Ziwuphawu lokuhlangana kwezinto eziphikisanayo: ibhubesi nokhozi, inyoni nenyoka, zinhle futhi zisabekayo ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziphinde zigqilaze labo abanesibindi sokuzibuka. Ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zamaGreki, the ama-gorgon zaziwuphawu lwengozi nesiphithiphithi, lokuphila nokufa.
ama-gorgon
AbakwaGorgons, kanye noMedusa, kwakungamadodakazi amathathu kaPhorcys kanye noCeto, ayeyisibonelo salabo ababendikindiki futhi, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, imizwa edabukisayo, ebangelwa ukwesaba okungazelelwe nokwedlulele. Babeyizilo ezimbi ezinamaphiko, ezidumbu zabo zigcwele amazenga; ukuhayiza, izinyoka ezihuquzelayo emakhanda abo esikhundleni sezinwele; izandla zakhe zaziyithusi; amazinyo azo ayenjengamazinyo engulube, futhi ukubonakala kwawo kwakunyanyeka kangangokuthi bonke ababewabona baphenduka bawakhanda ngamatshe.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, lab’ odade abasabekayo babehlala endaweni ekude neyimfihlakalo ekude nentshonalanga, ngale komsinga ongcwele woLwandlekazi. AbakwaGorgon babeyizinceku zaseHayidesi, ababezisebenzisa ukuze bethuse futhi besabise leyo miphefumulo, begwetshelwe ukugcinwa esimweni sokungahlaliseki njalo njengesijeziso sezenzo zabo ezimbi, kuyilapho amaFuries, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ewashaya ngeziswebhu futhi ehlukumeza. kubo ngokungapheli. Owayedume kakhulu kulab’ odade abathathu kwakunguMedusa, okwakunguyena yedwa ofayo.
Inganekwane
E-Odyssey, uHomer ukhuluma ngamaGorgons njengezilo ezivela esihogweni. NgokukaHesiod, babengamadodakazi amathathu onkulunkulu basolwandle uPhorcys noCeto: u-Esteno (onamandla), u-Euríale (umbuso omkhulu) nodume kakhulu, uMedusa (umholi), owayefa, ngokungafani nodadewabo ababili ababengazi lutho. ukufa noma ukuguga. Ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX BC u-Euripides ukhuluma ngenguqulo ehlukile ene-Gorgon eyodwa, i-monster eyaklanywa uGaia (Earth) ukusiza izingane zakhe, ama-Giants, empini yabo ngokumelene nonkulunkulu, owabulawa u-Athena.
Ngekhulu lokuqala umlobi ongumRoma uHyginus unikeza okunye futhi ukuhlobana: iSishingishane esikhulu no-Echidna, yibona abazala uMedusa nodadewabo. Umuzi wakhe wawungaphesheya kweWestern Ocean, eMount Helicon futhi, ngokusho kwamanye ama-akhawunti, eLibya. Kusukela ezincazelweni zasendulo ezifana no-Ovid (Metamorphoses), amaGorgons ayevezwa njengabesifazane abasebasha abanamaphiko egolide nezandla zethusi. Izinyoka zazibophe amakhanda namabhande. Ngokwezinye izinguqulo, banazo ngisho namazinyo ezingulube.
Ngokwezinganekwane, babehlala kude nentshonalanga, ngaphesheya kolwandle kanye ne-Hesperides. AbakwaGorgon bavikela ukufinyelela kuleli zwe eliyinganekwane. AmaGorgons abesaba abantu abafayo futhi onkulunkulu bababalekela, ngaphandle kukaPoseidon, owanquma ukuhlangana noMedusa. Kule nyunyana kwazalwa amadodana amabili, uPegasus noCrisaor. Ukubheka kwabo kwashwaqeka labo ababebona ubuso babo. Ngokuvamile babebhekwa njengesabekayo: U-Ovid ukhuluma 'ngobuso obunyanyekayo beMedusa'.
Ngokwezinye izinguqulo zenganekwane, igazi elithathwe kwesokudla sikaGorgon lalingenza abafileyo baphile, kuyilapho igazi elivela ohlangothini lwesobunxele liphenduka ushevu obulalayo ngaso leso sikhathi. Kuthiwa futhi uHeracles wathola ku-Athena ingidi yezinwele zikaMedusa (ezazinezici ezifanayo nekhanda lakhe) futhi wayinika uSterope, indodakazi kaCepheus, ukuze avikele idolobha laseTegea ekuhlaselweni.
Umsuka wamaGorgons
NgamaGorgons kunezici eziningi ezingacacile. Okokuqala nje, bangaki? UHomer kuyi- Iliad uthi inhloko yeGorgon isendaweni ephansi kaZeus, kanti e-Odyssey iGorgon iyisilo sangaphansi komhlaba. Kokubili eHomer nase-Euripides, ezindabeni zabo ezihlukene uGorgon wazalwa eGea futhi wabulawa ngu-Athena, sikhuluma nge-monster; Okwamanje, uHesiod ukhuluma ngabathathu babo, abahlala entshonalanga, ngaphesheya kolwandle.
