Eziningi kwakuyizakhiwo ezazichaza omunye wemibuso emikhulu yendabuko eMelika, amaInca, lezi zasungulwa kudala ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseSpain. Kulesi sihloko, sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezakhiwo ezimangalisayo ze- I-Inca Architecture, izici zayo nokunye.
I-Inca Architecture
I-Inca architecture yaziwa ngokuthi yifomu lokwakha elalikhona ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Inca, ikakhulukazi kusukela ekubuseni kukaPachacutec Inca Yupanqui kuze kube yisikhathi sokufika kweSpanishi phakathi kweminyaka ye-1438 ne-1533. Izakhiwo zasetshenziswa ngesikhathi lesi siko, sibonakala ngobulula bezinhlobo zalo, ukuqina kwalo, ukulinganisa kwalo kanye nokusesha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izakhiwo zalo zivumelana nendawo; Ngokungafani nemiphakathi yasogwini njengamaChimú, ama-Inca ayesebenzisa umhlobiso wokudala.
Izinto eziyisisekelo ezaziphathwa abakhi be-Inca kwakuyitshe, ezisekelweni ezilula labekwa ngaphandle kokucwecwa kodwa hhayi kweziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezibalulekile. Laba ochwepheshe kwezobuciko be-Inca bachaze kabanzi futhi baphelela izindlela zokumisa izindonga ezinkulu, ama-mosaic angempela enziwe ngamabhulokhi amatshe abaziwe alingana kahle, ngaphandle kwephini elikwazi ukudlula phakathi kwawo.
Ngokuvamile la mabhuloki ayemakhulu kangangokuthi kunzima ukucabanga indawo yawo, izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zaleli khono zitholakala esifundeni saseCuzco. Siyazi ukuthi abaqophi bamatshe abangcono kakhulu babevela e-Collas yase-Altiplano, abambalwa babo balethwa eCuzco ukuze bakhonze umbuso. Ngokunjalo, i-architecture ye-Inca yaziwa ngezimpumelelo zayo ezimangalisayo kanye nokuphelela kwamalungiselelo alesi sikhathi okukhulunywa ngaso.
Ukuhlola Nezifundo
Ngokusho kophenyo lomvubukuli waseMelika uJohn Howland Rowe edolobheni elikhulu le-Inca Kingdom noma iTahuantinsuyo, baqaphela ukuthi ibhulokhi yokuqala ye-Inca Architecture yayiyigumbi eliphansi elingunxande, elasungulwa ngamatshe noma ngezitini, elinobucwebe obucwengekile; Eziningi zalezi zikhala zazitholakala eduze kwethala noma indawo evulekile ezungezwe udonga, echaza iyunithi yezakhiwo ezincane ze-Inca: ivulandi. Ama-Inca colonies nawo abonakala ngohlelo lwawo lwe-orthogonal.
Abadwebi bezakhiwo be-Inca abaqopha imisebenzi yabo engcono kakhulu edwaleni, bakha izindawo ezingenakufa ezigcwele ukuphila ngokubonga okujulile kanye nokutusa imvelo eyayibazungezile neyabamukela. Indlela ethile ye-Inca yokunikeza isakhiwo nomzimba edwaleni iphakeme, amamodeli okuqamba asetshenziswayo ahlanganisa indawo nobuciko bezakhiwo, abangele ukuzwana endaweni ezungezile.
Izazi ziye zabiza isitayela esiphumayo sesisindo samatshe sisuka emikhawulweni noma emaphethelweni singene ngaphakathi, njengokungathi isisindo sodonga sasicindezela itshe. Kusukela ngo-1802, umhambi ophawulekayo kanye nesibukeli esibukhali njengoVon Humboldt, owayehlola i-Sierra del Ecuador kanye ne-Sierra Norte del Perú, wachaza ukwakheka kwe-Inca ngezici ezintathu: ukuqina, ubulula, nokulingana.
Izici zokwakhiwa kwayo
Okulandelayo, sizochaza izici ezibalulekile ezibandakanya imisebenzi nezakhiwo zoMbuso Wama-Inca, lezi yizi:
Ukulula
Izakhiwo ze-Inca azinayo imihlobiso eminingi noma imihlobiso. Ukubaza, ukuhlobisa, ukuphakama okuphezulu noma okuphansi akuzange kusetshenziswe ngokweqile noma ukuhlobisa. Lokhu kulinganisela kubonakala futhi ekuhlelweni kwezikhala ezingaphakathi kwezindawo ezingcwele, okuhlanganisa nendawo yokuhlala yenkosi yamaInca.
Naphezu kwalokhu kulula, uphenyo lweSpanishi kanye/noma imibhalo igcizelela umhlobiso okhethekile e-Coricancha lapho izithuthukisi kanye nokuqoshwa kwegolide kugcizelelwa khona; ngokusobala, leli thempeli yilona kuphela elizoba nalolu hlobo lomhlobiso.
