La i-geography yabantu Kuthathwa njengesiyalo esinesisekelo socwaningo lomphakathi kanye nendawo abahlala kuyo. Kulesi sihloko, kuzonikezwa amaphuzu ahlukahlukene mayelana nezici zayo ezivelele, amagatsha okufunda, izindlela zethiyori nokunye okuningi.
Iyini i-geography yomuntu?
Igama elithi indawo yomuntu liqukethe imfundiso inhloso yayo eyinhloko kuwucwaningo lwemiphakathi, ehlanganisa isintu sisonke. Izimiso zayo zisekelwe ekuqondeni abezindaba abagxile kwezamasiko nezifunda.
Ngaphansi kwale mibono, indawo yabantu ivamise ukubhekwa kanjalo, ngombono wendawo osuselwe kumagama esifunda ngokuya ngomphakathi wesintu ocwaningwayo. Ezinye zezinjongo ezenziwe ekuhlaziyeni zihlanganisa:
- Isifundo semisebenzi yabantu
- Isiko
- Isayensi
- Ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu
- Amagama ezomnotho, ezepolitiki kanye nezenhlalo
Lezi zinguquko zinomthelela ezimpendulweni ezifunwa ukwazi ngezinkinga imiphakathi ethile ekhona, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kulethe izinguquko ezinkulu ngokuvamile ezithinta iphesenti elithile labantu. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi izinkinga eziningi ezikhona kubantu namuhla zixhumene nezinkinga zezenhlalo nezomnotho kanye nezinye izici ezibalulekile.
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ezibonisa indawo yomuntu ukuqoqwa kwabantu abaningi, okungukuthi, amanani abantu abaqoqwe ngezinga elikhulu emhlabeni wonke. Yini eletha inqubo enkulu ehumusheka ekwakhiweni komphakathi, ohamba ngokwezithakazelo ezikhiqizwa ngokwezidingo abanazo.
Imikhakha yezomnotho, yezombangazwe, yezenhlalakahle kanye nezamasiko idlala indima ebalulekile emiphakathini, hhayi ezikhathini zanamuhla kuphela, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo imiphakathi ishintshile futhi yashintsha ngokuya ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nomthelela oqondile wanoma yiziphi izici ezishiwo ngenhla. Uphenyo lwezinqubo zendawo lunobubanzi obukhulu ngokusho kwe-superstructure eyakha umphakathi, lokhu kugxilwe kakhulu kocwaningo lo mkhuba ohlose ukukwazi.
umlando wendawo yabantu
Yazalwa futhi yathuthukiswa ngokukhethekile ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Ngaleso sikhathi amanye amahhovisi omnyango wejografi ayeseqala ukwakhiwa kwezinye izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme, ezama ukufinyelela ekilasini ngokusebenzisa izihlalo ezizokwenza ucwaningo olusemthethweni lwegeography, enikezwe umkhakha wayo wendlela yokwenza kanye nethiyori.
Inhloso yawo enkulu kwakuwukusabalalisa ulwazi lwegeography, njengoba ngaleso sikhathi uhambo lokuhlola lwaluqala lapho ulwazi lwezindawo ezithile ezisezingeni eliphakathi lwalufinyelelwa. Ngenxa yokwandiswa kombuso nezinye izici ezihilelekile kule nkinga, ukubaluleka nokuqashelwa kwegeography njengomkhakha kwathinteka futhi kwahoxiswa phakathi naleso sikhathi.
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izifundo ezisekelwe ku-geography yesifunda zahlanganiswa, okwathi naphezu kokuhlukile kulokho okufundwayo ngendawo yomuntu, zombili zahlala zixhumene phakathi nokukhula kweminyaka eyinhloko lapho zombili iziyalo zasetshenziswa.
Lo mkhakha ohambisana nokuma kwesifunda wenziwa ezinye izazi zejografi ezazifuna ukuhlonza izindawo ezihlinzekwe ngezifunda, zaveza izici ezithile ezihambisana nayo ukuze kube nolwazi olugcwele nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ezishiwo.
Abalingiswa abafana noRichard Hartshorne bakuthatha njengesisekelo ukubaluleka kocwaningo lwejografi yesifunda kanye nokuthuthuka kwayo, ngalokhu kuyenzeka kusungulwe igeography njengomkhakha owawuhlinzekiwe ocwaningweni lwayo kanye nophenyo oluqhubekayo.