Okwesibili, izinkinga nabazali. Enye i-Gaia, njengoba i-Euripides isho, noma i-Phorcys ne-Ceto, noma i-Typhoon ne-Echidna. Inkinga yesithathu: Akucaci ukuthi laba besifazane baba izilo nini. Ngokuvamile, kunezindlela ezimbili ongakhetha kuzo. Eyokuqala i-titanic. Uma uGaea wabazala, njengamanye ama-Titans, kungenzeka ukuthi ama-gorgon ayeyizilo kusukela emvelaphi yawo.
Inketho yesibili ihilela i-Poseidon. Lena inguqulo esabalele kakhulu, eyakhiwe ngu-Ovid ku-Metamorphoses. Ngokwale nguqulo, u-Athena, ethukuthele ngobuhle beMedusa, waguqula ama-gorgons abe yizilo. Ngemva kokuba uPoseidon ethatha iMedusa ethempelini likankulunkulukazi. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo yenganekwane u-Esteno no-Euríale banquma ukuba izilo ngokwabo ngenxa yozwela ngesiphetho sikadadewabo. Lena yindlela uGolosovker awachaza ngayo ngokudabukisayo wonke la macala: A
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, odade bakwaGorgon babeyizintombi zasolwandle ezinhle. Ngesinye isikhathi, inkosi yezilwandle, uPoseidon, yabona iMedusa futhi yakhangwa kuye. Onkulunkulu base-Olympus babengakuthandi lokhu: UMedusa wagqama kakhulu ebuhleni bakhe kangangokuthi waqhudelana nonkulunkulu futhi lokhu akubekezeleleki kubantu nje abafayo. Ubudedengu nokuziqhenya kukaMedusa kwavusa intukuthelo emphefumulweni kankulunkulukazi oyiqhawe u-Athena.
U-Athena wajezisa ngonya uMedusa nodadewabo, ebaguqula baba izilo ezinamaphiko ezesabekayo ezimbozwe isikali, benezinyoka zezinwele kanye namazinyo amakhulu aphuzi aphuma emlonyeni wabo. Ngemva kwalokho, baphephela esiqhingini esikude, esilahlekile ngasentshonalanga eduze nosebe lolwandle. yoMfula i-Ocean, kanye nama-grayas nama-hesperides. Futhi abantu baxoxelana izindaba ezimbi mayelana nama-gorgon anonya futhi omele igazi.
Wonke umuntu washeshe wakhohlwa ngobuhle basendulo bama-gorgon futhi walindela ngokulangazela lapho kuzovela iqhawe elizokhipha iMedusa enyanyekayo emhlabeni, lapho zonke izinto eziphilayo ziphendukela amatshe ngaphansi kwazo. Ngoba lena kwakuyintando ka-Athena.
Perseus kanye Gorgons
Inganekwane kaPerseus nama-gorgon, ngokusho kukaPindar no-Apollodorus, yaqala ngokusesha okubuhlungu. UPerseus wayeyindodana kaDanae ofayo kanye nonkulunkulu uZeus, owaziveza kuye ngesimo semvula yegolide. Uyise kaDanae, u-Acrisius iNkosi yase-Argos, wayebikezelwe ukuthi indodana kaDanae yayizombulala. Ngakho u-Acrisius wavala indodakazi yakhe ekamelweni lethusi, ukuze avimbele ukuba alale nanoma ubani, kodwa uZeus waphenduka waba yimvula yegolide futhi wamkhulelisa, emshiya ekhulelwe.
Lapho u-Perseus ezalwa, u-Acrisius akazange afune ukuthukuthela uZeus, futhi waphonsa indodakazi yakhe nomzukulu wakhe ngasese olwandle, evalelwe esifubeni sokhuni. Umama nendodana basindiswa uDictis esiqhingini saseSerifos. KwakunguDictis owakhulisa uPerseus ekubeni umuntu omdala, kodwa kwakungumfowabo kaDictis, uPolydectes, inkosi, owayezomthumela ekufuneni okuyingozi.
UPolydectes wathandana nonina kaPerseus futhi wayefuna ukumshada, kodwa uPerseus wavikela unina ezimangalweni zenkosi ngoba akazange acabange ukuthi iPolydectes ifaneleka kuye. UPolydectes wabe esekwazi ukukhohlisa uPerseus; wahlela idili elikhulu ngaphansi kwezaba lokuqoqa iminikelo yomshado kaHippodamia, umdidiyeli wamahhashi. UPolydectes wayefuna ukuthi izivakashi zakhe ziphathe amahhashi njengezipho, kodwa uPerseus wayengenayo.