Ukuqina
Basebenzisa amatshe amakhulu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusebenzisa udaka; amadwala ayesetshenziswa ngendlela yokuthi ahlangane, isibonelo salokhu kwakhiwa sitholakala ethempelini laseSacsayhuamán.
Ukuphindwa kwe-Trapezoidal Shapes noma i-Symmetry
Izingxenye zokwakhiwa kwazo zazilingana maqondana ne-eksisi yazo. Ohlelweni, i-symmetry kunzima ukuyiqonda njengoba izikhala ziyedlulana, nakuba zivame ukuhlangana ku-vertex noma kwezinye izimo, ekamelweni elikhulu.
isikhumbuzo
Ukuba nezilinganiso ezinkulu. Amatshe, ayemakhulu, nawo asiza izakhiwo ukuba zibe zinde, lokhu kungabonakala ezindaweni eziningana edolobheni laseCuzco, elinamatshe amatshe amakhulu; lezi zibe nokujwayela kokuma kwendawo kanye nezici zendawo zesifunda. AmaInca nawo ayefuna ukukhombisa ukuthi angenza noma yini ayifunayo ngetshe, ngakho enza omunye wemisebenzi yawo emihle kakhulu: njengetshe elinama-engeli angu-12.
Izinto zokwakha
Iningi lezakhi ezisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ze-Inca azizange zithinte iCuzco kuphela; ngokwemithombo yomlando kanye ne-anthropological, imisebenzi eminingi ye-Inca yayinezici zangaphandle ngokuphelele, ikakhulukazi isitini sobumba esivuthayo noma samatshe.
Izinhlobo ze-Cizakhiwo
Izinhlobo zezakhiwo noma imisebenzi yezakhiwo ze-Inca, lezi zichazwa ngokusekelwe endleleni izindonga nezindonga zalezi zakhiwo ezakhiwe ngayo. Okulandelayo, izinhlobo ezi-4 zezakhiwo ezazikhona:
i-cyclopean
Lezi zinhlobo zezakhiwo zenziwa ngamatshe amakhulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udaka. Abanye abavubukuli baphinde babize lolu hlobo lwemisebenzi njengemisebenzi ye-megalithic, futhi lezi zihlukaniswa kulawo anesiteji esingaba ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi kwe-polygonal noma i-cyclopean ngokwayo; hhayi ama-megalithic. Lokhu kungabonakala ezindongeni zaseCuzco kanye nezikhumbuzo zemingcwabo ngesimo semibhoshongo eyisikwele, eyindilinga kanye neyindilinga, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-chulpas.
I-Rustic
Ekwakhiweni kwe-rustic, izakhiwo zifunwa ngokuvumelana nendawo yazo yemvelo; lalivame ukusetshenziswa emisebenzini yomdabu. Ngokuvamile ziyimisebenzi ekhandlayo egwema ngokuqaphela imiqondo yakudala efana ne-symmetry nokujwayela. Izinto zokwakha ezibalulekile ziyizinkuni zomdabu, okungcono zibe yimishayo eqinile, namatshe emvelo.
Umakhalekhukhwini
Lolu hlobo lokwakha lubonakala ngezindonga nezindonga, ezakhiwe ngesakhiwo esifana nekhekhe lezinyosi; kulokhu, amatshe ayeqoshwe ngendlela yama-pentagons.
Imperial
Ibonakala ngentambo eyinkimbinkimbi yama-engeli angavamile ayesetshenziswa ngamabhulokhi amatshe angalingani, nokho afinyelela ukulingana okuphelele. Wonke amatshe asikiwe ahambisana nokunemba okumangalisayo kwemilimitha futhi ahlanganiswe ngokuzinza okuqinile kangangokuthi akukho ludaka oludingekayo ukuze akhiwe.
Izinhlobo Zokwakha ngokwenhloso yazo
I-Inca Empire, yenza izinhlobo zezakhiwo ezishiwo ngenhla, noma ukwakha imisebenzi yomphakathi neyezempi, ngaphansi kwencazelo yazo:
Civil
Ifanekiselwa izakhiwo zezindlu kule miphakathi noma i-ayllus, futhi amakhaya eziphathimandla ze-Inca eziphakeme kakhulu eziyalele ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokugunyazwa kwazo e-Cuzco.
Ezempi
Izakhiwo ezinikezelwe ukuvikela izindawo ze-Inca, nazo zasetshenziswa njengendawo yokukhosela kanye nendawo yokuhlasela, njengenqaba yezempi noma yezenkolo ye-Inca etholakala ku-2 km ukusuka enyakatho yedolobha laseCuzco, eyaqala ukwakhiwa ngaphansi kwegunya le-Inca. Pachacútec, ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu; kodwa-ke, kwakungu-Huayna Cápac owaqeda ukuthinta kwakhe okokugcina ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu, kanye nenqaba yase-Ollantaytambo futhi, ngokusho kwababhali abaningana, inqaba enezivikelo eziqinile yaseMachu Picchu.
