonakala futhi umbhalo uyazibuza ukuthi kungaba nesilwane esisodwa noma ezimbili kuphela emhlabeni wonke.
Isazi semvelo saseSweden u-Carl von Linne naye wafaka i-kraken ohlelweni lokuqala lwekhathalogi yakhe yemvelo ehlelekile yango-1735 ethi Systema Naturae. Lapho wanikeza lesi silwane igama lesayensi elithi Microcosmus, kodwa walishiya ezincwadini zakamuva.
Umsuka wenganekwane
Izinganekwane eziningi zeNkathi Ephakathi ngezilwane ezifana ne-unicorn, udrako, nenyoka yasolwandle azinabufakazi obuphathekayo bokuthi zikhona noma zake zaba khona. Kodwa-ke, ngezikhathi ezithile kusekhona izilwane "ezingavamile" okungakaze kusolwa ukuba khona kwazo. Izibonelo zazo i-coelacanth kanye noshaka omude. Inganekwane ibilokhu iqinile kuwo wonke umlando: leyo ye-Kraken.
I-Kraken iyisilo sasolwandle esikhulu esinamathende esingagudluza umkhumbi wonke. Indaba ye-Kraken cishe yavela ezindabeni zamatilosi, enziwa ihaba ngenxa yokungazi nokwesaba. I-Kraken iphinde ibambe iqhaza ezindabeni ezidumile zekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ku-Jules Verne ethi "20.000 Miles Under the Sea" i-Kraken ihlasela umkhumbi i-Nautilus. UHerman Melville uphinde achaze ku-Moby Dick ingwane enkulukazi ehlangana ne-Pequod (umkhomo) endleleni yayo.
Igama elithi 'kraken' livela kuNorwegian futhi liwubuningi, ngendlela. Kufanele kuphela ngokusemthethweni kube 'i-crack'. Incazelo yasekuqaleni ayivunyelwanga ngokugcwele, kodwa ukuhumusha okuvame kakhulu "umuthi osishuliwe". Amathenteli nomzimba omncane wesquid ungabukeka kanje.
Inganekwane cishe ingenxa yokuba khona kwe-squid esikhulu esibonakala ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela. U-Aristotle (wekhulu lesi-1555 BC) kanye no-Pliny (wekhulu lokuqala AD) base beshilo nge-squid enkulu. Ngemva kwalokho lahlala lithule kwaze kwathi ngo-XNUMX umbhishobhi omkhulu wamaKatolika wachaza 'izinhlanzi ezimbi'.
Ngolwazi lwamanje kusolakala ukuthi bebeyigiant squid. Ababukeli bemifanekiso yasolwandle nabo bathambekele ekwenzeni ihaba lezi zindaba. Iningi lalezi zilwane lalingakaze libonwe ngaphambili futhi lalingafani nakancane nezilwane zasemhlabeni. Ama-squid 'alien' ayesabeka nakakhulu kunephupho elibi kakhulu labantu abanezinkolelo-ze. Lesi silwane sasenganekwaneni sikhanga ngokucacile emcabangweni. Umbuzo uwukuthi ingabe i-Kraken yezindaba ikhona ngempela.
Ingwane noma ingwane?
Indawo okungenzeka kakhulu ukubheka isilwane esilingana nencazelo ye-Kraken ulwandle olujulile. Ulwandle olujulile luyindawo enkulu yokuhlala kulo mhlaba, kodwa futhi iyindawo encane eyaziwa ngabantu. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu (ubumnyama obuphelele, amakhaza, umfutho ophezulu) kuhlala inani elimangalisayo lezilwane ezibukeka zisemandulo. Elinye lamaqembu ezilwane athakazelisa kakhulu ama-cephalopod, ahlanganisa i-squid ne-octopus.
Ama-Cephalopod ayizilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu, isibonelo ama-squid aziwa ngokufunda emaphutheni adlule. Futhi banolimi lomzimba olukhethekile olunamaphethini emibala ebangelwa amangqamuzana e-pigment esikhumbeni. Iphethini yombala we-squid isho okuthile ngesimo sayo somqondo: ukwesaba, ukukhathala, ukuvinjelwa, ukuzola, ukucasha ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ngenxa yobuqili noma intshisekelo yokukhwelana. I-Cuttlefish inamehlo athuthuke kahle kakhulu angafaniswa neso lomuntu.
Umuntu ozongenela indima yenganekwane u-Kraken uyingwane enkulu. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ubude bengalo yama-octopus bungafinyelela kumamitha ayisishiyagalombili. NgoMashi 2002, ososayensi baseNew Zealand bathola ingwane efile enetheni lomkhumbi othathwa njengesibonelo esikhulu seHaliphron atlanticus. Isilo sasinesisindo esingaphezu kuka-70-75 kg futhi sasingamamitha amane ubude.
Lokho kuwuhlelo olufanayo lobukhulu njenge-squid enkulu. Isilwane esikhulu sihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi abadala bangatholakala emanzini aseNew Zealand. I-Haliphron ihlala ukusuka phezulu kuya ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-3.180, kodwa ayilokothi ibe ngamanani amakhulu ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lesi silo esinegelatinous kukholakala ukuthi sihlala phansi noma ngaphezulu nje kolwandle. Ivezwe esihlokweni sokuqala se-BBC enesihloko esithi Ingwane enkulu ixaka ososayensi.
Kodwa futhi kunemibiko yama-octopus amakhulu nakakhulu eFlorida naseBig Bahama Island. Lapha bathola ingwane enengalo ubude obungekho ngaphansi kwamafidi angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. Ngo-1896 kwatholakala izinsalela zalokho okwakubukeka njengengwane enkulu e-Anastasia Island, eFlorida, ogwini oluseningizimu yeSt. Augustine. Ezinye izingcezu zezingalo zazingaphezu kwamamitha ayisishiyagalombili. Izilinganiso zobude besilwane seziphelele zafinyelela kumamitha angamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Kodwa-ke, kunokungabaza ukuthi izinsalela bekungeze-octopus noma umkhomo ngenxa yesimo esithuthukisiwe sokubola.
Nakuba ingwane enkulu ingase ichaze umlando we-Kraken, ubufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bubonakala bukhomba ku-squid omkhulu. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwama-squid nama-octopus ukuthi ama-octopus anezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili kanti ama-squid anezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili kanye namatende amade ama-2 (ingqikithi eyishumi). Ikhandidethi elihle le-Kraken, isibonelo, i-squid enkulu yohlobo lwe-Architeuthis.
I-Kraken ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki
Igama le-Kraken livela enganekwaneni yaseNorse, futhi nakuba iGrisi yayinezilo eziningi zasolwandle, kuhlanganise neyodwa elinde ukudla e-Andromeda enhle eboshelwe edwaleni, i-kraken ayikho phakathi kwazo. Owokuqala kwakunguCeto, okususelwa kuwo igama lesayensi lomkhomo. I-Scylla efana ne-squid ibuye ifaneleke njengesilo sasolwandle samaGreki esisemthethweni. Ukudideka kuvela kumamuvi okuthiwa asekelwe ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, kuleli cala elithi Clash of the Titans.
Ayikho i-kraken ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki. I-kraken ivela ezinganekwaneni zakamuva zamaNorse. Izinkomba zokuqala ezaziwayo ze-kraken zivela emibhalweni yesandla yesi-Icelandic eyaqala ekhulwini le-XNUMX AD, cishe inkulungwane yeminyaka ngemva kokuphela kwenkathi yakudala kanye nezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka eMedithera.
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