Kusukela kulokhu, kungenzeka ukuqinisa indlela yokuqiniswa kwezinye izici ezibhekisela esintwini, ezihambisana nezici ezibonakalayo kanye nezindawo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyaqashelwa ukuthi i-geography yesifunda yabeka izisekelo zokufeza isiqalo sethiyori ye i-geography yabantu, lokhu ikakhulukazi ezwenikazi laseYurophu.
Corrientes
Eminye imisinga eyaba nesandla ngesikhathi sazo ekutadisheni indawo yabantu kwakuyi-geographic determinism. Lokhu kusekelwe olwazini lwemvelo, njengoba lokhu kuguquguquka kwaqashelwa ngenxa yemisebenzi ehlukene eyenziwa ezindaweni ezincane, okunikeze ukubaluleka okuthile emkhakheni wezomnotho nezimboni.
Ngethonya elikhulu ezindleleni zikaCharles Darwin, ngenxa yenkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, umphakathi wasungula umbono wawo ngethiyori eshiwo, ufika ekuchazeni ukuthi umongo noma indawo ezungezile engokoqobo idlala indima ebalulekile hhayi nje kweminye imisebenzi eyenziwa ngumuntu, kodwa futhi nasekuhumusheni. ubunjalo babantu ngabanye.
Izisekelo zetiyori zezindawo zesifunda zasungulwa ezwenikazi lase-Europe, kwathi u-Paúl Vidal waba omunye wabasekeli bayo abakhulu. Lo mlingiswa wathuthuka futhi waphula umbono wakhe kahle kakhulu, waze wenqaba iziphakamiso zethiyori enqumayo, ethi indawo ezungezile iyingxenye yomsebenzi womuntu, kodwa ayinqumi ngomqondo obanzi, nokho uyavuma ukuthi zombili izici zithonya omunye nomunye. .indlela eqondile.
Ngaleso sikhathi, impikiswano phakathi kwazo zombili izikhundla zethiyori yaqala, iqiniso elikwazile ukufaka isandla ngesisekelo esiyinhloko sokuvela kwezwe labantu phakathi nokuthuthuka kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Kodwa-ke, izimpikiswano zokunquma zase zincipha isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke umbono wakhe wasuswa ngokushesha.
Ngemva kokuthuthuka kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, i-geography ikhiqizwa ngezindlela ezihlelekile, lokhu kungenxa yophenyo olwenziwa ngaphandle kohlamvu lwesifunda olwaluthuthukiswa eminyakeni edlule.
Nalokhu, i i-geography yabantu iqala ukuthatha i-boom njengomkhakha wentshisekelo yezazi eziningi. Lokhu kuzimela kwaletha ukuthuthukiswa kweziyalo ezintsha, ezaqala ukwenza imibono yazo kanye nezindlela ezinengqondo. Phakathi kwabo sithola okulandelayo:
- I-geography yezomnotho
- ijografi yezenhlalo
- Ukuma kwezombusazwe
Lawa magatsha ezifundo kancane kancane azuza ukubaluleka okukhulu emhlabeni wonke, ngenxa yokuzimela akwazile ukukusebenzisa ngempumelelo. Namuhla baqashelwa kubhekwa amazinga abawenzayo ngokuya ngamathiyori ocwaningo abawenzayo, ngenxa yokwenziwa kwesimanjemanje.
inqubekelaphambili yendawo yabantu
Ngenkathi kwenziwa ukwehlukana kwezinhlaka ezahlukene kwalezi zinkolelo-mbono ezishiwo ngenhla, ngayinye yazo yazuza ukukhethekile kokuqukethwe kwayo kwetiyori. Isibonelo, i-geography yezomnotho ikhethekile ezindaweni eziningana, ifinyelela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-industrial geography kanye nolwazi lwe-agrarian geography. Nokho, i i-geography yabantu ikwazile ukuhlala ngaphansi kwengqikithi yayo yemvelo.
Ngonyaka ka-1950, ukuzinza kwesiyalo kwathinteka kakhulu, ngenxa yokugxekwa okuqinile okwenziwa ezinye izikhungo. Okube nomthelela edumeni elikhazimulayo elakwazi ukulenza kancane kancane, lifika ekungabazeni ukuqiniseka kwezindlela zalo ezisekelwe emibonweni yesayensi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indawo yesifunda yagcwala ukuphawula okungekuhle okwakungabaza umsuka wocwaningo olulwenzile. Lokhu kwakungenxa yokugcizelelwa kophenyo olulwenzile ezifundeni, lapho inqubekelaphambili eyaluthola ngokukhiqiza noma ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yezindawo ezintsha ayizange inakwe.
Isayensi ngayinye eyathuthukiswayo yayifuna ukukhiqiza izindlela ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ngocwaningo olusekelwe ezindleleni eziqondile kakhulu, nokho imizamo yaba yize, ngoba lokhu akuzange kuzuze ukwamukelwa kwesayensi yezenhlalo eyayisasebenza ngaleso sikhathi. Phakathi kwazo singabala isayensi yezomnotho neyengqondo.
Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi indawo yomuntu yayingenawo amandla okufinyelela inqubekelaphambili, lokhu ngenxa yokuntuleka kokujula kokuqukethwe kwethiyori okwakusekelwe ezindleleni zesayensi zokuqinisekiswa. Nokho, ngenxa yokugxekwa okunamandla okwabekwa kukho, imizamo yaba mikhulu.
Ngezehlakalo ezedlule ebezingezinhle ngokuphelele, indawo yabantu iyazisungula kabusha ngokuvuselela ukwakheka kwayo kokuhlaziya. Lokhu kuphakamisa ezingeni elisha lokuqashelwa, kucatshangelwa ukuthi kancane kancane yakwazi ukuba isayensi ye-methodological ethuthukisa indlela ebaluleke kakhulu futhi eyiqiniso.
Izici
Isici esiyinhloko esenziwa yi-economic geography kwakuwukubheja okokuqala ezindleleni ze-positivism, lokhu kukhonjwa njengokwamanje okunikezwe ifilosofi ekwazi ukuxhumanisa indlela yesayensi nezisekelo zolwazi, yakhiwe indlela yokuqina kanye nesikhathi sayo sokuqinisekiswa.
Indlela ayisebenzisayo, ivela ngenxa yezinye iziyalo, yayigxiliswe kwamanye amamodeli okuhlaziya futhi yona yanikezwa indlela yezibalo, eyamvumela ukuthi aqinisekise ngokuphelele futhi aqinisekise ukuthuthukiswa kwethiyori yakhe ngokusebenzisa idatha yezinombolo ekwazile ukuqinisekisa ukuqagela ukuthi uphenyo luzophonswa.
Esinye isici esasikhona ku-geography yomuntu kwakuwumqondo wendawo. Lokhu kufezwa ngemiphumela ekhiqizwayo mayelana nezindawo kanye nobudlelwano obakhiwe phakathi kwesintu nalezi zindawo. Ngalesi sizathu, le nhloso iholela ekutheni isiyalo sibonwe ngaphansi kokubaluleka kocwaningo lwendawo.
Ngenxa yokuthi isiyalo se-methodological saba esibaluleke kangakanani, izinguquko eziningi ezenziwe hhayi kuphela kule ndawo, kodwa nakweminye imikhakha eyaholela ekuveleni kwezindlela zabo, leli qiniso libhekwa njengenguquko yobuningi.
Izindaba
Ukuvela kwegeography yomuntu kwakunenqubekelaphambili impela kwaze kwaba unyaka we-XNUMX, owawunezinjongo ezinkulu zethiyori, kancane kancane, ngokuhamba kweminyaka, zathuthukisa futhi zabuyekeza indlela ngayinye esetshenziswayo ukuze kwamukelwe isiyalo njengesayensi.
Kodwa-ke, i-geography yomuntu ayizange iqede izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezakha, ngokuphambene nalokho, yayisekelwe ekugcwalisekeni kwezinye izingqikithi eziphikisanayo, ezizibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene komunye nomunye, ngaphansi kwemibono ethile yefilosofi, lokhu ukuze kungathathi indawo. nabo nhlobo. Lokhu kwaveza ukukhula okuhlukile komkhakha ngamunye, ngamunye ukwazi ukuzondla ngemibono ethile.
Kulezi zikhathi zamanje, iphesenti eliphezulu kakhulu lochwepheshe kulo mkhakha, njengezazi zezwe, libonakala ngemisebenzi ekhethekile abayenzayo, njengalabo abazinikele ku-geography yezomnotho, indawo yezenhlalo noma yasemadolobheni.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile esingazigqamisa kulo msebenzi i-humanistic geography. Okunesiqalo sayo ngaphansi kwezindlela ezifuna ukukhiqiza ucwaningo ngokubhekwa kwezikhala. Leli gatsha lezwe lizama ukusesha ngokombono wesintu umuzwa wobuntu ucabangela indawo yezwe njengesiqalo.
Abaningi bochwepheshe abazinikele emsebenzini wefilosofi wale ndawo yejografi bawenqaba ngokuqinile umqondo wokufeza izinkolelo-mbono ezenziwayo. Ngomqondo obanzi, lezi ziveza isahlulelo esihlobene eduze nemizwa yokuthi ngaphansi kokucabanga kwabo ihlobene eduze nendawo. Ngakho-ke ukufunda okuzimele yikona okugxilwe kakhulu kwe-humanistic geography.
Kufanele kucace ukuthi ukufundwa kwe-geography yomuntu akugxilile endaweni yezwe njengoba kunjalo, yilokhu esikubiza ngokuthi indawo ebonakalayo. Njengoba igama elithi igeography yomuntu lingashiwongo ngokuvamile noma liqashelwe kakhulu, sivame ukuhlobanisa igeography eyenza ucwaningo lwamamephu noma ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe ngalesi sihloko sejografi yabantu.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi indawo yendawo inendima ebalulekile ekucwaningweni kwendawo yomuntu, lokhu akusona ngempela isisekelo sendlela yokusebenza eyenzayo. Ukubaluleka kanye nezinga lokuhambisana lokhu okuye kwaqalwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuya kuphawuleka kakhulu futhi kube yisici. Ngokucabangela ukukhula elikutholile njengoba lizuza ukukhethekile kwezindikimba zalo noma izinhloso okumele liziphishekele.
Inkundla yemfundo
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, ekuqaleni, i-geography yomuntu yavela ekucwaningweni kwe-geography yesifunda. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuvela kokuzimela kwethiyori eyathuthukiswa, eminye imikhakha yokufunda yakhiqizwa eminyakeni edlule, enobudlelwano obuthile ne-geography yabantu, phakathi kwayo sithola okulandelayo:
igeography yabantu
Lesi sigaba se-geography sigxile ocwaningweni lwamaphethini lapho inani labantu lisatshalaliswa emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yezimbangela ezihlukene zomlando ezithuthukile, futhi ezikwazi ukuguqula ukusatshalaliswa kwabantu emhlabeni.
I-geography yezomnotho
Lesi ngesinye sezindawo ezikhona njengamanje ezihlalweni eziningi ezingeni lenyuvesi lenani elikhulu lemisebenzi. Ukucabangela ukuthi izindlela zabo zisekelwe ocwaningweni lwezinqubo zezinga lomnotho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ifunda imiphumela namathonya omnotho ezizweni noma emazweni athile, okuthinta ngqo isintu. Inokulingana phakathi kocwaningo lwezinqubo zomnotho kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo.
ijografi yamasiko
Ugxila esifundweni sakhe ezindleleni zemiphakathi kanye nobudlelwano bayo obuseduze nezinye izindawo, kanye nokufuna ukutadisha izimbangela Ukuwohloka kwemvelo. Kuvela ngekhulu le-XIX sibonga uVidal Blache. Nokho, iye yazuza ukubaluleka phakathi neminyaka edlule. Okunye esikuzuzile kusekelwe ekwakhiweni kwezikole ezenza izifundo ezijulile ngalesi sifundo.
i-geography yasemadolobheni
Lokhu kumelela esinye sezihloko osekukhulunywe ngazo njengamanje. Ucwaningo lwakhe lugxile ekwenyukeni kwabantu okuvamise ukugcwala enkabeni yamazwe befuna impilo engcono. Lolu hlobo lwe-geography ngokuvamile lufunda i- Izici zenani labantu basemadolobheni.
Izwe lasemaphandleni
Isekelwe ocwaningweni olunzulu lwejografi yasemaphandleni. Inhloso yawo enkulu ukuchaza izinqubo zezomnotho ezixhumene nezolimo, bese kuthi kukhiqizwe izinsiza ezahlukene.
Ucwaningo lwakhe luhlanganisa namazinga ezokuvakasha eliwenzayo, kanye nezimbangela zemithelela engemihle enomthelela ekulahlweni kwezindawo ezishiwo ngabantu abafuna ukufudukela emadolobheni.
Ukuma kwezombusazwe
Kuhlobene nocwaningo lwesayensi esekelwe olwazini lwezinqubo zezombangazwe nezenhlalakahle ezibonakala emphakathini wanamuhla. Isibonelo salokhu isayensi yezombangazwe, ebhekele ukucubungula ukufundwa kwezinqubo zesikhungo emhlabeni wonke, bese iqonda uhlelo lwezepolitiki oluhlanganisa yonke into.
indawo yezokwelapha
Ibonakala ngocwaningo lomphumela owenziwe imvelo empilweni yabantu. Ibheka ukusatshalaliswa kwezifo ezithile ezisabalele ezindaweni zezwe.
Lezi zimelela amanye amagatsha e-geography athuthuka njengoba iminyaka ihamba ngokuphambene nokuvela kwegatsha ngalinye lezwe lomuntu.