Thola kulesi sihloko ukuthi iyini I-electromagnetic spectrum itholwe nini futhi kanjani, iphuka kanjani, imvamisa yayo, imiphumela, izinhlobo nokunye. Qhubeka ufunde futhi ufunde nathi mayelana nentuthuko yesayensi ekhiqizwa ugesi kanye namagnetism!
Kuyini lokhu?
El I-electromagnetic spectrum amagagasi aqukethwe ku-spectrum. Siyazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zamaza kagesi kazibuthe, ukusuka emsakazweni ubude bayo begagasi buyizinkulungwane zamakhilomitha, kuya kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi imisebe ye-gamma ubude bayo begagasi buncane kunezinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo.
Lawa magagasi ahluke kwamanye kuphela ngoba anobude obuhlukene, ngaphandle kwalokho afana ngokuphelele futhi abonisa ukwakheka kwawo, lapha sikubonisa uhlu lwamagagasi kagesi esiwazi kakhulu:
- Umsakazo we-AM ugxilisa amagagasi angamashumi kuya kumakhulu
- Umsakazo we-FM-TV amakhilomitha ukuya ezandleni
- amasentimitha e-microwave
- I-infrared eyinkulungwane yesentimitha
- Ukukhanya kubusa ama-athomu angu-8000
- Ukukhanya kwe-Violet 4000 amasentimitha
- ultraviolet amakhulu ama-athomu
- Ama-X-ray ama-athomu ambalwa
- imisebe ye-gamma ama-athomu ambalwa
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhanya okubonakalayo kumelela ingxenye encane ye-spectrum kagesi. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo kubalulekile kubantu, empeleni kungenye yezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene zemisebe kagesi futhi ithatha ingxenye encane Ei-electromagnetic spectrum.
Uma siselangeni isikhathi eside futhi sishiswa yilanga, imbangela yokungaphatheki kahle kwethu imisebe ye-ultraviolet. Ngale ndlela singakwazi ukuphikisa ukuthi umzimba wethu uthola imisebe ye-UV.
Ugesi kanye nezibuthe kumane kuyizici ezihlukene zamandla ayisisekelo afanayo esiwabiza ngokuthi amandla kazibuthe kagesi.
ILanga lethu likhipha ukukhanya noma amandla ahamba ngendlela yamagagasi, amanye ala magagasi singawabona ngamehlo ethu, nokho, ingxenye enkulu yalawo mandla ayibonakali emehlweni ethu. Usosayensi omkhulu wamaNgisi u-Isaac Newton, owayengumsunguli, i-alchemist, isazi sezenkolo, isazi sezibalo, kanye nefiziksi ngeminyaka yawo-1600s, wenze ukuhlola okwakuhilela ukuvumela umugqa omncane wokukhanya okumhlophe udlule ku-prism yengilazi.
Usosayensi waqaphela ukuthi lo mugqa omncane wokukhanya lapho udlula ku-prism wawuhlukaniswe ngenani elikhulu lemibala, efana nothingo. Lokhu kutholwa kwakuyobangela uphenyo oluningi phakathi neminyaka edlule, njengokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, isazi sezinkanyezi uWilliam Herschel, sasebenzisa lokho okwatholwa uNewton njengesisekelo sokulinganisa izinga lokushisa lemibala ku-spectrum. Umphumela waba ukuthi umbala ngamunye unezinga lokushisa elihlukile.
Ukufika ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imibala ebomvu inezinga lokushisa eliphakeme ngokungafani nemibala ye-violet. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu kuhlola, uHerschel wayezokwenza ukutholakala okuguquguqukayo ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuthi wabeka ithemometha eduze nokukhanya okubomvu (lapho ayecabanga ukuthi kwakungekho lutho) futhi waqaphela ukuthi izinga lokushisa laliphakeme kakhulu, lokhu kutholakala wakubiza ngokuthi imisebe ye-infrared. ngoba kwakungasohlangothini olulodwa lwalowombala.
Lokhu kutholwa okuguquguqukayo nokubalulekile kwakusho ukuvulwa kwenkundla entsha endaweni yocwaningo, ngaleyo ndlela kutholwe amagagasi amaningi kagesi.
am kanye namaza omsakazo we-fm
Asetshenziselwa ukuthutha nokwabelana ngolwazi, lawa maza asetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zokuxhumana ezifana nocingo, i-TV, phakathi kokunye.
I-Microwave
Lawa amagagasi kagesi aphezulu aphakathi kuka-30 GHz no-300 MHz. Namuhla ngokuvamile asetshenziswa kuma-antenna, amasathelayithi ezokuxhumana, ama-radar, phakathi kokunye. Ziphinde zisetshenziselwe ukushisisa kanye/noma ukupheka ukudla nsuku zonke ngamadivayisi asungulelwe le njongo futhi akwazi ukukukhipha.
Luz
I-spectrum esingayibona ngeso lengqondo ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya, iso lomuntu liyazwela kulawa magagasi, noma kunjalo I-electromagnetic spectrum inkulu kakhulu futhi leyo ngxenye ebonakalayo imelelwa njengengxenyana encane ye-spectrum.
Ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet
Ezinsukwini zamanje isetshenziswa emagatsheni ahlukene esayensi nemithi, imvamisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okokubulala amagciwane kanye nokuvala inzalo kuyilapho komunye umkhakha noma indawo isetshenziselwa ukuveza izimpawu ezifihliwe noma izigxivizo zeminwe.
Imisebe yeGamma
Lawa maza akhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ezimweni ze-astrophysical noma izehlakalo ezinodlame kakhulu, isibonelo esicacile salezi zenzakalo kungaba ukuqhuma kwe-Supernova. Angabuye akhiqizwe ezimeni ezilawulwayo Emhlabeni njengezitshalo zamandla enuzi noma ama-reactors.
I-Rayos infrarrojos
Le misebe isetshenziswa nsuku zonke kuzilawuli kude ukuze kukhiqizwe noma kudluliswe ulwazi nama-oda. Imisebe ye-optical fibers isetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha ukulawula ubuhlungu obubangelwa ukuwa, ukushaywa noma ukucindezeleka. Ziwusizo kakhulu futhi ku-meteorology nakwezinye izindawo ezahlukene ngenxa yokuthi le misebe isetshenziselwa ukukala izinga lokushisa ngamadigri e-Kelvin futhi isetshenziswa kumakhamera akhethekile namasathelayithi ukukala imisebe yelanga. I-electromagnetic spectrum.
Ama-X-ray
Ziphinde zatholwa ngenxa yalolo vivinyo olwenziwa uWilliam, zisebenza ukuze zidlule emizimbeni engabonakali futhi zisetshenziswa njengamanje ukuze abantu bathole ama-x-ray ukuze bahlukanise ukuthi ikhona yini invoyisi okungenzeka noma uma kukhona okungalungile umzimba.
Asebenza kanjani amaza ahlukene e-Electromagnetic Spectrum?
Lawa magagasi akhiwe insimu kagesi kanye nenkundla kazibuthe, lezi zincike noma ziyahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Amagagasi aqina ngokuvama futhi ahlukaniswa njengamagagasi e-ionizing nangewona ionizing. Anemisebe, aze abe yingozi. Okulandelayo sizobonisa umehluko:
emisebeni ye-non-ionizing
Lawa maza abhekwa njenge-non-ionizing ngoba awakwazi ukukhipha ama-electron emzimbeni awukhanyisa ngenqubo ye-electronic excitation.
Amagagasi kagesi futhi anezindlela ezihlukene zokuphatha ulwazi, ukunyakaza, noma ukufeza omunye umsebenzi. Manje sizobona imisebenzi ehlukene kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamagagasi kagesi:
Amaza omsakazo nethelevishini abizwa ngokuthi amaza omsakazo agxuma esuka kuyi-ionosphere ukuze ahambe esuka endaweni ethile emhlabeni eya kwelinye. Ngalokhu abezindaba nabantu bangacobelelana ngolwazi ngokuluthumela ngamadivaysi ahlukene njengocingo.
Imisebe ye-ionizing
Kubhekwa njengemodeli yamandla akhishwa ngama-athomu nanjengamagagasi kagesi afana nemisebe ye-gamma noma izinhlayiya ezifana ne-alpha ne-beta, nama-neutron. Kulo msebenzi, ama-athomu angahlakazeka, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-radioactivity.
Ama-microwave omshinini osebenza ngogesi asebenza ngokungqubuzana okukhiqizayo ngezinhlayiya zamanzi ekudleni, lokhu kungadala izinga lokushisa eliphezulu elipheka ukudla kakhulu. Ngenkathi amaza e-infrared ekala imisebe ekhishwa umzimba futhi asetshenziselwa ukuthumela imiyalo ngesilawuli kude.
Ama-X-ray adlula kunoma iyiphi into noma umzimba opaque. Namuhla ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko kwezokwelapha. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuye kwenziwa izifundo eziningi futhi kusize indawo yezokwelapha ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ukubaluleka
Ngenxa yokutholakala kwayo, kuye kwenziwa intuthuko yesayensi eminingi, enikeze isintu izinzuzo ezinkulu ezihlukahlukene. Ngokungangabazeki, wabangela izinguquko ezinkulu emikhakheni ehlukene yesayensi, njengesayensi yezinkanyezi, i-physics, ukufunda izinkanyezi, ngaphezu kokungena emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i- I-electromagnetic spectrum Inikeze umuntu inhlobonhlobo enkulu yenqubekelaphambili emazingeni amaningi noma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana isayensi eye yanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyithuthukisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe isintu.
Lokhu kutholakala kulethe intuthuko enkulu kwezokuxhumana, okubanikeza, ngenxa yokuphatha kwabo kohulumeni abahlukene bomhlaba, ukubaluleka kwezepolitiki, kwamasu kanye nomnotho kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto zobuciko eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu namuhla empilweni yansuku zonke yanoma iyiphi enye indlela. umuntu. Phakathi kwamadivayisi ahlukahlukene aqanjiwe ukusebenza kwawo kususelwa kumaza kagesi, singathola okulandelayo:
Umsakazo namafomethi awo
Le artifact ngokungangabazeki ingenye yezinto ezisunguliwe ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni wezokuxhumana. Kusho ithuluzi elibalulekile enkathini yesimanje. Le nsimbi yokuxhumana yasungulwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, okuyenza ibe yindlela yokuqala yokuxhumana okuzwakalayo.
AM Radio
Kusho ukuguquguquka kwe-amplitude, inikeza ububanzi obuningi nokuhlanganisa, kodwa ayinawo umkhawulokudonsa obanzi kangaka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isebhendini ephakathi kuka-153 KHz no-30 MHz. Amagagasi ayo avela njengamagagasi amade, amaphakathi namafushane.
- Okufushane: isuka ku-1705 kHz iye ku-30 MHz
- Inde: isuka ku-153 kHz iye ku-281 kHz
- Okuphakathi: kusuka ku-530 kHz kuya ku-1710 kHz
Umsakazo we-FM
Kusho i-frequency modulated, isebenza ngendlela ye-analog. Le fomethi itholakala ebhendini ephakathi kuka-87,5 MHz no-108 MHz. Inobubanzi obuncane kunomsakazo wamafrikhwensi we-AM, nokho iyibhendi esetshenziswa kakhulu iziteshi zomsakazo emazwenikazi aseMelika naseYurophu.
Ithelevishini
Lo mshini ungomunye wezinto ezinkulu ezisungulwe ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, uyakwazi ukuthumela nokwamukela imisindo nezithombe kude kakhulu, ezilingisa ukunyakaza. Ngale ndlela, le nsiza yezobuchwepheshe ingenye esetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla.
Ucingo
Imelela, njengethelevishini, enye yezinto eziqanjiwe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu enkathini yanamuhla. Ngenxa yokusungulwa kwalo mthombo wezobuchwepheshe, kube nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa impilo yomuntu. Kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi le divayisi yenziwe yaphelela ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obusha obusetshenziswe ngokwenqubo yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ekhuthaze ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe ngendlela ethile. Ngokulandelayo, le divayisi ivumela ukushintshana kolwazi ngamagagasi kagesi.
Amasathelayithi
I-Los Iziphuphutheki zokwenziwa ziyizinto eziqanjiwe ezinhle ezihloselwe ngaphambi nangemva kwenkathi yesimanje. Ngenxa yalesi simiso, kungenzeka ukuthumela amagagasi amaningi kuyo yonke iplanethi enguMhlaba nangale kwayo. Futhi zinokusetshenziswa okukhulu emkhakheni wocwaningo lwezinkanyezi, isimo sezulu kanye nocwaningo lwendawo. Ku-meteorology, iyakwazi ukubikezela izinguquko zesimo sezulu ezihlukene ngenxa yemisebe ye-infrared eyibona ngamalensi akhethekile futhi iwathumele kabusha njengolwazi ezithombeni lapho ukushisa noma imisebe ekhishwa imizimba ehlukene ingabonakala.
Lezi zindlela zitholakala ku I-Orbit zasemhlabeni, ezibekwe lapho ngenhloso ngenhloso yokuxhuma nokuphatha ngokwezigaba inqwaba yolwazi oluqoqwe ngenxa ye I-electromagnetic spectrum namagagasi alo.
Ugesi
I-Electromagnetism iyingxenye ye-physics, inesibopho sokutadisha izehlakalo ezihlukene kazibuthe nezikagesi ukuze uzihlanganise zibe ithiyori eyodwa. Leli gatsha libonisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwezizibuthe nezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe, lokhu kusebenzisana kwenziwa ngokushintshisana kwama-photons.
Iphinda ihlole ezinye izigigaba zendawo yethu yonke njengenkundla kagesi ezulazulayo ekhipha amandla ngezinhlayiya ezishajiwe nezisheshisiwe ezibizwa ngokuthi ukukhanya. Iphinde ihlanganise nezinye izigigaba ezifana namandla adonsela phansi kanye namanye amandla esiwabona nsuku zonke ngenxa kazibuthe kagesi.
Leli gatsha le-physics lisetshenziswa emikhakheni eyahlukene yesayensi noma emikhakheni efana nezokwelapha. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungabonakala kuma-antenna, izinto zikagesi, ucwaningo lwenuzi, i-fiber optics kanye nokuxhumana ngesathelayithi. Itholakala futhi kumadivayisi ahlukene athathwa njenge-electromagnetic njengama-lasers, amamotho emishini kagesi, i-TV, phakathi kokunye.
Amaqiniso anelukuluku mayelana ne-Electromagnetic Spectrum
Lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo siqukethe amaqiniso ahlukahlukene anelukuluku ahlobene namagagasi nemisebe ye- I-electromagnetic spectrum, nokuthi iyithinta kanjani imvelo nomhlaba wezilwane. Phakathi kwabo sithola okulandelayo:
- Izilwane, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezihuquzelayo, zinombono ozwela kakhulu emisebeni ye-infrared, ezinikeza ikhono lokubona inyamazane yazo nezinye izinhlobo ezinezithombe ezishisayo.
- Amakati anombono ongathwebula ukukhanya okuphindwe izikhathi ezi-5 kunalokho okubonwa iso lomuntu, lokhu kuthathwa endaweni yokwenziwa ngobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezempi ngamalensi ombono wasebusuku nezinto ezibukwayo.
- Uma i-Supernova iqhuma eduze nesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga, imisebe ye-gamma ingaluqeda kalula ungqimba lwethu lwe-ozone, ibangele imisebe ye-ultraviolet enamandla evela eLangeni ingene eplanethini yethu, ngaleyo ndlela ibulale ukuphila okukuyo.
- Ama-X-ray awakwazi ukudlula emkhathini weplanethi yethu. Ngenxa yokuthi akulula ukuzibona, ochwepheshe kuye kwadingeka bafake izibonakude endaweni ezungezayo ezinobuchwepheshe obanele bokuqopha le misebe.
- Izinhlanzi zibuye zibe namandla okubona imisebe ye-infrared, lezi zivumela ukuthi zibone ukushisa kwemizimba futhi ziwusizo kakhulu uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga kungangena emanzini kuze kufike kumamitha angamakhulu ambalwa ukushona.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0E63LB2ezKg