Lapho uPerseus evuma ukuthi wayengenazo izipho, wanikela nganoma yisiphi isipho esikhethwe inkosi. Khona-ke uPolidectes uhlongoza kuye, ukuze ahlenge yena, ukuthi alethe inhloko yeMedusa, leyo Gorgon esabekayo, oyedwa kuphela kwabathathu ofayo kodwa ohlukumezayo njengesithombe setshe ngokubheka kwakhe. Ngalokho, uPolidectes uqinisekisa ukugcina uPerseus kude nesiqhingi sakhe isikhashana futhi, okwamanje, uzothatha ithuba lokushada nomama wakhe. Unethemba lokuthi uPerseus uzolahlekelwa ukuphila kwakhe phakathi nohambo lwakhe.
Icebo likaPolydectes belizolunga ukube bekungeyona into eyodwa. UPerseus akayena nje umuntu ofayo, uyindodana kaZeus. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, u-Athena uzwela uPerseus. U-Athena ukholelwa ukuthi i-gorgon Medusa kufanele iqedwe ekugcineni, kufanele afe. Ngakho unquma ukusiza uPerseus futhi amthumelele isithunywa esisesimweni sikaHermesi. Unkulunkulu oyisithunywa unikeza uPerseus isihlangu sesiliva, umboleka izimbadada zakhe ezinamaphiko, isikhwama, nesikela elibukhali kakhulu elinganqamula noma yini. UHermes weluleka uPerseus ukuba andizele emigedeni lapho kuhlala khona abathakathi abathathu: iGraeae
AbakwaGraya babengodadewabo bamaGorgons. Ngokwenganekwane, bazalwa bebadala noma bazalwa bebukeka bebadala. Babeneso elilodwa kuphela kubo bobathathu, elalisetshenziswa yilowo nalowo ngokushintshana. Ngenxa yezimbadada ezinamaphiko, uPerseus undizela ngokushesha endaweni efanele. Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo, uPerseus ubamba iso lapho libhobozwa. Enye inguqulo, iso liphuma esandleni sikadade bese uPerseus alibuyisela. Igajwe ubuhle nomusa wale nsizwa, impunga iyibonisa indlela eya esiqhingini lapho kuhlala khona ama-gorgon.
Ngokushesha uPerseus uya esiqhingini esishiwo, futhi kuvela isithombe esibi phambi kwakhe. Sonke isiqhingi sizungezwe izithombe zamaqhawe angenanhlanhla, okungafundwa emehlweni awo ukwethuka. Ekugcineni, uPerseus uthola uGorgon Medusa olele. Azi ukuthi angambheki emehlweni. Ngemva kokubeka isihlangu phansi, uPerseus ulinda ukuthi i-gorgon ifike phakathi nebanga elifushane ngokwanele, ibheke kuphela ekuboniseni. U-Perseus ubona ubuso bakhe ngemuva kwakhe, futhi umnika ukushaya okukodwa, futhi ikhanda likaGorgon liyawa. UMedusa ufile.
Ngokusho kwenganekwane, uPegasus ihhashi elinamaphiko kanye ne-giant Chrysaor bazalwa ngegazi le-gorgon. Laba kwakungabantwana bakaMedusa noPoseidon. Ngokushesha, uPerseus wafaka ikhanda likaMedusa esikhwameni futhi waqala emuva. Nomaphi lapho uPerseus ayendizela khona, igazi le-jellyfish laliconsa phezu komhlaba nolwandle. Lapho iwela emhlabathini, yazala izinyoka namakhorali abomvu olwandle.
Igazi le-gorgon lalinezinto ezibhubhisayo kodwa futhi ezinikeza ukuphila. U-Athena wayiqoqa ezitsheni ezimbili futhi wayinikeza i-Asclepios. Khona-ke, ngokufunda ubuciko bezokwelapha bukaChiron, wakwazi ukubuyisela abantu ekuphileni. Abantu bayeka ukufa futhi unkulunkulu wokufa, uThanatos, wakhononda kuZeus. Ngokushesha i-Asclepios yashaywa umbani. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-Asclepius iboniswa ngodondolo olulukwe izinyoka. Izinyoka ezazisongelwe enkomishi kamuva zaba uphawu lomuthi.
Kwavuka imimoya enamandla futhi yaqala ukuthwala uPerseus emoyeni ngezindlela ezahlukene; kodwa lapho kuhwalala wafinyelela eNtshonalanga ekude, futhi uPerseus osemusha wayesendaweni ye-Atlas enkulukazi. Esaba ukundiza ebusuku, uPerseus walibangisa phansi. I-Atlas enkulu yayiyinkosi ecebile kulelizwe, futhi yayinemihlambi eminingi namasimu ezithelo; kwesinye sazo kwamila isihlahla esinamagatsha egolide, amaqabunga nezithelo nakho konke kwakuyigolide.
Kwabikezelwa ukuthi ngolunye usuku indodana kaZeyusi yayiyovela futhi ikha isithelo segolide esihlahleni. Khona-ke i-Atlas yazungeza insimu yakhe ngodonga oluphakeme futhi yabuza ama-Hesperides amancane kanye nodrako owesabekayo ukuthi avikele ama-apula egolide futhi angavumeli muntu ukuba asondele kubo. UPerseus wazibonakalisa ku-Atlas njengendodana kaZeus futhi wacela ukwamukelwa. Kodwa i-Atlas yakhumbula isiprofetho sasendulo futhi yenqaba ukunikeza uPerseus indawo yokukhosela futhi yafuna ukumxosha.
Wacasuka uPerseus wakhipha ikhanda likaMedusa esikhwameni walikhombisa i-Atlas. Umdondoshiya akakwazanga ukumelana namandla asabekayo Medusa futhi waphenduka itshe. Ikhanda lakhe laphenduka isiqongo sentaba, futhi amahlombe nezingalo zakhe zaphenduka izinhlamvu, intshebe yakhe nezinwele ziphenduka amahlathi aminyene. Isiqongo sentaba esicijile sakhula saba ngosayizi omkhulu sifinyelela esibhakabhakeni, futhi silele nazo zonke izinkanyezi emahlombe aso kuze kufike e-Atlas, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umdondoshiya uye wathwala lomthwalo osindayo.
Wandiza kakhulu kwaze kwaba yilapho efika ogwini lwase-Ethiopia, lapho kwakubusa khona uCepheus. UPerseus wabona i-Andromeda encane futhi enhle ogwini olungenalutho, iboshwe edwaleni. Owesifazane osemusha kwadingeka ahlawulele icala likanina uCassiopeia, owake wathi indodakazi yakhe yayiyinhle kakhulu kunawo wonke ama-nymphs. Ethukuthele, ama-nymphs kaPoseidon akhononda futhi amcela ukuba ajeziswe. Futhi uPoseidon wathumela uzamcolo omubi eTopiya kanye nesilo sasolwandle esashwabadela abantu nezinkomo.
Isisho sabikezela kuCepheus ukuthi isijeziso sizophela lapho ehambisa indodakazi yakhe u-Andromeda kulesi silo esibi ukuba sigwinywe; manje wayeseboshelwe etsheni lolwandle. UPerseus wabona i-Andromeda enhle iboshelwe edwaleni. Waqina umoya ezinweleni zakhe wawunganyakazi, futhi ukube zazingekho izinyembezi emehlweni akhe, wayengase acabange ukuthi uyisichuse semabula.
UPerseus owayemangele wambuka, wasondela kuye, waqala ukubuza intombazane ekhalayo ukuthi ingubani igama layo, iphumaphi futhi kungani iboshelwa kulelo tshe. Kuthe kusenjalo kwaduma amagagasi olwandle kwaphuma inunu ekujuleni kolwandle. Yavula umlomo wayo owesabekayo, yagijima ibheke e-Andromeda. Intombazane yakhala ngokwethuka, iNkosi uCepheus noCassiopeia beza begijima kodwa bahluleka ukusindisa indodakazi yabo base beqala ukukhala kabuhlungu. Khona-ke uPerseus wakhuluma nabo futhi wathembisa ukusindisa intombazane uma bemnika isandla sakhe emshadweni.
UCepheus noCassiopeia bavumelana nalokhu futhi bathembisa ukunikeza hhayi indodakazi kuphela kodwa nombuso wabo wonke ukuze baqale. Kuleli qophelo, inunu yavela, yanqamula amagagasi njengomkhumbi, isondela futhi isondela, futhi manje isicishe ingaphezu kwentaba. Khona-ke uPerseus osemusha wasukuma emoyeni futhi wabamba isihlangu esikhanyayo esandleni sakhe. Inunu yabona uPerseus emanzini futhi yaziphonsa kuye. Njengokhozi oluhlangana nenyoka, uPerseus wabhukuda ebheke kulesi silo futhi wahlohla inkemba yakhe ebukhali phakathi kwayo.
Lesi silo esilimele sandizela phezulu emoyeni, sabe sesibhekana noPerseus njengengulube ejahwa izinja. Kodwa insizwa egqoke izimbadada ezimaphiko yabaleka inunu yaqala ukuyishaya ngenkemba ilandelana, kwaphuma igazi elimnyama emlonyeni wenunu. Phakathi nempi, amaphiko kaPerseus aba manzi, futhi ngobunzima wandizela ogwini. Insizwa yagijima yaya ku-Andromeda yamkhulula emaketangeni.