I-Inca amafomu ezakhiwo
Okulandelayo, amafomu ajwayelekile ezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sombuso wama-Inca azochazwa kabanzi, lawa alandelayo:
kancha
Lena kwakuyiyunithi evamile kakhulu yesakhiwo sezakhiwo, yayisekelwe ocingweni lwe-quadrangular oluhlala izakhiwo ezintathu noma ngaphezulu ezinama-quadrangular ezihlelwe ngokulinganayo endaweni ephakathi nendawo noma i-patio. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene njengoba besungula isisekelo seyunithi yezindlu namathempeli; ngokunjalo, eziningana zalezi zingabuthana ukuze zakhe amabhlokhi e-Inca yokuhlala.
Ukuboniswa kokudlulela kwalawa mayunithi esakhiwo esakhiweni se-Inca yidolobha elikhulu laseCuzco, indawo yalo emaphakathi eyakhiwe ama-canchas amabili amakhulu, aqukethe iThempeli Lelanga (i-Coricancha) kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ze-Inca. Amamodeli e-kancha anakekelwa kangcono ngokuhamba kwesikhathi atholakala e-Ollantaytambo, isikhungo se-Inca esisogwini lomfula i-Urubamba.
Kalanka
Kwakuyizikhala ezinkulu ezinama-quadrangular ezingafika kumamitha angama-70 ubude, ixhunywe ngokuyinhloko nendlunkulu yezwe ebalulekile; Lezi zinto ezisatshalaliswayo, ezikhonjiswe njengezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ngokocwaningo nemibhalo, ngokuvamile zaziba nezicabha eziningi, izindawo zokungcebeleka kanye nezindawo zokungcebeleka, futhi zimbozwe ngophahla oluvalwe ngamatshe. Iqiniso lokuthi akhiwe eduze kwezikwele ezinkulu libonisa ukuthi ayexhunywe emisebenzini yenkolo, kanye nokubamba abantu abahlukahlukene, ngokuyinhloko abalawuli noma izikhulu zasemaphandleni.
ushu
Isakhiwo sephiramidi esincishisiwe nesinyakazayo, esimiswe kusukela phezulu kwamapulatifomu amaningana angama-rectangular; ikhona ezikhungweni zokuphatha zoMbuso. Ukufinyelela engxenyeni engenhla yalesi sakhiwo kwakudlula izitebhisi ezimaphakathi; umsebenzi wayo kwakuwukusebenza njengenkundla. Kusukela ekudlondlobaleni kwayo, i-Inca noma ummeleli wayo wenza imikhosi yenkolo nemibuthano yomndeni.
ubisi
Izindlu zokulala eziphakanyiswe emigwaqweni emikhulu yaseTahuantinsuyo, eyaziwa nangokuthi izindlu zezihambi ezikhonjiswe emibhalweni yomlando. Kwakuyizakhiwo ezilula ezinekamelo elilodwa noma ngaphezulu, okwakuvame ukuvakashelwa abahambi njengezindawo zokuphumula; Bahlanganisa izindawo zokuhlinzekwa kwezinhlinzeko ezidingekayo ukuze kusekelwe abahambi.
i-acllahuasi
Ihlonzwe nguGarcilaso ngokuthi "iNdlu yabaKhethiwe", imayelana nezakhiwo zokuhlala zase-Acllas, okwakuyibandla lochwepheshe besifazane emisebenzini yokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi ezindwangu kanye nokukhiqizwa kweshisha, nabathunyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi yezandla. embusweni. Lezi zakhiwo eziqhathaniswe ngephutha nemibhalo yomlando nezindela zobuKristu, zazitholakala kuzo zonke izikhungo zezifundazwe zaseTahuantinsuyo.
Izakhiwo Zokwakha
Kuleli qophelo, izakhiwo zezakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakhiwe yi-Inca Empire zizovezwa ngokwezinga lokubaluleka kwazo kanye nenjongo yazo, ezivelele kakhulu yilezi:
Idolobha laseCusco
Ngaphambi kwesisekelo seCuzco kwakukhona idolobhana elincane elibizwa ngokuthi i-Acamama, elakhiwe ngamatshe aphansi namabhilidi otshani, futhi ayllus amaningana ayehlaliswa lapho. Ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezine, ezihlobene nemibandela engenhla nangaphansi, kwesokunxele nakwesokudla.
Lapho iManco Cápac isungula leli dolobha, laliphakathi kwemifula yeTullumayo neSaphy Rivers, egqumeni lapho kuhlangana khona le mifula emibili. Leli dolobha laba isihlalo sezombangazwe nezenkolo sikahulumeni wama-Inca, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwadingeka kusetshenziswe izindlela ezintsha zokuhlukanisa le ndawo.
I-Monumental Cusco
Iminyaka eminingi leli dolobha lakhetha ukuba lula kakhulu. Nokho, ngemva kokulwa namaChanca wakhungatheka kakhulu; Yingakho uPachacútec eyala ukuba kwakhiwe inhloko-dolobha enesizotha abaseSpain abayithola ngokumangala.
ICuzco yayiyidolobha eligcwele izigodlo namagceke amakhulu azungezwe udonga olunomnyango owodwa, lapho kwakuhlala khona amakhosi abaluleke kakhulu. Wayebukeka ehleleke kakhulu, imigwaqo yakhe yakhiwe ngamatshe akhiwe ngamatshe futhi inamapayipi okukhipha amanzi; Izindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko zigqamile kuyo, zihlukaniswe kuphela umfudlana we-Saphy: i-Huacaypata ne-Cusipata. Kweyokuqala, kwenziwa amasiko nemikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu. Emabhilidini anesizotha kakhulu e-Cuzco nezindawo ezizungezile sinazo:
- Inqaba yaseSacsayhuaman
- I-Pisac
- ollantaytambo
- I-Coricancha
- quenqo
- I-Machu Picchu (mayelana nesikhathi sombuso).
Leli dolobha lazuza udumo olukhulu njengesikhungo senkolo, kanye nokuba isikhungo sezombangazwe sombuso. Yilowo nalowo ku-Inca abashonile wayenomuzi wakhe lapho, nazo zonke izinto zakhe ngaphakathi kuhlanganise nezinceku namakhosikazi azo.
Kuthiwa icebo laseCuzco lalinomfanekiso we-puma futhi ikhanda layo lalifanekiselwa iSacsayhuamán, udonga olwaluhlelwe iPachacútec, nokuthi inkundla yaseHuacaypata yayiyohlala phakathi kwemilenze yalesi silwane.
I-Cuzco: Uphawu lwe-Tahuantinsuyo
Isazi-mlando sasePeru uFranklin Pease García Yrigoyen sazwakalisa ukuthi ezinye izazi-mlando zagcizelela incazelo engokomfanekiso yeCuzco njengesihlalo nomsuka womhlaba wama-Inca; idolobha ngokwalo lalihlonishwa futhi kuboniswa ukuthi laliwuphawu lweTahuantinsuyo yonke. Lokhu kuzochaza ukuphindaphinda okungokomfanekiso kwesakhiwo sedolobha ezikhungweni zokuphatha ze-Inca. Esinye isazi-mlando saze sathi noma ubani ovela eCuzco kufanele ahlonishwe yinoma ubani oya kuye, njengoba wayekade ehlangene nomuzi ongcwele.
Izikhungo Zokuphatha Zezifundazwe
Njengoba i-Tahuantinsuyo ikhula, izikhungo zezifundazwe zakhiwa kusukela ngesikhathi lapho izifundazwe ezihlukahlukene ezazibuswa zilawulwa. Ukuhlela kukahulumeni kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zobumba okwakusho yonke into kusukela ezigodini kuya esakhiweni ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukwakhiwa. Ogwini, itshe ngokuvamile lalithathelwa indawo udonga lodaka noma ubumba. Phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zokwakha sinazo:
Tambo Colorado
Kwakungenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezakhiwa amaInca endaweni yogu; lokhu kuyiqoqo lezakhiwo ezidalwe kusuka ezindongeni zodaka nobumba, nakuba kwezinye izindawo kunomhlobiso obonakala umdala, iminyango nama-niches anomumo we-trapezoidal ojwayelekile wama-Inca.
Yaziwa ngokuthi i-Tambo Colorado ngenxa yombala obomvu, ongabonakala ezindongeni zayo, nakuba ezinye izindonga ezinomthunzi ophuzi nomhlophe nazo zisekhona. Izakhiwo eziningi zizungeza i-trapezoidal plaza, kuhlanganise nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla, izindlu, nesakhiwo esikhulu esaziwa ngokuthi inqaba.
Huanuco Pampa
Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Huánuco Viejo, iyisikhungo esibaluleke kakhulu esingaphezu kuka-2 km² (amakhilomitha-skwele) esitholakala esplanade ngamamitha angu-4000 (amamitha) ukuphakama; wamiswa lapho ngoba wawuphawula indawo emaphakathi yomgwaqo omkhulu phakathi kweCuzco neTomebamba.
Emngceleni walesi sikhala kwakukhona isikwele esikhulu esine-ushnu noma ukusatshalaliswa okukhona kuyo iqoqo lezindawo zokuhlala, izigaba ezine ezihlukene zihlukaniswa: enye ngeyezindawo zokugcina impahla eningizimu, enye ngeyendwangu enyakatho, enye ngeyezindlu ezivamile entshonalanga. , kanye nenye indawo yokuhlala yenkosi ye-Inca ngesikhathi evakashele le ndawo. Ngokuvamile, kukholakala ukuthi kunezakhiwo ezingaba ngu-4.000 ezinikezelwe emisebenzini yezempi, yezenkolo nezokuphatha.
Tomebamba
UTúpac Yupanqui waqala ukwakhiwa kwalesi sikhungo sokuphatha, lapho ukunqotshwa kweCanary Islands kwaqinisekiswa futhi umkhawulo osenyakatho weTahuantinsuyo wawulawulwa; ukubaluleka kwawo kwakhula ngokushesha kangangokuthi laba idolobha lesibili elibalulekile embusweni.
Cajamarca
Indawo yokubaluleka okukhethekile kusukela i-Inca Atahualpa yathunjwa lapho, okuphawula ukuqala kokuwohloka kombuso. Ngaleso sikhathi wawuyidolobha elikhulu kakhulu elinesikwele esibiyelwe phakathi. IThempeli Lelanga, i-Inca Palace kanye ne-Acllawasi zenze kabusha isitayela sezakhiwo esihlanzekile saseCuzco. Kuthiwa umsunguli wedolobha kwakunguTúpac Yupanqui. Ezinye izikhungo ze-Inca zokuphatha nezenkolo ezingaphandle kweCusco kwakuyilezi: Samaipata, Incallajta, Tilcara, phakathi kwezinye.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezinhlamvu Zezenkolo
Kwakuyisikhungo sokuphatha nesenkolo esasungulwa ngemva kokuvinjezelwa kwama-Inca nama-Chanca namaPocra. Itholakala esifundazweni sase-Vilcashuamán, esifundeni sase-Ayacucho ngamamitha angu-3490 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle; Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, iVilcashuamán kumelwe ukuba yayihlalisa abantu abangaba ngu-40.000 XNUMX.
Idolobha lalisesigcawini esikhulu lapho kwenziwa khona amasiko anemihlatshelo, eduze kunezakhiwo ezimbili ezibalulekile: IThempeli LeLanga Nenyanga, kanye ne-Ushnu. I-Ushnu iyiphiramidi enezitezi ezine encishisiwe, efinyelelwa ngomnyango onezigxobo ezimbili, okuyisici sezindawo ezingomakhelwane ezibaluleke kakhulu; endaweni yalo engaphezulu kunetshe elikhulu elibaziweyo eliyingqayizivele elaziwa ngokuthi indawo ye-Inca futhi kuthiwa lake lambozwa ngamaphaneli egolide.
I-Coricancha
Kwakuyindawo engcwele yaseCuzco ngemva kwempi namaChancas, uPachacútec wathatha isinyathelo sokuyenza kabusha, efaka inani elikhulu legolide nesiliva lapho, kangangokuthi i-Inti cancha (indawo yelanga) yahlukaniswa ngokuthi iCoricancha (indawo yegolide) . UPachacútec wabeka ilanga (u-Inti), unkulunkulu wama-Inca aseCuzco esigcawini esikhulu. Leli thempeli lingesinye sezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zezakhiwo ezinhle ze-Inca, udonga lwalo olugobile lugqama ngokuphelela okubabazekayo; Njengamanje, iConvent yaseSanto Domingo imi phezu kwezinsalela zezindonga ze-Inca.
Ukwakhiwa Kwezempi Nesikhumbuzo
Phakathi kwezakhiwo eziphawuleka kakhulu zezempi kanye nemvelo eyisikhumbuzo eyasungulwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kwama-Inca, yilezi ezilandelayo:
inca huasi
Itholakala esigodini saseLunahuaná, eduze neSan Vicente de Cañete. Kulesi sifunda kwakukhona i-curacazgo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Guarco, eyanqotshwa ama-Inca ngemva kweminyaka emine yokumelana nenkani. Ngokwesiko, uTúpac Yupanqui wanquma ukubiza lesi sikhungo esikhulu sokuphatha ngokuthi Cuzco, ngegama lenhloko-dolobha yombuso futhi wayefuna ukuba izitaladi nezikwele zakho zibe namagama afanayo nalawo atholakala lapho.
E-Inca Huasi, ukubekwa kwe-quadripartite kwendawo kwakumelwe; Le nkimbinkimbi yakudala ye-Inca Huasi, ebhalwe ngesiSpanishi ngokuthi "Casa del Inca", itholakala kukhilomitha elingu-29,5 lomgwaqo omkhulu waseCañete-Lunahuaná.
Amaphasishi namapheshana ngaphakathi kweThempeli leLanga, futhi kwakuyisikhungo sokukhulekela, imihlatshelo kanye nokubuka isimo sezulu; ngokufanayo, engxenyeni yale nkimbinkimbi enikezelwe eThempelini Lelanga, singabona ukuthi amakamelo anamakholomu angama-cylindrical, kukhona ngisho nendawo ebiyelwe lapho enye yalezi zinsika iyingxenye yodonga. Ngokusobala lawa makholomu abeyingxenye ye-Intihuatana (Inca sundial).
Sacsayhuaman
Egqumeni elibheke eCuzco endaweni esenyakatho kunendawo yenkolo yaseSacsayhuamán, lena eyakhiwe ngezitezi ezintathu ezinhle ezinodonga olukhulu olumazombezombe, okwakunemibhoshongo emithathu; izindonga zazakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa amatshe amatshe amakhulu ngendlela engavamile, amanye abe ngu-9 m × 5 m × 4 m.
Isazi-mlando sasePeru uMaría Rostworowski Tovar siyabuza ukuthi Sacsayhuaman kwakuyinqaba yezempi eyayisetshenziselwa ukuvikela iCuzco, njengoba imibiko yokuhlasela kweChanca ibonisa ukuthi bangena kalula edolobheni ngaphandle kokubhekana nokuphikiswa okuphawulekayo kwezempi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwanda koMbuso WaseTahuantinsuyu kwakungekho ingozi yokuhlaselwa kweCuzco. URostworowski ukholelwa ukuthi kwakuyisikhumbuzo sokunqoba amaChanca, nokuthi izimpi ezingokwesiko zaziliwa lapho phakathi nemikhosi; Kwaba usizo olukhulu futhi kumaInca ukuba akwazi ukuzivikela emabuthweni ezempi angaphandle.
izakhiwo ze-elite
Emiklamo yezakhiwo eyakhiwe yi-Inca Empire, kunezimpawu ezigqanyiswa kakhulu ngobuhle bazo, phakathi kwazo yilezi:
incallajta
I-Pocona Incallajta (evela eQuechua Inka Llaqta, idolobha lase-Inca), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Inkallajta, ingesinye sezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvubukula eBolivia. Kwakuyi-Inca "llajta" ehamba phambili kunazo zonke yaseCollasuyo, enye yezine zaseTahuantinsuyo, ukwakhiwa kwayo kunesikhathi esithile phakathi nesigaba sokugcina sekhulu le-XV; Njengamanje liyifa le-Inca elibaluleke kakhulu esifundeni saseBolivia futhi lisendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-2950 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Idolobha lakhiwe nguTupac Yupanqui futhi lavuselelwa nguHuayna Cápac, ngenkathi evakashele eCochabamba, ePocona nasenkabeni yeBolivia. Kwakuyinqaba yezempi, yezombangazwe, ezokuphatha nezenkolo yamandla e-Inca noma iTahuantinsuyo, futhi yayiwumngcele wendawo yombuso wama-Inca ngokumelene nokungena kwamaChiriguanos.
Isakhiwo esidala sinendawo engaba amahektha angama-80, yakhiwe izikwele ezinkulu namagceke azungezwe izindonga nezakhiwo ezinezicabha ezivuleleka ezindaweni ezivulekile; indawo engcwele ebaluleke kunazo zonke noma i-Kallanka, ilinganisa amamitha angu-78 × 25 futhi iphakeme ngamamitha angu-12, udonga lwayo luvelele kakhulu futhi luyisici salesi sakhiwo, ine-pediment ene-10 niches, amafasitela angu-4 kanye nesiphetho se-terracotta, ibusa indawo ephakathi. yesayithi.
Itholakala ku-ejection cone ku-fortification yase-Huayco, umhosha ocishe ungafinyeleleki. Isebenzisa izikhala ezingezona ezendawo, amayunithi ezakhiwo awakhulumisani; ukubunjwa kwe-trapezoidal kuyabonwa, njengoba isibalo sejometri esiyisici salezi zincithakalo yi-trapezium; "I-La Cancha" noma i-patio, iyindawo yasenganekwaneni enemisebenzi eminingi; kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokwakha eziyisisekelo: itshe, udaka lodaka.
Uphahla "lukhululekile", akukho ukuhlangana kophahla, yingakho uphahla lwazo lubizwa ngokuthi lusetshenziswe uphahla lwamahhala, ukusatshalaliswa kwemishayo kwenziwa ngokhuni.
ollantaytambo
I-Ollantaytambo noma i-Ullantay Tampu ingesinye isakhiwo esimangalisayo se-Inca Architecture, futhi yidolobha elikhulu lase-Inca ePeru esasetshenziswa namanje. Imindeni eyinzalo yezindawo zokuhlala ezihloniphekile zaseCuzco zihlala ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala, ngaphezu kwezindawo ezimaphakathi nezivamile ezisekela izakhiwo zabo ze-Inca; Leli dolobha laliyindawo yezempi, yezenkolo, yomqondisi kanye ne-agronomist.
Ukungena kungomnyango obizwa ngokuthi i-Punku-punku. I-Ollantaytambo itholakala endaweni ehlonzwe ngokufaneleka okufanayo esifundeni sase-Urubamba, cishe amakhilomitha angu-60 enyakatho-ntshonalanga yedolobha elikhulu laseCuzco futhi inokuphakama okungamamitha angu-2.792 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Itholakala ngamamitha angu-600 ngaphansi kweCuzco, ijabulela isimo sezulu esifudumele nezindawo ezivundile, ama-Inca asizakala ngayo ukuze andise isibalo sabantu kanye nezimbazo ezibalulekile zezolimo.
Lesi sigodi sizungezwe izintaba ezimazombezombe ezenza uzizwe sengathi usendaweni ethile ekhethekile, kodwa hey akuyona into entsha leyo, ungaphefumula ngokushesha nje lapho ungena.
I-Pisac
I-Pisac, ephinde ihlonzwe njengePisaq, itholakala kumakhilomitha angama-33 ukusuka edolobheni laseCuzco. Indawo yayo endala ingenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu eSigodini Esingcwele samaInca. I-Inca Architecture ye-Písac ixubile, yakhiwe phezu kwezinsalela zomdabu ngu-Viceroy Francisco de Toledo.
Ubuhle bezindonga zayo ezakhiwe, ezinamatshe amakhulu athambekele ngokulingana okumangalisayo nokusetshenziswa kwamatshe ngendlela emangalisayo, kushiya isivakashi sididekile. Osebeni lweWillkamayu, unkulunkulu womfula ongcwele ohamba emithambekeni yamatshe ayimisele ethobisa ukufutheka kwawo, imithende yokukhanya nethunzi iqala ezinkundleni ezidumile zasePísac, idolobha elikhulu lama-partridge. Idolobha lenganekwane elamiswa phezu kocwecwe lwetshe eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, cishe emoyeni ukuze libone ngeso lengqondo ubuhle bezigodi zaseCusco.
Machu Picchu
I-Machu Picchu isineminyaka eminingi, enye yezindida ezihlaba umxhwele ze-Inca ezedlule. Itholakala emamitha angamakhulu ambalwa ngaphezu kosebe lwesokunxele lomfula i-Vilcanota noma i-Urubamba, kumamitha ayi-2490 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Isici sokuqala esisidonsela ukunaka indawo yayo, esiqongweni segquma elizungezwe uhlaza futhi enomnyango onzima wokungena; lokhu kuhlukaniswa kuye kwavumela indawo ukuthi iqhubeke ingenamyocu amakhulu eminyaka. Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungase kube iPacaritambo, indawo yokuqala yamaInca, kamuva kwacatshangwa ukuthi kwakuyiVilcabamba, indawo yokukhosela yenzalo yamakhosi amaInca. Iphuzu wukuthi kuze kube yileso sikhathi bezingekho izindaba zokuba khona kwale ngosi nangezindaba.
Ngokutadisha kwayo, yayihlukaniswe imikhakha ehlukene, ngokusho kwezici ezincane noma eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zezakhiwo; lezi kungaba zasemadolobheni, ezolimo, ezenkolo, phakathi kokunye. Umkhakha wezolimo uhambisana nesethi yamathala noma amapulatifomu ajwayelene ngokuphelele nemithambeka ewumqansa yegquma, futhi eseqediwe ngemisele. Kunesango elikhulu lokungena elivikelwe yizikhala zonogada, kanye nodonga oluhlukanisa umkhakha wezolimo nomkhakha wasemadolobheni; maphakathi nesayithi kuneplaza elikhulu elinedwala elide phakathi nendawo.
Emkhakheni wezenkolo, iSanctuary of the Three Windows kanye ne-Intihuatana noma i-sundial igqamile, ibhulokhi yetshe enezici zezinkanyezi ezitholakala kuyiphiramidi encishisiwe. Ngasohlangothini olungasempumalanga, phansi kwamathafa, kukhona amathuna; Ukumba okwenziwayo kwaveza uchungechunge lwamathuna, iningi labo okwakungabesifazane, mhlawumbe idlanzana labapristi elalihlala lapho lizungezwe iqembu labesifazane abazinikele, labo okuthiwa izintombi zelanga.
Urbanism
Ukuhlela amadolobha ekwakhiweni kwe-Inca kwakuyiphuzu elibalulekile lokucatshangelwa kwabakhi bezakhiwo be-Inca; imigwaqo emikhulu enqamula amadolobha nge-engeli, i-Huánuco Pampa iyisibonelo esihle. Zonke izindawo zedolobha zazibekwe ngendlela ehambisana nenkundla emaphakathi nezindawo zayo zokuhlala zase-Ushnu naseRoyal, ngokuvamile ezibheke ekuphumeni kwelanga; Ngokuvamile, izinhlangothi ezinde zezakhiwo ze-Inca zazihambisana namaplaza.
Amabhulokhi esisekelo awazange abe nesikwele ngokuphelele, futhi asikwe ngezindlela eziwumngcingo, eziwumugqa ezakhelwe abahamba ngezinyawo kuphela. Ngezinye izikhathi, ngisho nedolobha lonke lalicatshangelwa ngendlela yalo efanele, imodeli edume kakhulu inhloso yokuthi umklamo weCuzco uzokwakha umfanekiso we-puma ebonakala phezulu.
Kuma-Inca abaklami bezakhiwo, kwakungaphezu kwemvelo ukubeka izakhiwo ezinamasango nezinkanyiso ukuze izindawo zezwe nesibhakabhaka zihlukaniseke ngendlela engcono kakhulu, kanye nemizimba nezenzakalo zezinkanyezi, izinkanyezi ezithile noma inkosi yelanga ezikhathini zasendulo. , ngokwesibonelo, okwakubonakala ngale mipheme. Izingosi zokwakhiwa kwe-Inca ngokuvamile azinaki indawo ezakhiwe kuyo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi njengeziphetho ze-Inca architecture, ubuciko be-Inca ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo benziwa abadwebi be-Inca futhi laba bavame ukufuna ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo zabo ngokuvumelana nendawo ezungezile; Mhlawumbe isibonelo esidume kakhulu sezakhiwo ze-Inca namuhla i-Machu Picchu, elandela amakhonco egquma futhi ihlanganisa izici zemvelo njengamatshe amakhulu ezakhiweni zanamuhla.
Empucukweni ye-Inca, i-silhouette yetshe elingcwele noma isakhiwo ngezinye izikhathi yayiklanyelwe ukulingisa ama-contours wesici semvelo, njengentaba ekude; Ezinye izibonelo ezidumile ze-Inca wall architecture ezihlanganisa kahle amatshe angaphansi i-Tambomachay hunting lodge kanye nenqaba engcwele yase-Sacsayhuamán e-Cuzco.
Ngenxa yalokhu kuhlanganiswa, lapho ukwakhiwa kwe-Inca kugqama khona, kwatholakala inhlanganisela evumelanayo yezinto eziphilayo kanye nejometri, futhi kwanikezwa umlayezo ocacile wokuthi njengoba nje ababusi bekwazi ukubusa isihloko, isintu singakwazi futhi ukuhlonipha, kodwa ekugcineni sibusa. imvelo.
Amaqiniso amnandi
Kusenemibuzo mayelana nokuthi amatshe ahlangana ngokunembile futhi ayenempilo; lokhu kungabaza kusekelwe ekuntulekeni kwemilando kanye nemininingwane evela ezinqolobaneni ezindala mayelana nalawa masu. Okunye ukuqagela kwenziwa ngaphakathi kwamathuba anengqondo: okungenzeka kakhulu kukhombisa ukuthi umsebenzi ubuhamba kancane kakhulu kodwa usebenza kahle nokuthi izindonga ezijwayelekile zaqalwa ngokucophelela futhi ezansi umugqa ongaphezulu olandelayo wawuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu njengoba amatshe kwakudingeka alungiswe emaceleni.
Ngamalunga aphansi, leli cala ngokuvamile libonisa yonke indawo eCuzco ukuthi ubuso obungaphezulu babuqoshwe ngokubushaya kancane ngezinsalela zamatshe ngokuvumelana nokuma kwendawo engezansi. Umsebenzi wawulula uma uphatha amatshe amancane, njengoba ayengabekwa noma asuswe izikhathi eziningana; kodwa inkinga yayiwukuwasusa emaphethelweni ngoba ayenesisindo esingamakhulu amathani.
Umongo ubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi amaQuechua ayesebenzisa izimo zemvelo noma amamodeli enziwe ngezinto ezilula futhi mhlawumbe nobumba. Lawa mamodeli kwakufanele akopishe ngokwethembeka; ngokungenaphutha, ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlelo kwasiza ukwenza imisebenzi emikhulu ibe lula. Omunye umbono ohlonishwayo uwukuthi bangasebenzisa inqubo ethile yamanje eyayihlanganisa ukuthatha isilinganiso nokuma kwamatshe ayefunwa (e-Archaeological Museum of Cuzco kukhona iribhoni yesiliva ende kakhulu), ngakho benza umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Iningi lamatshe amakhulu ayingxenye yezindonga ze-Inca cishe njalo anamanotshi angu-2 engxenyeni engezansi yobuso bawo. Kwamanye, sibona ku-Sacsayhuamán le mifanekiso eqoshiwe esetshenziselwa ukuthutha, ukuphakamisa nokuphatha amatshe ngesikhathi sokwakha. Eziningi zalezi zithombe zisezindongeni eziphelile, kodwa ngesizathu esithile amanye amatshe asekhona.
Kwezinye izimo eziphawulekayo, kungabonakala ku-Coricancha yaseCuzco, lapho ubuso bangaphakathi bodonga buyi-semicircular, eyaziwa ngokuthi isigubhu selanga, okubonisa ukubumba okungavamile okuzungeza i-trapezoidal niche; kusobala ukuthi babengajwayele ukuphatha amabhlogo, kodwa babenomsebenzi wenkolo noma incazelo ye-ideographic elahlekile.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa I-Inca Architecture, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: