Amasathelayithi enziwe ngabantu abizwa Amasathelayithi okwenziwa ngenxa yokuthi akuzona ezemvelo futhi azizona ezinye zezidalwa zasezulwini ezikhona emkhathini, zisetshenziswa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ezihilelekile ekucwaningeni, ezempi noma ngezinjongo zokubeka umhlaba. Ungafunda kabanzi ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo lapha.
Ayini amasathelayithi okwenziwa?
Amasathelayithi okwenziwa yizinto abantu abazenzile futhi bazibeke emzileni besebenzisa amarokhethi ukuze bazithuthe, okwamanje kunamasathelayithi asebenzayo angaphezu kwenkulungwane azungeza Umhlaba, ubukhulu, ukuphakama nokuklanywa kwesathelayithi kuncike enjongweni yayo .
Amasathelayithi ayahluka ngosayizi, amanye ama-cube satellite mancane njengo-10cm, amanye amasathelayithi okuxhumana angaba ngu-7m ubude futhi anamaphaneli elanga anwebeka amanye ama-50m. Isathelayithi enkulu kunazo zonke eyenziwe umuntu yi-International Space Station, inkulu njengendlu enkulu enamagumbi amahlanu, okuhlanganisa namaphaneli elanga, inkulu njengenkundla yokuzijwayeza ezemidlalo.
Umlando Wamasathelayithi Okwenziwa
I-Los Amasathelayithi okwenziwa Zomhlaba zavela emhlabeni ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 futhi zamukelwa kusenesikhathi ama-geodesists njengethuluzi elisobala elingaba khona lokuxazulula izinkinga zomhlaba ze-geodetic. Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza ze-geodetic, amasathelayithi angasetshenziselwa kokubili izifundo zokuma nezokudonsela phansi, njengoba sishilo ezigabeni ezintathu ezedlule.
Ama-Geodesists asebenzise amasathelayithi amaningi ahlukene kule minyaka engu-40 edlule, kusukela kumasathelayithi asebenzayo, (ama-transmitter) angenzi lutho ngokuphelele, kuya kweziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kusukela kokuncane kuya kokukhulu kakhulu.
Amasathelayithi okwenziwa, angenzi lutho awanazo izinzwa ebhodini futhi umsebenzi wawo ngokuyisisekelo uwumgomo ozungezayo. Amasathelayithi asebenzayo angathwala izinhlobonhlobo zezinzwa, kusukela emawashini anembayo ngokusebenzisa izinto zokubala ezihlukahlukene kuya kumaphrosesa edatha ayinkimbinkimbi, futhi adlulisele idatha eqoqiwe ibuyele emhlabeni ngokuqhubekayo noma ngezikhawu.
Isikhathi sesimanje sesikhala nge Sama-atellites Okwenziwe kwathunyelwa ukukala okuqondile kwesikhala esiseduze nomhlaba kwaqala ekuqaleni kwawo-1960. Naphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amane edlule yezilinganiso zesathelayithi ze-magnetosphere yoMhlaba, kuyamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi i-magnetosphere yoMhlaba ayisampuliwe kahle ngenxa nje yomthamo wayo ophelele.
Leli qiniso ngokwemvelo libeka isithiyo ekufinyeleleni ukuqonda okuphelele kwezenzakalo eziningi ze-magnetospheric, ukuhlanganiswa kwalesi sithiyo kuwubufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi izinkinga eziningi eziyinselele ze-magnetospheric zihlotshaniswa nezinqubo zomzimba ezibandakanya izikali eziningi zendawo noma zesikhashana.
Kukhona ukuhlangana okuqinile phakathi kwezenzakalo ze-microphysical nezinkulu, ngenxa yalokho uphenyo oluningi lwe-magnetospheric kanye nemishini yesikhala kuze kube manje kugcizelela ukukalwa kwamaphuzu amaningi. Ukuzuza izilinganiso zamaphuzu amaningi emkhathini ngokuvamile kudinga imizamo enzima nezinsiza ezinkulu, ezingafezwa ngokuphumelelayo nangokushibhile ngokusebenzisana kwamazwe ngamazwe.
«I-satellite yokwenziwa yokuqala yathunyelwa emkhathini yiSoviet Union ngo-Okthoba 4, 1957, lesi sathelayithi sabizwa ngokuthi i-Sputnik, enesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-183, yayinobukhulu bento encane futhi yathatha imizuzu engu-98 ukuzungeza umhlaba, ukwethulwa kwalesi sathelayithi. ikhethwe njengesiqalo senkathi yasemkhathini kanye nokuqala komncintiswano wasemkhathini phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union owadonsa phakathi neminyaka yawo-1960.”
Umcimbi wamaSoviet owashintsha umhlaba
ISputnik kwakuyisathelayithi eyavula inkathi yesikhala, yayiyi-capsule engu-83,6 kg (184 pound), yafinyelela i-orbit ene-apogee engu-940 km (584 miles) kanye ne-perigee (indawo eseduze) yama-230 km (143 miles), izungeza uMhlaba njalo ngemizuzu engama-96 futhi yahlala ku-orbit kwaze kwaba nguJanuwari 04, 1958, lapho iwa futhi yasha emkhathini woMhlaba.
Ukwethulwa kweSputnik kwashaqisa abantu abaningi baseMelika, ababecabanga ukuthi izwe labo lalingaphambi kweSoviet Union ngokwezobuchwepheshe, futhi kwaholela “ekuqhudelaneni komkhathi” phakathi kwala mazwe womabili.
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani i-Sputnik yayimangalisa kangaka, kubalulekile ukubheka okwakwenzeka ngaleso sikhathi, ukubheka kahle ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950.
Ngaleso sikhathi, umhlaba wawusemaphethelweni ocwaningo lwasemkhathini, inqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe berokhethi empeleni yayiqondiswe emkhathini, kodwa yaphambukiselwa ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sempi, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, i-United States neSoviet Union yayiqhudelana ngokwezempi nangokwesiko. .
Ososayensi nhlangothi zombili babethuthukisa amarokhethi amakhulu, anamandla okuthwala imithwalo emkhathini. Womabili la mazwe ayefuna ukuba ngabokuqala ukuhlola umngcele ophakeme, kwakusele kancane ukuthi kwenzeke, okwakudingwa umhlaba kwakuwukukhuthazwa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe ukuze ufike lapho.
Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, abantu baseMelika babekhathazeke kakhulu ngokubuyela emuva kwezwe labo kanye nemiphumela engase ibe nayo ekutholakaleni kweSoviet ezingeni lezempi.
E-Moscow, abazange balindele ukuphumelela komzamo wokuqala, bamangala ngokushaqeka kweSputnik ngombono wezwe. Nokho, ngokushesha baqonda ukuthi iSoviet Union yayisebenzisa le Sathelayithi Yokwenziwa njengesikhali senkulumo-ze eMpini Yomshoshaphansi ngokumelene ne-United States.
Izinhlobo Zesathelayithi Yokwenziwa
Masivele senze umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamasathelayithi, lo mehluko usebenza ohlotsheni lwe-orbit ethathwe isathelayithi, empeleni umehluko wenziwa phakathi kwamasathelayithi azulazulayo namasathelayithi e-geostationary. Amasathelayithi ahambayo angasungula kuphela izixhumanisi uma zibonakala phakathi komthumeli nomamukeli.
I-Los Amasathelayithi okwenziwa Zinezici ezimbili futhi ngale ndlela zingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngomsebenzi wazo noma umgudu wazo.
Amasathelayithi ngohlobo lwemishini
Ngokomgomo wabo sinezinhlobo ezilandelayo zamasathelayithi:
amasathelayithi ezinkanyezi
Lawa amasathelayithi avumela ukucwaninga okujulile komhlaba noma ukucwaninga okunembe kakhudlwana kwesikhala, endabeni yokuzwa okukude, okungukuthi, isibonelo, ukwenziwa kwamamephu anembayo noma ukukalwa kokuma okuqondile koMhlaba noma ngisho nocwaningo lwezikhala zezwekazi nezasolwandle.
Kuyasiza futhi ukuqonda kangcono izenzakalo ezithile zasemkhathini, endabeni yocwaningo lomkhathi, empeleni ziyizibonakude ezinkulu ezithunyelwa emkhathini njengoba zingenakho ukuphatheka kabi okuhlinzekwa yi-atmosphere eMhlabeni ngakho-ke zingathwebula izithombe ezibukhali.
Amasathelayithi ezinto eziphilayo
Zenzelwe ukutadisha imiphumela yebhayoloji ye-zero gravity, imisebe ye-cosmic kanye nokungabikho kwesigqi soMhlaba samahora angu-24 emini nasebusuku ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni ezihlukahlukene kusukela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezincane kuya ku-primate, amalabhorethri anjalo asemkhathini afakwe isilinganiso esikude. imishini yokuqapha isimo samasampula.
amasathelayithi okuxhumana
Uhlelo lokuxhumana ngesathelayithi lungasetshenziswa ngokushesha uma kuqhathaniswa, njengoba akudingekile ukuba nokufinyelela okuqondile endaweni, njengoba kungadingeka ukwenza ukuxhumana okungokoqobo okunjengezintambo noma okunye okunjalo. Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu ezindaweni ezinzima ngokwendawo noma kwezepolitiki.
Isathelayithi evamile yezokuxhumana inenani elithile lama-transponder, i-transponder ngayinye ehlanganisa i-antenna eyamukelayo eshunselwe isiteshi noma uhla lwamafrikhwensi, ngokokufaka kwedivayisi, okukala lezi mvamisa kububanzi befrikhwensi yesiteshi esiphumayo, namandla. iamplifier ukunikeza okukhiphayo kwe-microwave ngamandla anele. Inani lama-transponder, noma amashaneli, libonisa umthamo wesathelayithi.
Amasathelayithi amancane
Isathelayithi encane iyithuluzi elizungeza umhlaba elinesisindo esiphansi kanye nobukhulu obuncane bomzimba kunesathelayithi evamile, njengesathelayithi ye-geostationary, amasathelayithi amancane ajwayele ukuvama eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Afanele ukusetshenziswa kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana angenantambo, kanye nokubhekwa kwesayensi, ukuqoqwa kwedatha, kanye ne-Global Positioning System (GPS).
Amasathelayithi amancane avame ukubekwa emizileni ephansi yomhlaba futhi yethulwe ngamaqembu abizwa ngokuthi "izixuku." Kulolu hlobo lwesathelayithi yasemkhathini, uhlelo ngalunye lusebenza ngokufana nesiphindaphindayo ohlelweni lwezokuxhumana lwamaselula, amanye amasathelayithi amancane abekwe emigudwini emide (elliptical).
amasathelayithi okuzulazula
Zibe lusizo kakhulu ezinkampanini zemikhumbi nezindiza, empeleni, zikuvumela ukuthi uzibeke endaweni enembayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kuletha inzuzo emisebenzini yokuhlenga, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunemba kungakhuphukela ku-1 isentimitha, kodwa kuphela ocwaningweni lwezempi, kwezinye izimo, akunembile kakhulu. Lawa masathelayithi angakwazi nokwenza izilinganiso zebanga.
amasathelayithi ezempi
Lawa masathelayithi asebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-orbit, lokhu kuzoncika enjongweni, ngakho-ke, kuzothatha i-geostationary orbit uma umgomo wayo uwukusebenza njengesathelayithi yezokuxhumana noma i-elliptical orbit uma umgomo wayo uwukuhlola, isibonelo.
Lezi zinhlobo zokugcina zamasathelayithi zibizwa ngokuthi 'amasathelayithi ezinhloli'. Bangakwazi futhi ukubuka uMhlaba njengamasathelayithi abona kude, lolu hlobo lwesathelayithi ngokuqinisekile alukhawulelwe ohlotsheni lwemishini, kodwa kusobala ukuthi awukwazi ukufinyelela lolu hlobo lolwazi.
Amasathelayithi okubuka umhlaba
Kusetshenziswe amathuluzi ahlukahlukene kulawa masathelayithi ukuze kuhlinzekwe idatha edingekayo ezinqumweni ezihlukahlukene zendawo, ezibonakalayo nezesikhashana ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezihlukene zabasebenzisi ezweni kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke.
Idatha evela kulawa masathelayithi isetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene ezihlanganisa ezolimo, imithombo yamanzi, ukuhlela amadolobha, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasemakhaya, ukuhlola amaminerali, kanye nemvelo, ukusuka emkhathini kuye emhlabeni.
amasathelayithi asebenzisa amandla elanga
Kuwuhlelo lwamandla amakhulu oluqoqa futhi luguqule amandla elanga abe amandla kagesi emkhathini bese ludlulisela amandla kagesi emhlabeni ngaphandle kwentambo.
Inikeza amandla kwezinye izinhlelo, ingenye yezinhlelo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngezindlela eziningi inquma i-geometry yomkhumbi-mkhathi, umklamo, ubukhulu kanye nesikhathi sokuba khona okusebenzayo. Ukuhluleka kwesistimu yokuphakelwa kwamandla kuholela ekuhlulekeni kwawo wonke amathuluzi.
Isistimu yokuphakelwa kwamandla ngokuvamile ihlanganisa: umthombo oyinhloko nowesibili kagesi, ukuguqulwa, amashaja, nokulawula okuzenzakalelayo.
Iziphuphutheki zezulu
Futhi ezitholakala emzileni ophansi kakhulu noma ophansi, lawa masathelayithi akwenza kube nokwenzeka ukubikezela, ngokugxilisa izilinganiso zabo nezifundo emkhathini, isimo sezulu esiqondile nesimo sezulu esibi Emhlabeni kanye nokufunda izimo zezulu kanye nokuvela kwazo. Lawa masathelayithi asebenzisa amakhamera e-infrared navamile, ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye ngokunemba okufunwayo, abekwe kakhulu ku-geostationary orbit (engaqondile kancane) noma ku-polar orbit (okunembe kakhulu).
iziteshi zasemkhathini
Kuyisakhiwo sokwenziwa esibekwe ku-orbit, esinamandla adingekayo, izinsiza kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo ukusekela ukuhlala kwabantu isikhathi eside. Ngokuya ngokucushwa kwaso, isiteshi sasemkhathini singasebenza njengesisekelo semisebenzi eyahlukene.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukubonwa kweLanga nezinye izinto zesayensi yezinkanyezi, ukufundwa kwezinsiza zomhlaba kanye nemvelo, ukuqashelwa kwezempi, nophenyo lwesikhathi eside lokuziphatha kwezinto kanye nezinhlelo zebhayoloji, okuhlanganisa i-physiology yomuntu kanye ne-biochemistry, esimweni sokungabi nasisindo noma i-microgravity .
Iziteshi zasemkhathini ezincane ziqalwa ziqoqwe ngokugcwele, kodwa iziteshi ezinkulu zithunyelwa ngamamojula futhi zihlanganiswe ku-orbit, ukuze zisebenzise kahle kakhulu umthamo wazo wemoto yokuthutha, kwethulwa isiteshi sendawo esingenalutho futhi amalungu ezisebenzi zayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imishini eyengeziwe, landela. ezimotweni ezahlukene.
Amasathelayithi ngohlobo lwe-orbit
Ngokusho kwe-orbit yawo, ama-satellites ahlukaniswa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
Ukuhlukaniswa ngesikhungo
- I-Galactocentric orbit: I-orbit yenkaba yomthala, iLanga ilandela lolu hlobo lokuzungeza enkabeni yomthala ku-Milky Way.
- I-orbit ye-Heliocentric: Ukuzungeza ilanga, i amaplanethi esimiso sonozungezilanga, izinkanyezi ezinomsila nama-asteroid asemigudwini enjalo, njengamasathelayithi amaningi okwenziwa kanye nemfucumfucu yemfucumfucu yasemkhathini, amasathelayithi, ngokuphambene nalokho, awekho emzileni we-heliocentric, kodwa ku-orbit yento yawo yomzali.
- I-Geocentric orbit: Iwumjikelezo oseduze neplanethi enguMhlaba, njengasendabeni yenyanga noma amasathelayithi okwenziwa.
- Ukuzungeza kwenyanga: Ukuzungeza komhlaba iNyanga.
- I-Areocentric orbit: Ukuzungeza iplanethi i-Mars, njengaleyo yezinyanga zayo noma izinyanga zokwenziwa.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Altitude
- I-Obhithi Yomhlaba Ephansi: Njengoba igama lisho, i-orbit eseduze kakhulu nomhlaba, ngokuvamile endaweni ephakeme engaphansi kuka-1000 km, kodwa ingaba ngaphansi ku-160 km ngaphezu koMhlaba, ephansi uma iqhathaniswa neminye imigudu. kodwa namanje ngaphezu kobuso boMhlaba.
- I-Mean Earth Orbit: Ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokuzungeza noma yikuphi, idinga ukuthatha izindlela ezithile ezizungeza uMhlaba, futhi isetshenziswa amasathelayithi ahlukahlukene anezinhlelo eziningi ezahlukene.
Isetshenziswa kakhulu ngamasathelayithi okuzulazula, njengohlelo lwe-European Galileo. I-Galileo inika amandla ezokuxhumana zokuzulazula kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi isetshenziselwa izinhlobo eziningi zokuzulazula, kusukela ekulandeleni izindiza ezinkulu kuya ekutholeni izikhombisi-ndlela eziya ku-smartphone yakho. UGalileo usebenzisa umlaza wamasathelayithi amaningi ukuze anikeze ukumboza izingxenye ezinkulu zomhlaba ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- I-Earth Orbit: Uma isathelayithi ifinyelela ncamashi kumakhilomitha angu-42.164 ukusuka enkabeni yoMhlaba (cishe amakhilomitha angu-36.000 ukusuka endaweni yoMhlaba), ingena ohlotsheni “lwendawo emnandi” lapho umjikelezo wayo uhambisana nokuzungeza komhlaba.
Ngenxa yokuthi isathelayithi izungeza ngesivinini esifanayo nesoMhlaba esizungezayo, isathelayithi ibonakala ihlala endaweni yobude obubodwa, nakuba ingakhukhuleka isuka enyakatho iye eningizimu, le ndlela ekhethekile yokuzungeza komhlaba ebizwa ngokuthi i-geosynchronous.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqaphelweni kwesimo sezulu ukuthi amasathelayithi akulo mzila anikeze umbono ongaguquguquki wendawo efanayo, uma uya ku-inthanethi kumasayithi wesimo sezulu futhi ubheka ukubuka kwesathelayithi yedolobha langakini, isithombe osibhekayo sehla sisuka kusathelayithi. ku-geostationary orbit.
Ukuhlunga Kwetshekisa
- I-Orbit ehlanganisiwe: Umjikelezo kabani ongathambekele maqondana nendiza yenkabazwe.
- i-polar orbit: Amasathelayithi emzileni we-polar akudingeki adlule ngokunembile izigxobo ezisenyakatho naseningizimu, ngisho nokuchezuka phakathi kwama-degree angu-20 kuya kwangu-30 kusahlukaniswa njenge-polar orbit.
- I-Sun-synchronous polar orbit: I-orbit eseduze ne-polar enqamula inkabazwe ngesikhathi esifanayo selanga lendawo endaweni ngayinye. Iwusizo kumasathelayithi athatha izithombe, njengoba isithunzi sizofana kudlula ngayinye.
Ukuhlukaniswa nge-eccentricity
- i-orbit eyindilinga: I-orbit ine-eccentricity engu-0 futhi umkhondo wayo odweba indilinga.
- I-elliptical orbit: I-orbit ene-eccentricity enkulu kuno-0 nangaphansi kuka-1, i-orbit ilandelela indlela eya ku-ellipse.
- I-Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit: Kuyi-elliptical orbit lapho i-perigee itholakala endaweni ephansi ye-Earth orbit altitude kanye ne-apogee endaweni ye-geostationary orbit altitude.
- I-Geostationary Transfer Orbit: Kuwuhlelo lwe-orbital olunyakazisa umkhumbi-mkhathi usuka kwesinye isiyingi uye kwenye usebenzisa izinjini ezimbili ezinyakazayo.
- I-hyperbolic orbit: Kuyi-orbit ene-eccentricity enkulu kuno-1. I-orbit enjalo futhi inesivinini esidlula isivinini esibalekayo futhi ngenxa yalokho, izogwema amandla adonsela phansi eplanethi futhi iqhubeke ihamba ngokungapheli kuze kube yilapho kukhahlela omunye umzimba onamandla adonsela phansi owanele.
- I-Parabolic orbit: Kuyi-orbithi ene-eccentricity elingana no-1. Lo mzila futhi unesivinini esilingana nesivinini sokuphunyuka ngakho-ke, ukuze ugweme amandla adonsela phansi eplanethi, uma isivinini se-parabolic orbit sikhuphuka, izoba yi-hyperbolic orbit.
https://youtu.be/ldFjh1Rqmr4
Ukuhlunga ngokuvumelanisa
- I-Orbit Evumelanayo: Yinoma iyiphi i-orbit lapho isigaba se-orbital sesathelayithi noma indikimba yasezulwini sikhulu kunesigaba sokujikeleza somzimba esibambe i-orbital barycenter.
- I-Semi-synchronous orbit: Kuyi-orbit enenkathi ye-orbital elingana nengxenye yenkathi yesilinganiso sokuzungeza komzimba, ezungeza ohlangothini olufanayo lokuzungeza njengalo mzimba.
- I-Geosynchronous orbit: Bane-eksisi eyi-semi-major engu-42,164 km (26199 mi). Isebenza endaweni ephakeme eyi-35,786 km (22,236 miles).
- I-Geostationary orbit: Ziyizindlela ezizungeza uMhlaba ezihambisana nesikhathi sokuzungeza kwezinkanyezi zomhlaba.
- I-Graveyard Orbit: Kuyi-orbit ekude nemizila evamile yokusebenza.
- I-Areosynchronous orbit: Kungumjikelezo ohambisanayo omiswe eduze neplanethi i-Mars ngesikhathi sokuzungeza esilingana nokuhlala phakade kosuku oluseceleni lwe-Mars, amahora angu-24.6229.
- I-Areostationary orbit: Iyafana ne-geostationary orbit, kodwa itholakala ku-Mars.
eminye imizila
- I-Horseshoe orbit: Kuyi-orbit ebonakala kusibukeli soMhlaba njengeplanethi ethile ezungezayo, kodwa empeleni isendaweni ehlangene neplanethi.
- Iphuzu le-Lagrangian: Amaphuzu aseduze nemizimba emibili emikhulu ku-orbit, lapho into encane izogcina indawo yayo ngokuphathelene nezinto ezinkulu ezihambayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamasathelayithi ngokwesisindo sawo
Ngokwesisindo sabo singakwazi ukuhlukanisa Amasathelayithi okwenziwa Ngokulandelayo:
- Amasathelayithi amakhulu: angaphezu kuka-1000 kg
- Amasathelayithi aphakathi: phakathi kuka-500 no-1000 kg
- Amasathelayithi amancane: phakathi kuka-100 no-500 kg
- Amasathelayithi amancane: phakathi kwe-10 ne-100 kg
- Amasathelayithi eNano: phakathi kwe-1 ne-10 kg
- Isiqongo sesathelayithi: phakathi kuka-0,1 no-1 kg
- Isathelayithi ye-Femto: ngaphansi kwe-100 g
Amazwe anamandla okuqalisa
Kunamazwe amaningana anamandla okwethula amasathelayithi emkhathini, njengalawa:
Rusia
Umholi ekuqalisweni kwendawo yezentengiselwano, iRussia isebenzisa izikhumulo zemikhumbi-mkhathi eziningana, izwe elikhokhela iKazakhstan amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-115 ngonyaka ukuze kusetshenziswe indawo ematasa kakhulu yokwethula.
United States
Izinkampani ezizimele kanye nohulumeni bezifunda bahlala besungula izikhumulo zasemkhathini e-United States ezisekela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile imboni yokwethulwa kwesathelayithi.
EFrance
Leli zwe lakha izindawo zalo zokuqalisa e-French Guiana ngeminyaka yawo-1970, lisebenzisa i-Equatorial spin ukwethula amakhulukhulu amaphawundi engeziwe omthwalo okhokhelwayo ku-orbit.
Japan
Ukuxoshwa kokuqala kwakungoMeyi 2012 ku-satellite yaseNingizimu Korea futhi kwakungaphezu komsebenzi ophumelelayo; iqale ukukhululwa okusemthethweni kwebhizinisi lokwethulwa kwesathelayithi le-Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
Brasil
Ukungena okunzima kweBrazil embonini yokuqalisa kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi lo mkhakha unzima futhi ube yingozi kangakanani leli bhizinisi, ukwethulwa kwesathelayithi okubili kwehlulekile ukwethulwa.
Mangaki amasathelayithi azungeza umhlaba?
“Ngokusho kweHhovisi leZizwe Ezihlangene le-Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), ingqikithi yezinto ezingu-8378 zethulwe emkhathini emlandweni. Njengamanje, ama-4928 asese-orbit, nakuba angu-7 kuwo azungeze izindikimba zasezulwini ngaphandle koMhlaba; Okusho ukuthi kunamasathelayithi angu-4921 abhuza phezulu nsuku zonke.”
Ungakanani usayizi wesathelayithi?
Kusukela kusayizi wemoto encane ukuya kobukhulu bomshini omncane, amasathelayithi azo zonke izinhlobo nosayizi asetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukwakheka komhlaba ukusuka emkhathini, ukusuka ku-3.238 kg kuya ku-570 kg.
Manje, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe besathelayithi kuvumela ngisho namasathelayithi amancane ukuthi anikeze amakhono afanayo, lezi ziphuphutheki ezincane zinikeza izikhathi ezimfushane zokwakha kanye nezindleko ezincishisiwe.
Uyini umsebenzi wesathelayithi?
Isathelayithi umzimba osemkhathini ozungeza eduze kwenye into, ingaba ngokwemvelo, njengenyanga, noma okwenziwayo. Isathelayithi yokwenziwa ifakwa ku-orbit ngokunamathiselwa ku-rocket, ithunyelwe emkhathini, bese ihlukaniswa lapho isendaweni efanele, konke. Amasathelayithi okwenziwa Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukuphenya ezinye izingxenye zesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga, kuhlanganise ne-Mars, Iplanethi Jupiter kanye nelanga.
Ihlala kanjani isathelayithi ku-orbit?
Amandla adonsela phansi, kuhlangene nomfutho wesathelayithi kusukela ekuthuthweni kwayo emkhathini, kubangela ukuthi isathelayithi ingene emzileni ongaphezu koMhlaba, esikhundleni sokuwela phansi.
Ngakho-ke, ngempela, ikhono lamasathelayithi okulondoloza ukuzungeza kwawo lehlela ebhalansini phakathi kwezici ezimbili: isivinini sazo (noma isivinini ebezingahamba ngaso umugqa oqondile) kanye nokukhangana kwamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwesathelayithi neplanethi eyizungezayo. .
Ingabe amasathelayithi angangqubuzana?
Kunamasathelayithi amaningi ku-orbit, uma kucatshangelwa izinkulungwane zamasathelayithi amadala nangasekho angasakwazi ukuxhumana noMhlaba, kuyamangaza ukuthi ashayisana kancane kangakanani; kodwa ukungqubuzana okunjalo ngokungangabazeki kungenzeka.
Ubani olawula amasathelayithi?
Konke Amasathelayithi okwenziwa zilawulwa ezikhungweni zokulawula isathelayithi ezisezindaweni ezahlukene eMhlabeni. Mayelana namasathelayithi e-geosynchronous, afakwe amakhompuyutha nesofthiwe ezinikele ekugcineni isathelayithi ihanjelwe eMhlabeni futhi isebenze kahle ukufeza umgomo ezethulwe wona.
Amasathelayithi athumela i-telemetry ezikhungweni zokulawula isathelayithi ngokuqhubekayo, ukuze abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe bakwazi ukuhlola isimo sezinhlelo ezingaphansi ezihlukene ezigibele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku.
Ukhona ongathumela isathelayithi emkhathini?
Yebo ngempela, udinga kuphela ukuthola ilayisense ku-Federal Communications Agency, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho ungagcina usuphazamisana namanye amasathelayithi, ngenxa yezikhathi zokuxhumana noma uhambo lokuzungeza.