Ujabule, u-Cepheus noCassiopeia ekugcineni bahlangana neqhawe elincane futhi balethe umakoti nomkhwenyana ekhaya. Ngokushesha kwahlelwa idili lomshado, futhi u-Eros noHymenaeus babesemshadweni bephethe izimbaqa esandleni, beshaya imitshingo namahabhu, becula izingoma zokuthokoza; abavakashi bomshado bezwa indaba yeqhawe uPerseus. Kodwa kungazelelwe kwafika isixuku emzini kaKhepheus, siholwa umfowabo wenkosi, uPhineus, owake waqoma u-Andromeda, kodwa wamshiya lapho embona esenkingeni.
UPhineus wacela ukuba u-Andromeda anikezwe yena. Waphakamisela umkhonto wakhe kuPerseus, kodwa uCepheus wamfihla. UFinewusi owayethukuthele egane unwabu wajikijela insizwa ngamandla akhe wonke, kodwa ayizange imshaye. UPerseus wathatha umkhonto ofanayo, futhi uFineus akazange acashe ngemuva kwe-altare, ngabe wamgwaza esifubeni sakhe, kodwa umkhonto washaya elinye lamaqhawe kaFineus, lawela phansi lafa. Emcimbini kwaqubuka impi enyantisa igazi. Njengengonyama, uPerseus walwa nezitha eziningi.
Iqhawe elincane lalizungezwe inqwaba yezitha eziholwa nguPhineus. Esekelwa uhlaka olude, wazabalaza ukuze anqobe amasosha ayehlasela, kodwa ekugcineni wathola ukuthi wayengenakunqoba izitha zakhe ezaziyidlanzana. Wabe esekhipha ikhanda likaMedusa esikhwameni, kwathi ngamunye ngamunye ekubona, izitha zaphenduka itshe. UPerseus washada no-Andromeda omuhle futhi wahamba nomkakhe osemusha esiqhingini saseSeriphos.
Kanye no-Andromeda kanye nenhloko yeMedusa, uPerseus ekugcineni ufika eSeriphos futhi wethuka ukuzwa ukuthi uPolydectes wayengeke ashade nomuntu wangaphandle, kodwa kunalokho uphishekela unina, osacasha ethempelini likankulunkulukazi uHera. U-Perseus ushiya u-Andromeda ekunakekelweni kukaDictis futhi uya ekamelweni lesihlalo sobukhosi. Lapho uthola amaPolidects nenkantolo yakhe. UPerseus usondela etafuleni futhi ubonisa ikhanda likaMedusa enkosini nabo bonke abeluleki bakhe. Abazange basho lutho. U-Perseus ufihla ikhanda lakhe esikhwameni sakhe futhi eshiya, eshiya wonke umuntu ephenduka amatshe.
U-Perseus akananzondo nomkhulu wakhe. Kunalokho, uyakuqonda ukwesaba kwabo. Uyaqonda ukuthi ngenxa yokwesaba ukufa kuphela, u-Acrisius wenza lokhu kubo. Ngokushesha, uPerseus ufika e-Argos. Kodwa kwase kuphuze kakhulu, amahemuhemu afinyelela ku-Argos mayelana nempumelelo enkulu kaPerseus nokuthi wayehlose ukuvakashela umkhulu wakhe. U-Acririo uphunyuka ngaphambi kokufika komzukulu wakhe.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokufika e-Argos, uPerseus uhlanganyela emidlalweni yezemidlalo ehlelwe ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe. Kubuthene isixuku futhi kuhlezi indoda enganakiwe. Umncintiswano wokuphonswa kwe-discus uyaqala. U-Perseus uphonsa ipuleti, kodwa umoya onamandla ushintsha indlela futhi ipuleti lishaya umuntu. Kwakungu-Acrisius. Ngakho-ke isiprofetho se-oracle yaseDelphi siyagcwaliseka futhi.
Imisebenzi ye-Gorgon
Ngegama elithi gorgoneion ubhekisela ekhanda lika-gorgon, elalisetshenziswa njengomhlobiso ngezikhathi zamaGreki nezamaRoma. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo ovimbelayo, i-gorgoneion ikhiqiza kabusha, isibonelo, ezihlangwini nasezifubeni, ku-aegis noma ekungeneni kwamathempeli. Ngale ndlela, ububi babungase buxoshwe noma isitha sinqotshwe ukwesaba. Empeleni ikhanda likaMedusa kuthiwa liyasabeka kangangoba noma ubani owalibona wayevele ashaywe uvalo.
Ukubukeka okwesabekayo kwama-gorgon kwakumelelwe kumaski ama-shamanic asabekayo. Lokhu bekuwukugcina abafuna ukwazi ngezimfihlakalo eziyimfihlo, obekungamele zibhekwe ngabantu abangazi lutho. Lokhu kubonakala nasenganekwaneni yamaGreki kaMedusa, owaqapha indlela yokungena esiqhingini saseHesperides, lapho kwenzeka khona imfihlakalo yomshado ongcwele phakathi kukankulunkulukazi nenkosi.
I-amphora evela ku-Eleusis kusukela cishe ngo-680 B.C. U-C. ubonisa ama-gorgon amabili ejaha u-Perseus ngemva kokunquma ikhanda likadadewabo u-Medusa. "Ukuma kokugijima" kuyisici sama-gorgon. I-Medusa yayivame ukuvezwa yenziwe isitayela kulesi simo. Unkulunkulukazi wempi u-Eris naye uvele kulesi simo. Umuntu ofihle ubuso ongashiwongo ngegama esitsheni esivela e-Rhodes, obizwa nge-Potnia Theron ('Inkosikazi Yezilwane') uhamba ngendlela efanayo.
Le Potnia Theron iphinde igqoke uhlobo lwemaski ye-gorgon. Igama elithi Potnia Theron likweleta isithombe ezilwaneni umfanekiso omelwe owuphethe ngezandla zombili. Futhi kulesi sikali kukhona izimpawu ezingokomfanekiso ezibizwa ngokuthi "izimpawu zelanga" noma izimpawu zomjikelezo nokuzala kwemvelo, njengezimbali nama-swastikas, abuye ahlobise izithombe ezindala zeMedusa kanye nama-gorgon. U-Marija Gimbutas uchaze ukutholakala kwezifihla-buso ze-gorgon ezisukela emuva ku-XNUMXth millennium BC.
AmaGorgon ayefana nenyoka, enamehlo amakhulu, amazinyo amakhulu, nolimi olude. Inyoka ihlobene nokufa nokuzalwa kabusha. Izifihla-buso zihlotshiswe ngezimpawu zokuzalwa kabusha, okubonisa ubudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kokuphila nokufa. Ivasi ye-anthropomorphic evela eSultana, ebonisa isidumbu sowesifazane onekhanda le-gorgon, cishe yayisetshenziselwa umkhuba wabafileyo.
Amazinyo ayishumi abekwa ekhanda nolimi ngaphandle. Ivazi inomfanekiso wesitho sangasese sowesifazane ebunzini laso, elinemihlobiso emise okwenyanga nxazonke. Ingemuva lihlotshiswe ngama-spirals namaqanda amabili. Futhi, i-vase inezinyawo zezinyoni.
Amamaski angaphambi komlando abelana ngezici ezimbalwa nama-gorgon. Anamehlo afanayo agxilile nolimi oluphumela ngaphandle. Izinwele zikaMedusa zenziwe ngezinyoka; amehlo akhe aguqula amadoda abe ngamatshe futhi abashiye bephefumula. Ukubukeka okufanayo kukhona futhi konkulunkulukazi abavela emasikweni ahlukene kakhulu, njenge-Indian Kali, i-Libyan Lamia kanye ne-Aztec Coatlicue.
E-Eleusis, kutholwe ama-gorgon anamakhanda ezinyosi, anezinyoka esikhundleni sezimpondo nemilenze yangaphambili; lezi zisuka ku-675-650 BC I-gorgon yaseRhodes inamaphiko ezinyosi. AmaGreki asendulo abhekisela emandleni egazi likaMedusa, elingaletha ukufa nokuphila. Lapho ikhanda likaMedusa linqunywa, iqhawe uChrysaor kanye nehhashi elinamaphiko uPegasus bazalwa egazini lakhe. UChrysaor, owazalwa egqoke izikhali eziphelele, washada noCallírroe, omunye wama-Oceanid.
I-Gimbutas iphakamisa ukuthi ukuhlotshaniswa kwegazi nokuphila nokufa kungase kube isixhumanisi se-Neolithic phakathi kwegazi lokuya esikhathini kwabesifazane kanye nezigaba zenyanga. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimfanelo zokuzala zabesifazane, njenge-vulva nezimpawu ezibhekisela ekufeni, kubonisa inkolelo ye-Neolithic yokuthi unkulunkulukazi ulethe kokubili ukuphila nokufa.
Ikhanda le-gorgon elinezinyoka livezwe ku-aegis, isivikelo sesifuba sesikhumba sezimbuzi esipendwe ngokubomvu. Izinyoka ezivezwe esikhumbeni noma ekhanda likaMedusa zihlanganisa ukuhlakanipha kukankulunkulukazi. Ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha u-Athena ugqoka i-aegis eyisivikelo njengesihlangu noma engutsheni. Ngokusho kwabanye, lesi yisikhumba esingenalutho seMedusa, ngokusho kwabanye, i-aegis iyinhloko ye-gorgon.
Kuye kwathiwa isikhumba esingenalutho sikaPallas sasikhishwe ngu-Athena ngokwakhe; ngokweminye imibiko, uPalas owayehlinziwe wayengumuntu noma unkulunkulu wembuzi. UHerodotus ubika ukuthi i-egis yadabuka eLibya, endaweni eseduze nomfula iTriton, lapho kuwukukhulelwa okujwayelekile kwabesifazane. Ngokwencazelo yakhe laba besifazane bebegqoke izikhumba zembuzi ezihlutshiwe, ezidaywe ngezigqoko, ezifakwe izinsimbi emphethweni esikhundleni sezinyoka.
I-Symbolism ye-Gorgons
Kungenzeka ukuthi uMedusa kanye nodadewabo be-gorgon, u-Esteno no-Euríale, abanamehlo abo, aphendulela wonke umuntu ngamatshe, ngisho namanzi abandayo, abandiza ngamaphiko ngokushesha kunomoya, yimimoya yesiphepho nobusika obubandayo ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile wavakashela enyakatho yeGreece Yasendulo (North Wind).
Ubunjalo bazo obudlulele, obungaphansi komhlaba, kanye neminye imvelo buboniswa nawukuthi bazalwa nguPhorcys (ukwenziwa samuntu kolwandle olunesivunguvungu phakathi kwabantu basendulo) kanye noCeto, ukhokho wezilo zasolwandle, okwathiwa kuye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, Uthi umsuka woshaka kanye nenyoka u-Echidna (unkosikazi weSiphepho, isitha esikhulu sama-Olympians).
Ngakho-ke, ama-gorgon anabazali abanjalo yizilo ze-chthonic, abantu abanobutha bezakhi zamanzi nomoya. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-gorgon nawo abukeka afana nodrako: amaphiko, amazinyo emlonyeni, izinzipho ezandleni, emzimbeni cishe izikali ezingenakufinyeleleka - konke lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ama-gorgon angase abe izihlobo ezikude zabalingiswa abanjalo. inyoka endala evela ezinganekwaneni zamaSlavic.
Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo (i-Golosovker), ama-gorgon, ama-grayas nezinye izilo zezinganekwane zamaGreki ziyizinsalela ze-pre-Olympic pantheon, okuthi (ngaphansi kwethonya le "Olympians") emcabangweni wamaGreki asendulo kancane kancane zaba izidalwa ezimbi kakhulu. . Zihlanganisa izakhamuzi zasezikhaleni ezisempumalanga eziseduze noLwandle iMedithera, ingozi emele iFar West engaziwa.
Idatha ethakazelisayo
- Isiqhingi saseSicily ngokwesiko sibhekwa njengendawo lapho amaGorgons ayehlala khona futhi abulala iMedusa. Isithombe sakhe sisahlobisa ifulegi lalesi sifunda
- Emabalazweni asendulo esibhakabhakeni esinezinkanyezi, uPerseus uboniswa ngokwesiko ephethe ikhanda leMedusa esandleni sakhe, iso lakhe kuyinkanyezi eguquguqukayo i-Algol (beta Perseus).
- Encwadini kaGoethe ethi "Faust", i-gorgon Medusa izulazula ngoMgqibelo, ithatha isithombe sikaGretchen (Margaret), esidida uDkt. Faust.
- I-gorgon Medusa iwuphawu lwabesifazane besimanje. Ikakhulukazi, baphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwesithombe sowesifazane oyiqhawe obulewe ngokungenacala njenge-logo yendlu yefashini yaseVersace (Medusa Rondanini).
I-Gorgoneion
I-Gorgoneion imaskhi ye-talismanic ngokumelene neso elibi elimelela inhloko ye-Gorgon Medusa, okwakuthi ngezikhathi zasendulo yayisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izakhiwo nezinto ezihlukahlukene (kuhlanganise nezinhlamvu zemali) ngenhloso yokugwema ububi. Ngobuciko besimanje, i-gorgoneion yaba i-motif yokuhlobisa. I-Gorgoneion yayiwumfanekiso wekhanda lika-gorgon, njengoba yaziwa, ligqolozele itshe. Ngemva kokubulawa kukaPerseus lesi silo, leli khanda laxhunywa ku-Athena's aegis ukuze lisabise izitha zikankulunkulukazi.
I-Gorgoneion iwuhlobo oludume kakhulu lwe-apotropaion (isithombe esisusa ukonakala), isithombe esibi se-caricature esibangele kokubili ukuhleka nokwesaba. U-Plutarch uthi i-talisman enjalo idonsela iso elibi lababi, limphazamise kulowo ohlukunyeziwe. Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi lesi sifihla-buso esingokwesiko sandulela ukwakheka kwenganekwane eyaziwa kakhulu ngamaGorgon namaPerseus: into engokwesiko yafika kuqala; kwase kusungulwa inunu ukuze ilingane lobo buso; iqhawe elibulala i-monster livele enganekwaneni ngisho nangemva kwesikhathi.
Enye yezimpikiswano ezisekela le mbono, esebenza futhi ku-Sphinx ne-Chimera, ukuthi ubuciko baseGibhithe buyazi i-Sphinxes, kodwa awazi i-Oedipus, futhi ngobuciko basendulo, inani le-Gorgons ne-Chimeras, elimelwe ngokwehlukana, ngokwezibalo zobuningi. , yeqa izithombe zabo namaqhawe anqobile izikhathi eziningi. Imaski yobuso esabekayo efanayo ingatholakala kumasiko amaningi asendulo nakudala, ukusuka ePeru kuya eThailand.
Usuku oluqondile lokuqala ukusetshenziswa kwalesi talisman umqaphi akwaziwa. Ezikhathini zasendulo, yayithandwa kakhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa inani elikhulu lobufakazi bemivubukulo obukhona. Ngokwezimfundiso ze-Orphic, i-gorgoneion yayiwuphawu lwediski yenyanga. Isiko sagcinwa eByzantium, sasetshenziswa amaGnostics, saziwa eRussia, futhi kuphela kwezobuciko beNkathi Entsha iGorgoneion yaba iphethini elilula lokuhlobisa elingenawo umsebenzi wemilingo.
Nokho, lesi sakhiwo (mhlawumbe ngenxa yobuciko baso) sihlala siyitimu ye-tattoo ethandwayo. Futhi endaweni yobugebengu, isithombe sekhanda le-gorgon (ngenkemba nesibani esivuthayo) sihunyushwa njengophawu olugwema ingozi; "Ngizophindisela ububi", okuyinto ngokusobala enanela incazelo yasekuqaleni gorgoneion.
Umsuka wesithombe se-Gorgoneion awukacaci. Kuphikiswana ngokuthi uhlobo lwangempela - ubuso obusontekile bube yi-grimace, onolimi oluphumayo kanye nezingulube zezingulube - seluvele lutholakala kubuciko baseFenike, ngisho nangaphambi kwabaphathi bamaGreki, okwabonwa ngabo kancane kancane futhi baguqulwa. Futhi, indawo yemvelaphi yalesi sithombe ifunwa eGibhithe lasendulo. Isithombe esifanayo sowesifazane sitholakala ku-Minoan art (etholakala e-Knossos, esukela ku-1500-1450 BC).
Ama-gorgoneions amadala kakhulu kwezobuciko basendulo bamaGreki atholakala ngesikhathi kumbiwa eTiryns futhi ahlehlela emuva ku-700 BC. C. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zivela kaningi ku-Proto-Corinthian. Umfanekiso wokuqala wekhanda lika-gorgon utholakala endaweni yobumba yobumba evela ethempelini lika-Apollo eThermos (c. 625 BC). Emdwebeni oqoshiwe, iqala ukuvela endaweni elengayo evela eThempelini lika-Athena eCorfu (590 BC).
Njengomthetho, i-gorgoneion enjalo (uhlobo lwama-archaic) yayiyisithombe esivumelana ngokuphelele namehlo amakhulu anolaka, ikhala elibanzi eliyisicaba elinamakhala anwetshiwe. Umlomo we-gorgon uvame ukubanda ngokumamatheka okusabisayo, okubonisa umphimbo namazinyo asabekayo. Esikhundleni sezinwele, ubuso bufakwe izinyoka ezigobile.
Umphumela "womlingo" wokulandela umkhondo udalwa ukuthi abafundi be-gorgon batholakala ngokuqinile phakathi kwezinhlamvu zamehlo, okwenza umphumela owaziwayo "wokulandela ngomkhondo" owenza isipelingi kumbukeli. Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi uhlobo olufanayo kungenzeka lwavela ezithombeni zobuso bebhubesi obunamazinyo nomhlwehlwe.
Izazi-mlando ziphawula ukuthi ekuqaleni kwe-Attic black-figure vase yokudweba ubuhlobo bukaGorgoneion nomfanekiso kankulunkulu we-orgiastic u-Dionysus, okwakunguyena yedwa kuwo wonke ama-Olympian owayevezwe enobuso obugcwele. Ngezinye izikhathi uMedusa unentshebe, okwenza kube nzima ukumhlukanisa noDionysus ngokwakhe; empeleni, ngezinye izikhathi akuyona intshebe, kodwa igazi eliphuma entanyeni enqunywe
Emdwebeni wakamuva, kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, ngokufika kwenkathi yakudala kanye nokufuduka kwezithixo ezindala zama-chthonic onkulunkulu abahle bama-Olympian, ikhanda likaGorgon liba ubuso bowesifazane obandayo ebuhlungu. , kodwa ehlukaniswa ubuhle obumangalisayo, nezinwele ezijwayelekile zingathatha indawo yezinyoka zendabuko.
Zonke izici zobuso ezinokhahlo nezesabekayo azisekho. Umfanekiso wokuthambekela kokuqeda okubi ukushintshwa kweGorgoneion ezinhlamvu zemali ze-Attic ngesithombe sikankulunkulukazi u-Athena kuphrofayela, okwenzeka ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: