Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda kangcono izibalo kanye Imifanekiso yamaMayan, vakashela lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo ukuze uthole uhlobo oluqoshiwe lwenkathi yangaphambi kwe-Columbian, kusukela kulesi siko lendabuko elanikeza isintu umcebo omkhulu wolwazi lwaso.
Izici zezithombe eziqoshiwe zaseMayan
Izithombe zamaMaya zenziwe ngezinto ezivela endaweni efana nama-roses namatshe ayigugu, i-stucco ngisho nezinkuni, amaphethini awo akha inhlanganisela yezimpawu ezimangalisayo, izinhlobo zabantu nezilwane.
Ukugqamisa okokusiza, ama-bas-reliefs nemisebenzi enezinhlangothi ezintathu, ebiyingxenye yomhlobiso wezakhiwo noma kwakuyizikhumbuzo. Ngale ndlela, zazihlelwa zaba amapulangwe, amapulangwe odonga, izinhlaka zeminyango, izitebhisi, ongaphambili, amatshe aqoshiwe, ama-altare, amatshe amathuna, izingcezu zosilingi, nemifanekiso ngayinye.
Nakuba amaMeya ngokuvamile ayesebenzisa ishizolo noma isando ukuze abaze, ukuqedwa kwezithombe zamatshe kwenziwa ngendlela yokuhuzuka kusetshenziswa izinto ezinjengesihlabathi, ikristalu yedwala, noma amagobolondo e-mollusk, abese ependwe noma e-stuccoed.
Major ezibaziweyo Mayan
Nakuba i-symbogy esetshenziswa emifanekisweni yamaMayan ngokuvamile iyinkimbinkimbi, inomlando kulezi zibalo. Ake sichaze ezinye zezithombe ezibaziwe zalobu buciko:
I-Chac Mool
Njengoba iwumfanekiso owodwa womzimba womuntu olele ebambe isitsha esiswini ngezandla zakhe, ifanekisela isithunywa sonkulunkulu.
Kwakuyisithombe amaToltec ayesihlonipha lapho efika eChichen-Itza, futhi lokho kwawaphoqa ukuba aphile ngokuvumelana nezinkolelo zawo. Ngalo mqondo, izazi-mlando eziningi ziyichaza njengesithombe esiqoshiwe saseMayan-Toltec.
I-Copan ne-Quiriguá stelae
Njengoba ingama-slabs aphawuleka kakhulu esiko lamaMayan, uStela E waseQuiriguá uyagqama, okala amamitha angaphezu kweshumi ubude futhi enemisebenzi yemikhosi. Ngenkathi u-Copan Stela H emele u-Waxaklajuun Ub 'K'awiil ozimele.
umaka womdlalo webhola
Lawa izindandatho zamatshe futhi abekwe phakathi nendawo yezinkundla zebhola ezifana ne-Copán, i-Chinkultic ne-Toniná. Ngokungeziwe ekusebenzeni njengomaka kugeyimu yebhola lerabha, bamele Inyanga.
Eminye imifanekiso ihlanganisa i-Slave Plaque, i-Chinkultic Disc, isithombe seNkosi u-K'inich Janaab 'Pakal, i-Holmul Friezes, i-Altare Lofudu.
Futhi izethulo zokhozi njengesilwane esingcwele, isiphambano esifanekisela iziqondiso zendawo yonke, i-jaguar eveza iLanga endleleni eya emhlabeni ongaphansi komhlaba kanye nenyoka enezimpaphe.
Zonke lezi zikhumbuzo zesiko lamaMayan, ezigcwele ukuphelela okumangalisayo, zakha umcebo oyigugu esintwini.
ubuciko be-mayan
Inkulumo yempucuko yamaMayan ibhekisela kubuciko obuphathekayo balesi siko esakhula empumalanga naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeMesoamerica kusukela ekupheleni kwe-Preclassic (500 BC - 200 AD) futhi yachuma enkathini yakudala (200 AD - 900 AD.).
Izitayela eziningi zobuciko besifunda zazikhona, ezazingahlangani ngaso sonke isikhathi nemingcele eguquguqukayo yezinqubomgomo zamaMaya. Amasiko ama-Olmec, amaToltec, kanye neTeotihuacan abe nethonya elibalulekile kubuciko baseMayan.
Le nkulumo yamasiko yangaphambi kwe-Columbian yaba nesigaba esinwetshiwe sangaphambi kwe-classic esaphela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho izinkinga ezihlobene nokunqotshwa kweSpain zibhubhisa isiko lenkantolo yamaMayan futhi zaqeda isiko labo lobuciko.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zobuciko bendabuko obusasetshenziswa nanamuhla ukukhiqizwa kwezindwangu kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindlu zabalimi.
Umlando wobuciko wamaMayan
Ngemva kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, izincwadi eziphathelene nobuciko beMaya nemivubukulo kaStephens, Catherwood, Maudslay, Maler, noCharnay, okwanikeza ngokokuqala ngqa ukufinyelela kwezithombe ezinokwethenjelwa nemidwebo yezikhumbuzo ezinkulu zenkathi yamaMaya Akudala.
Encwadini yakhe yango-1913, u-Herbert Spiden, ethi A Study of Maya Art, eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, wabeka izisekelo zokuthuthukiswa komlando wobuciko wamaMaya, kuhlanganise nezithombe zezithombe.
Le ncwadi iqukethe ukuhlaziywa kwezindikimba namaphethini akhona kubuciko beMaya, ikakhulukazi amaphethini enyoka nodrako atholakala yonke indawo, kanye nokubuyekezwa "kobuciko bezinto ezibonakalayo," njengokwakhiwa kwama-facade, ama-roof ridges, namathempeli.
Ukwelashwa okulandelana kwezikhathi kukaSpiden kobuciko bamaMaya kamuva kwacwengwa ngokuhlaziya imidwebo kaTatiana Proskouriakoff, encwadini yakhe ethi A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture (1950), "A Study of Classic Maya Sculpture."
Kusukela ngawo-1970, umlando wemibuso yamaMeya uvele, iPalenque kwasekuqaleni. Ukuchazwa komlando wobuciko kuhlanganisa nendlela yomlando ekhuthazwa i-Proskouriakoff, kanye nendlela yenganekwane eyaqalwa u-MD Coe, nothisha wezobuciko uLinda Schele njengomshayeli.
Izincazelo ezincane zobuciko be-Maya zitholakala kuwo wonke umsebenzi ka-Schiele, futhi ikakhulukazi ku-Le Sang des rois, ebhalwe ngokubambisana nesazi-mlando sezobuciko uM. Miller.
Umlando walaba bantu wawubangelwa futhi ukwanda okubukhali kokutholakala kwezithombe ezibaziweyo nezitsha zobumba, ngenxa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvubukulwa okubanzi kwemivubukulo futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphanga ngezinga elingakaze libonwe.
Kusukela ngo-1973, u-MD Coe ushicilele uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezinezithombe nezincazelo zemikhumbi engaziwa yaseMayan, esebenzisa inganekwane yamawele angamaqhawe ePopol Vuh njengesibonelo esichazayo.
Ngo-1981, u-Robicsek no-Hales bangeza i-inventory yesitayela se-codex kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Painted Mayan Containers, kwembula ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngezwe lemimoya yamaMayan elalingaziwa ngaphambili. Mayelana nentuthuko, u-Karl Taube usungule izingqikithi ezimbalwa ezibalulekile emsebenzini wezithombe zika-Schele.
Izincwadi zamanje zokuhlaziywa kobuciko baseMayan zigcina intuthuko yemihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi ye-ceramic yaseMayan endala, emele ulwazi lomzimba nezinzwa kubuciko be-Mayan namaglyphs aseMayan, athathwa njengamayunithi ezithombe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lama-monographs anikezelwe kubuciko besikhumbuzo bezinkantolo ezithile liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ikhathalogi yombukiso we-Court Art of the Ancient Maya (2004), "Court Art of the Ancient Maya," inikeza umbono omuhle wezifundo zakamuva zase-US naseMexico emlandweni wobuciko beMaya.
Izakhiwo
Ukukhulelwa kwamakoloni namadolobha aseMeya, futhi ikakhulukazi leyo yezikhungo zemikhosi lapho imindeni yasebukhosini kanye nezinkantolo kwakuhlala khona, ibonakala ngesigqi sesitezi esikhulu se-stucco samaplaza, ngokuvamile atholakala emazingeni ahlukene, axhunywe ububanzi futhi ngokuvamile. izitebhisi eziphakeme, ezibuswa amathempeli angama-pyramidal.
Ngaphansi kokubusa okulandelanayo, izakhiwo eziyinhloko zandiswa ngokwengezwa kwezingqimba ezintsha zokugcwalisa ezimbozwe nge-stucco. Amadamu, imisele yokunisela kanye nemisele yakha ingqalasizinda yamanzi.
Ngaphandle kwesikhungo semikhosi, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu yesifunda samaMaya, kwesinye isikhathi esifana ne-acropolis, kwakuyizakhiwo zezikhulu ezincane, amathempeli amancane nezindawo zokukhulekela ngazinye, zizungezwe izindlu zabantu abavamile.
Kusukela ezikhungweni zemikhosi, imigwaqo (sacbé), eyayibukeka njengamadike, iye yasakazekela kwamanye amadolobha. Ngokuvumelana nomqondo "wesifunda saseshashalazini" (Geertz), ukunakwa okwengeziwe kubonakala kukhokhwe kubuhle kunokuqina kwesakhiwo.
Nokho, kwagxilwa ngokukhethekile ekuqondisweni kokwakhiwa. Izitayela eziyisisekelo zezakhiwo zezakhiwo zakha:
- Amapulatifomu omkhosi, ngokuvamile angaphansi kwamamitha angu-4 ukuphakama.
- Izikwele nezigodlo.
- Ezinye izakhiwo zokuhlala, njengezindlu zababhali kanye nendlu kamasipala engenzeka eCopan.
- Amathempeli ephiramidi namathempeli, lawa amvamisa anemingcwabo noma agcwaliswa phansi, anezindawo ezingcwele phezulu. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo ukugcwala kwamathempeli e-dynastic mortuary eNyakatho Acropolis yaseTikal.
- Izinkundla zemidlalo yebhola.
Amayunithi esakhiwo amakhulu afaka:
- Imibhoshongo engunxantathu, ehlanganisa isakhiwo esivelele esizungezwe amabhilidi amabili amancane abheke ngaphakathi, wonke abekwe endaweni efanayo;
- Amaqembu E, ahlanganisa iplatifomu eyisikwele enephiramidi ephansi enezinyathelo ezine ohlangothini olusentshonalanga kanye nesakhiwo esibude, noma ezinye izakhiwo ezintathu ezincane, ohlangothini olusempumalanga;
- Amasethi amaphiramidi amabili, anamaphiramidi afanayo amadigri amane, avela ezinhlangothini ezisempumalanga nasentshonalanga yesikwele esincane; isakhiwo esineminyango eyisishiyagalolunye ohlangothini olungaseningizimu; kanye nendawo encane ebiyelwe ohlangothini olusenyakatho lapho kunetshe eliqoshiwe eline-altare lalo, okuyisikhumbuzo somkhosi wokugcina we-katun (k'atun) owenziwa inkosi.
amatshe ebaziwe
Isitayela esiyinhloko se-Preclassic sculptural sesifunda samaMaya kwakungese-Izapa, idolobha elikhulu elisogwini lwasePacific, lapho kutholwe khona inqwaba yama-stelae nama-altare (amise okwexoxo) ahlanganisa nezithombe ezitholakala kubuciko be-Olmec.
I-stelae engabhalwanga kakhulu ivamise ukuba nezindikimba zezinganekwane nezilandisayo, ezinye zazo ezibonakala zihlobene nenganekwane yamawele angamaqhawe e-Popol Vuh.
Kodwa-ke, akukaziwa ukuthi abantu base-Izapa babengamaMayan yini, ngokwezinhlanga. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezithombe zamatshe zenkathi ye-classic yilezi:
- contrails; ama-slabs amatshe amade, ngokuvamile aqoshwe futhi aqoshwe, futhi ngokuvamile ahambisana nama-altare ayindilinga. Isici esiphawulekayo senkathi yasendulo ukuthi iningi labo laliphethe imifanekiso yababusi bemizi lapho lalikhona, ngokuvamile elalimelelwa njengonkulunkulu. Nakuba ubuso bababusi, ikakhulukazi phakathi nenkathi ye-Late Classic, bungokwemvelo ngesitayela, ngokuvamile azibonisi izici ngazinye, ngaphandle kwezimbalwa eziphawulekayo, ezifana no-Stela 35 wase-Piedras Negras. I-stelae ephawuleka kakhulu yilezo zaseCopán naseQuiriguá. Zihlukile ngemininingwane yazo eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nalezo zaseQuiriguá ngobude bazo; Isibonelo, i-Stela E de Quiriguá ikala ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-7 ngaphezu komhlaba futhi inwebe ngamamitha angu-3 ngaphansi komhlaba. I-Copan ne-Toniná stelae ngokuvamile iqoshwe ngaphambili nasezinhlangothini. E-Palenque, nakuba iyisikhungo esibalulekile sobuciko baseMayan, akukho stela esiphawulekayo esilondoloziwe.
- amathanga ehlanganisa iminyango yezakhiwo. I-Yaxchilan ikakhulukazi yaziwa ngenani elikhulu lezintambo zosizo ezijulile, ezinye zezindawo ezidume kakhulu okungamadlozi noma, mhlawumbe, onkulunkulu bendawo.
- Amaphaneli namabhodi, ezibekwe ezindongeni, izinsika zezakhiwo kanye nezinhlangothi zamapulatifomu. I-Palenque ikakhulukazi idume ngezibhebhe ezinkulu ezihlobisa ingaphakathi lezindawo ezingcwele zethempeli le-Grupo de las Cruces, kanye nokucwengisiswa kwemisebenzi yobuciko efana ne- «Palace Tablet» kanye ne- «Slave Tablet», kanye namaphaneli we amapulatifomu ethempeli le-XIX ne-XXI. ingafakwa futhi kulesi sigaba.
- Ama-altare ayindilinga noma awunxande, ngezinye izikhathi osekelwa amatshe amathathu noma amane. Angase abe umfanekiso ophelele noma kancane, "njenge-altare lofudu" e-Copán, noma angase abe nesithombe sokuphumula phezulu, ngezinye izikhathi ohlanganisa uphawu olulodwa losuku lwe-Ajaw, olufana no-El Caracol no-Toniná.
- i-zoomorphic; Amatshe amakhulu aqoshiwe, ukuma kwawo okufana nesilwane, ahlanganiswe nemihlobiso eyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-zoomorphs abonakala elinganiselwe embusweni waseQuiriguá ekupheleni kwenkathi yakudala; kungenzeka ukuthi ayesetshenziswa njengama-altare.
- izimpawu zomdlalo webhola; Izithombe eziyindingilizi ezibekwe ku-eksisi emaphakathi yenkundla yokudlala (njengalezo ezise-Copán, e-Chinkultic, nase-Toniná), ngokuvamile ezibonisa izigcawu zomdlalo webhola wangempela.
- Izihlalo zobukhosi itshe elinesihlalo esikhulu esiyisikwele kanye nomhlane ngezinye izikhathi oqoshwe imifanekiso yezibalo zabantu. Ezinye izibonelo ezivela ku-Palenque kanye ne-Copán zinamasekelo amele onkulunkulu abathwali bendawo yonke (Bacab, Chaak).
- Isithombe esibunjiwe esiyindilinga yaziwa ikakhulukazi eCopán naseToniná. Umelelwa umfanekiso oqoshiwe, njengombhali ohlezi waseCopán kanye nabalingiswa abathile abathunjiwe kanye nezithombe ezincane eziqoshiwe zaseToniná; yezakhiwo ezingokomfanekiso, ezifana nonkulunkulu bommbila abangamashumi amabili endaweni engaphambili yethempeli laseCopán, kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe ezinkulu ezaziyingxenye ebalulekile yomklamo wezakhiwo, njengezingwe nabaculi bezinkawu eCopán.
Ukubaza ngokhuni
Nakuba kucatshangwa ukuthi ukuqoshwa ngokhuni kwakuvamile esikhathini esidlule, zimbalwa izibonelo eziye zasinda. Iningi lezithombe eziqoshiwe zekhulu le-XNUMX zazibhekwa njengezinto zokukhonza izithombe futhi zabhujiswa yiziphathimandla zamakoloni aseSpain.
Izibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenkathi Yakudala zifaka phakathi izisekelo zokhuni ezisetshenzwe kahle, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisuka ezindaweni ezingcwele zephiramidi e-Tikal kanye nekhophi evela endaweni engumakhelwane yase-El Zotz.
Imidwebo yokhuni ye-Tikal, ngayinye ehlanganisa imishayo eminingana, yangekhulu le-XNUMX futhi ibonisa inkosi esihlalweni sayo inomuntu ovikelayo ngemuva osesimweni "senyoka yempi" yesitayela saseTeotihuacan, i-jaguar, noma ummeleli womuntu. unkulunkulu we-jaguar womlilo wasemhlabeni.
Ezinye izinqe zaseTikal zibonisa inkosi eyisidudla, egqoke ingubo yejaguar, imi phambi kwesihlalo sayo; futhi, okudume kakhulu, inkosi enqobile, egqoke njengonkulunkulu wokufa kwenkanyezi, emi phezu kwe-palanquin ngaphansi komfanekiso obuswe wenyoka enomjuluko.
Isibonelo esingajwayelekile sezinto ezisetshenziswayo yibhokisi elincane le-Tortuguero elimbozwe ngombhalo omude we-hieroglyphic. Phakathi kwezithombe eziqoshiwe zamapulangwe zamahhala, umfanekiso ohloniphekile wendoda ehlezi ugqamile, kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX, futhi mhlawumbe ukhonza njengesisekelo sesibuko.
imodeli ye-stucco
Ngenkathi ye-Late Preclassic, imibukiso ye-stucco embozwe nge-plaster yayimboza phansi nezakhiwo zezindawo zasemadolobheni futhi yakha uhlaka lwezithombe zabo zamatshe.
Ngokuvamile amaphaneli amakhulu okufihla ubuso, anezithombe ezinhle kakhulu zamakhanda onkulunkulu (ikakhulukazi ilanga, imvula, nonkulunkulu basemhlabeni), ayenanyathiselwa ezindongeni eziqinile ezibambelele ezitebhisini zamaplakhu. -izimo. amathempeli (isb. Kohunlich).
Amamodeli kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe ze-stucco zingamboza isakhiwo sonke, njengethempeli laseRosalila e-Copán elisukela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX. Ine-facade ye-plaster egcinwe kahle, ngemibala yayo yoqobo, futhi inikezelwe enkosini yokuqala yase-Copán, u-Yax K'uk' Mo'. Amafrieze e-stucco angasekho, izindonga, izinsika, nezihlangu zinezinhlelo ezihlukene zokuhlobisa, ngezinye izikhathi ezinophawu oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Kusetshenziswe izixazululo ezihlukahlukene ukuhlukanisa nokuhleleka kwezindawo ze-stucco zezakhiwo, kuhlanganise nokwakhiwa kwe-serial. Izindonga ze-"Temple of the Night Sun" e-El Zotz, ehambisana ne-Early Classic.
Akhiwe ngochungechunge lwamaphaneli omaskandi bonkulunkulu abanokuhlukahluka okucashile, kuyilapho i-Balamku Palace frieze, nayo i-Early Classic, yayinochungechunge lwezithombe zababusi abane abahlezi emilonyeni evulekile yenyoka yezilwane ezine ezahlukene (kuhlanganise neselesele) elihlobene. nezintaba ezingokomfanekiso.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, ama-frieze angase agxile kumbusi oyedwa, futhi ohlezi entabeni engokomfanekiso (egcwele ummbila), njengoba kubonakala ku-Holmul frieze, enezinyoka ezimbili ezinamapulangwe eziphuma ngaphansi kwesihlalo sombusi, kanye nenye i-frieze, yaseXultún, lapho inkosi isebenzisa ibha enkulu yemikhosi enezibalo ezivelayo ezifana nama-jaguar.
Indawo epholile evela ethempelini lika-Plareres, u-Quintana Roo, esukela ekuqaleni kwendalo yakudala, inephaneli yemaski enkulu enenkosi encane noma unkulunkulu phakathi kanye nezithixo ezimbili ezingemuva "zomkhulu" (umama) ezinweba izingalo zazo.
Ama-frieze avame ukuhlukaniswa abe izingxenye. Isibonelo, i-frieze evela ku-El Mirador, ethandana ne-Late Preclassic, ibonisa ukuhlangana komzimba wenyoka engapheli egcwele izinyoni zasemanzini kanye nezingxenye zomugqa wasemanzini ngezansi onezibalo zokubhukuda.
I-classical frieze evela esigodlweni e-Acanceh ihlukaniswe ngamaphaneli anezithombe zezilwane ezihlukene ezivusa umgwaqo, kanti udonga lwase-Toniná lubonisa izinkambu ezimise okwedayimane eziphakamisa izigcawu ezilandelanayo neziqhubekayo zanamuhla ezihlobene nomhlatshelo.
Izakhiwo ezinamekiwe zamathempeli zifana namanye amafrieze okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla, ngoba ngokuvamile abonisa ukumelela okukhulu kwababusi, okungenzeka ukuthi bahlale entabeni engokomfanekiso futhi bangase babekwe endaweni ye-cosmological, njengoba kwenzeka Ithempeli leLanga ePalenque.
Ezinye izibonelo zamamodeli we-stucco angenkathi ye-Classic zihlanganisa izinsika zeSigodlo sasePalenque, ezihlotshiswe ngochungechunge lwezethulo zabesifazane nabanumzane abagqoke izingubo zemicikilisho, kanye nomnyango we-stucco "we-baroque" we-Chenes, owasuka kuLate. Okwakudala , okubonisa abantu bemvelo ku-Acropolis ye-Ek' Balam.
Imodeli ye-stucco yenkathi yakudala ihlanganisa izithombe ezingokoqobo zekhwalithi elingana neyamaRoma asendulo, njengoba kufakazelwa izibonelo ezivelele zezithombe ze-stucco ezinosayizi wokuphila zabaholi base-Palenque nalezo zezicukuthwane zase-toniná.
Eminye yale mifanekiso yamakhanda yayiyingxenye yezithombe ze-stucco ezinosayizi wokuphila ezihlobisa amathempeli. Ukumodela kwezithombe kuphinde kufane nezibalo ezithile ze-Jaina pottery.
Umdwebo wasemuva
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imidwebo embalwa yamaMayan iye yasinda kuze kube namuhla, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esinomswakama samathafa aseMelika Ephakathi.
Kutholakale izinsalela ezibalulekile cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala ezinkantolo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi endaweni engasedolobheni. izakhiwo ezifihliwe ngaphansi kwezengezo zezakhiwo kamuva.
Izindonga ngokuvamile zakha amaphethini abonisa ukuphindaphinda okuthile, njengezimpawu zezimbali, ngokuhlukahluka okucashile, ezindongeni zeNdlu E yePalenque Palace; izigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke, njengakwesinye sezakhiwo ezizungeze indawo emaphakathi yeCalakmul kanye nesigodlo eChilonche.
Noma izigcawu zemicikilisho ezihlanganisa ukumelwa konkulunkulu, njengasemifanekisweni yamathempeli asendulo ase-Yucatán kanye nogu olusempumalanga ye-Belize.
Bangakwazi futhi ukufundisa umlingiswa olandisayo, ngokuvamile kufakwe "imibhalo engezansi" ye-glyphic. Imidwebo enemibala eminingi yaseBonampak, ngokwesibonelo, isuka ku-790 AD. C. futhi enabela ezindongeni nasemakhothameni aqhubekayo angamakota amathathu, abonisa izibalo ezimangalisayo zezicukuthwane, impi nokuzidela, kanye neqembu labantu okwenziwa samuntu okungokwesiko phakathi kohlu lwabaculi.
Imidwebo yaseSan Bartolo, eyaqala ngo-100 B.C. C. ubhekisele ezinganekwaneni zikankulunkulu wommbila wamaMaya kanye neqhawe eliyiwele uHunahpú, futhi umele ukubekwa esihlalweni sobukhosi kabili; Nakuba sibuyela enkathini yakudala yamakhulu eminyaka ambalwa, isitayela sesivele sithuthukisiwe ngokugcwele, sinemibala ecashile futhi ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa naleyo kaBonampak noma iCalakmul.
Ekamelweni eliseCacaxtla, empumalanga-maphakathi neMexico, ngaphandle kwesifunda saseMayan, imidwebo yasezindongeni ependwe ngesitayela samaMayan Esakudala, esinemibala evame ukuba namandla, itholwe inwebeka ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-20 futhi ihlanganisa nendawo yokulwa enonya; imifanekiso yamakhosi amabili aseMeya, emi phezu kwezinyoka; nensimu eniselwe ummbila ne-cocoa, evakashelwa unkulunkulu ohwebayo.
Ukudweba odongeni kwenzeka futhi emihumeni engaphansi, emathuneni (isb. Blue River) nasemihumeni (isb. i-Naj Tunich), ngokuvamile eyenziwa emnyama endaweni emhlophe, ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa upende obomvu okwengeziwe.
Izakhiwo ezingaphansi ze-Yucatan zivame ukubonisa ukuboniswa kukankulunkulu obekwe esihlalweni sobukhosi, u-K'awiil (isb. Ek' Balam).
Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ocwebezelayo, owaziwa ngokuthi "i-Mayan blue", uye walondolozwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yezici zawo zamakhemikhali eziyingqayizivele; Lo mbala ukhona e-Bonampak, e-Cacaxtla, e-Jaina, e-El Tajín ngisho nasezindlini ezithile zamakholoni. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Mayan blue kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho le nqubo ilahleka.
ukubhala nezincwadi
Uhlelo lokubhala lwamaMaya lwakhiwe cishe izinhlamvu ezihlukene eziyi-1,000 noma ama-glyphs, futhi njengezinhlelo eziningi zokubhala zasendulo, luyingxube yama-syllabics nama-logogram. Lo mbhalo wawusetshenziswa kusukela ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka ngaphambi kukaKristu. C. kwaze kwaba ngemva nje kokunqotshwa kweSpain ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Njengamanje, kube nokwenzeka ukucacisa ingxenye enkulu yezinhlamvu, kodwa incazelo yabo nokumisa njengombhalo akwaziwa njalo.
Izincwadi zazigoqiwe futhi zenziwe ngamaphepha amagxolo noma esikhumba, embozwe ungqimba lwe-adhesive stucco ukuze kubhalwe; ayevikelwe izembozo zesikhumba se-jaguar noma mhlawumbe amapulangwe.
Njengoba cishe wonke umbhuli wayedinga incwadi, kukholakala ukuthi inani elikhulu lezincwadi lalingaba khona. Njengamanje, kugcinwe izincwadi ezintathu kuphela ze-Postclassic Mayan: amakhodi eDresden, eParis naseMadrid.
Incwadi yesine, iGrolier, ithi Mayan-Toltec kuneMayan; ngaphandle kwezimpawu zekhalenda, ayinawo umbhalo. Inezicucu futhi isezingeni eliphansi lobuciko, inokuningi okungaqondakali, ngakho ubuqiniso bayo bungatshazwa isikhathi eside.
Iningi lamakhodidi anokuqukethwe kokubhula nobupristi, ama-almanacs anamatafula ezinkanyezi nezinhlelo zemicikilisho; I-codex yaseParis ihlanganisa neziprofetho zaseKatun. Kunake kakhulu ibhalansi evumelanayo yombhalo nemifanekiso.
Ngaphezu kwemibhalo efakwe kuma-codices, kwakukhona umbhalo wokuhlanganisa onomlingiswa oshukumisayo kakhudlwana, otholakala ezithombeni zasezindongeni nasezintweni zobumba, futhi owawulingiswa etsheni kumaphaneli e-Palenque (njengokuthi "Ithebula" lama-glyphs angu-96") . .
Amathekisthi avame ukuvalwa 'emabhokisini' ayisikwele anomumo ohlukene ngaphakathi kokumele. Imidwebo yasezindongeni ingase futhi yakhiwe ngokuphelele imibhalo (Ek' Balam, Naj Tunich) noma, okungavamile, izibalo zezinkanyezi (Xultun).
Le mibhalo, ngezinye izikhathi ebhalwa endaweni emhlophe ye-stucco, futhi yenziwe ngokucophelela nangobuhle obukhethekile, ifana nokwandiswa kwamakhasi ezincwadi.
Ama-glyphs atholakala yonke indawo futhi abhalwe kuzo zonke izindawo ezitholakalayo, kuhlanganisa nomzimba womuntu. Ama-glyphs ngokwawo anemininingwane eminingi, futhi ama-logogram ikakhulukazi angokoqobo ngokukhohlisayo.
Ngokombono wobuciko nomlando, ama-glyphs angabhekwa njengezinto zobuciko. Ngenxa yalokho, abaqophi bezithombe base-Copán nase-Quiriguá bazizwe bekhululekile ukuguqula izici zeglyphic nezimpawu zekhalenda zibe izigcawu ezimangalisayo ezinyakazayo ("AmaGlyph anezibalo eziqediwe").
I-Ceramics kanye "nesitayela se-codex"
Ngokungafani nezitsha zobumba ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, ezitholakala ngobuningi phakathi kwemfucumfucu yezindawo zemivubukulo, izitsha zobumba ezihlotshiswe kakhulu (amavase angama-cylindrical, amapuleti anezivalo, amavase, izigqoko) kwake kwaba "imali yezenhlalo" yezikhulu. maya futhi yagcinwa njengefa. umndeni, futhi waphelezela izicukuthwane emathuneni abo.
Isiko labasebukhosini lemikhosi yokushintshisana ngezipho nokuvakasha kwemikhosi, kanye nokulingisa okwenzeka ngokungagwemeki phakathi nalokhu kushintshana, kuhamba indlela ende ekuchazeni izinga eliphezulu lobuciko elizuzwe enkathini yakudala.
Yenziwe ngaphandle kwesondo lombumbi, izitsha zobumba ezihlotshisiwe zapendwe kahle, zaqoshwa ukuze zikhululeke, zisikiwe, noma ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kwe-Classic, zafakwa nge-stuccoed, ngokufaka upende endaweni yobumba emanzi, indlela eyakhiwe yamafresco ase-Teotihuacan.
Izinto zobumba eziyigugu zenziwa kuma-workshops amaningi asakazwa kuyo yonke imibuso yamaMeya; Ezinye zezinto ezidume kakhulu zihlotshaniswa "nesitayela se-Chamá", "isitayela se-Holmul", "isitayela se-Ik", futhi, kuma-ceramics aqoshiwe, "isitayela se-Chocholá".
Umhlobiso wemikhumbi ye-Ceramic ubonisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu, okubonisa izigcawu zesigodlo, amasiko asenkantolo, izinganekwane, ama-glyphs okubhula, ngisho nemibhalo yamakhosi ethathwe kumarekhodi, futhi iyaqhubeka idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kabusha kwempilo yamaMaya nezinkolelo zenkathi yakudala.
Izigcawu ze-Ceramic nemibhalo ependwe ngokumnyama nokubomvu kungemuva elimhlophe, elifana namakhasi ezincwadi agoqiwe, aziwa ngokuthi "isitayela se-codex"; Ukugqagqana kwesithombe nesithombe namakhodidi amathathu asele e-Mayan, okungenani kuze kube manje, abuthakathaka uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ubuciko be-ceramic obunjiwe buhlanganisa izitsha ze-Early Classic ezinezivalo ezifakwe abantu nezilwane; Ezinye zalezi zitsha, ezishisiwe ezimnyama, ziphakathi kwemisebenzi yobuciko yamaMaya ephawuleka kakhulu.
Izitsha zobumba ezibaziweyo zihlanganisa nezishisi zempepho nezitsha zokungcwaba. Izishisi zempepho ezihlotshiswe ngokucebile zombuso we-Palenque wenkathi Yakudala zaziwa kakhulu, ezinobuso obufanisiwe bonkulunkulu noma inkosi obunamathiselwe kusilinda eside.
Unkulunkulu omelwe kakhulu, ohlotshaniswa nomlilo ovuthayo, ubuye ahlobise ama-urns amakhulu omngcwabo wakudala emnyangweni waseGuatemala wase-El Quiché. Ukwenziwa samuntu kobupristi konkulunkulu, abavame ukuthwala iminikelo.
Okokugcina, imifanekiso ye-ceramic, eminingi eyenziwe ngesikhunta futhi ecacile ngendlela emangalisayo futhi engokoqobo, yakha uhlobo oluncane kodwa olufundisa kakhulu.
Ngaphezu konkulunkulu, "abalingiswa bezilwane", ababusi nabancane, bamele abanye abalingiswa abaningi, kuhlanganise nezigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ezinye zalezi zibalo zingama-ocarina futhi kungenzeka zisetshenziswe emikhubeni. Izibonelo ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu zivela esiqhingini saseJaina.
Amatshe ayigugu nezinye izinto ezibaziwe
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaMeya, ayengenazo amathuluzi ensimbi, adala izinto eziningi ezivela ku-jade (jadeite), impahla eqinile futhi eminyene, ehlanganisa izinto eziningi zokugqoka (zasebukhosini) ezifana namapuleti ebhande, ama-earmuffs, amacici nokunye. kuyabiza.
Kwesinye isikhathi amaCelt (okungukuthi imihlobiso yembazo) ayeqoshwa umfanekiso ofana nalowo osocwecweni lombusi, njengokuthi "ipuleti le-Leiden" elisukela ku-Early Classic.
Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu semaski mhlawumbe imaski yokufa ka-K'inich Janaab' Pakal, umbusi wase-Palenque, equkethe amapuleti e-jade anomumo ongavamile noma i-tesserae kanye namehlo kamama weparele kanye ne-obsidian.
Enye imaski yokufa, yeNdlovukazi yasePalenque, iqukethe amapuleti e-malachite. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izitsha eziyi-cylindrical ezivela eTikal zinezingqimba zangaphandle zama-square jade discs. Izithombe eziningi zamatshe zazihunyushwe nge-jade.
Ezinye izinto ezibaziweyo neziqoshwe zihlanganisa insengetsha, igobolondo, nethambo, okuvame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezigciniwe nasemangcwabeni. Okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-eccentric flints" yizinto zemikhosi, zokusetshenziswa okungaqinisekile, okuthi, ngezindlela zazo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ezinomumo obude.
Imvamisa enamakhanda amaningana anwetshiwe ohlangothini olulodwa noma kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, ngesinye isikhathi emelela ubuNkulunkulu bombani (K'awiil), kodwa ngokuvamile umbani we-anthropomorphic onezici zikankulunkulu wommbila onqwabelene.
Amagobolondo ayesetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amadiski nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa ezibonisa amakhanda abantu, futhi ngokunokwenzeka namakhanda okhokho nonkulunkulu; Amacilongo ama-seashell ayehlotshiswe ngendlela efanayo.
Amathambo abantu nawezilwane ayehlotshiswe ngezimpawu nezigcawu eziqoshiwe. Iqoqo lamathambo amashubhu amancane ashintshiwe, avela emngcwabeni wasebukhosini wekhulu lesi-XNUMX eliseThempelini Le-Great Jaguar eTikal, liqukethe eminye yemifanekiso ecashile eyaziwa ngamaMaya, kuhlanganise nezigcawu ezimbalwa ezibonisa ukumelela unkulunkulu wommbila. ugibele esikebheni.
Ubuciko obusetshenziswayo nokuhlobisa umzimba
Izindwangu zikakotini zenkathi yakudala azikaze zisinde, kodwa izithombe zobuciko beMaya zinikeza ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nokubukeka kwazo futhi, ngokwezinga elincane, ukusebenza kwazo komphakathi. Zihlanganisa izindwangu ezintekenteke ezisetshenziswa njengezimvilophu, amakhethini, nama-awnings ezigodlweni. kanye nezingubo. Izindlela zokudaya kungenzeka zazihlanganisa ne-kat.
Ukugqoka kwansuku zonke kwakuxhomeke esikhundleni somphakathi. Abesifazane abahlonishwayo babegqoka izingubo ezinde, amabhande, nezindwangu zezicukuthwane, beshiya imilenze nomzimba ongaphezulu obala, ngaphandle uma kugqokwe amajakhethi noma izingubo zokulala. Bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane babengagqoka izigqoko.
Izingubo ezigqokwa emikhosini nasemikhosini eminingi zazigqamile futhi zigqamisa; amakhanda enziwe ngezilwane ayevamile. Imvunulo ewubukhazikhazi kakhulu kwakuyingubo yenkosi engokomthetho, eboniswe esitsheni sesikhumbuzo sasebukhosini, esinezici eziningi ezinencazelo engokomfanekiso.
Okwaziwa kuphela ngokumelelwa ngenhlanhla emidwebeni eqoshiwe neyobumba, ubhasikidi nokwaluka kufanele ukuthi kwake kwaba yonke indawo; i-pop edumile ("mat") motif ifakazela ukubaluleka kwayo.
Imihlobiso yomzimba ngokuvamile yayihlanganisa amaphethini apendwe ebusweni nasemzimbeni, kodwa futhi ingase ibe unomphela ngohlamvu, ephawula umehluko ngeminyaka yobudala kanye nesikhundla somphakathi. Imihlobiso ehlala njalo yayihlanganisa ukuwohloka kogebhezi lokwenziwa, ukuzidweba umzimba kobuso, ukugcwaliswa kwamazinyo, nokwengezwa kwama-inlay.
amaqoqo emnyuziyamu
Kunenani elikhulu lamamnyuziyamu anezinto zobuciko zaseMayan emaqoqweni awo. I-Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI) ihlanganisa iminyuziyamu engaphezu kuka-250 kusizindalwazi sayo seminyuziyamu enezinto zobuciko zaseMayan kanye ne-European Association of Mayanists (WAYEB) iklelisa cishe iminyuziyamu engamashumi amahlanu, eYurophu kuphela.
EDolobheni laseMexico, iNational Museum of Anthropology ineqoqo elikhulu ngokukhethekile lezinto zobuciko zaseMayan. Iminyuziyamu yesifunda eminingana eMexico inamaqoqo abalulekile, okuhlanganisa “I-Román Piña Chan” Museum of the Stelae eCampeche, “Palacio Cantón” Regional Museum of Yucatán eMérida, kanye “neCarlos Pellicer Cámara” Regional Museum of Anthropology eVillahermosa, eTabasco. .
EGuatemala, amaqoqo abaluleke kakhulu yilawo ePopol Vuh Museum kanye neNational Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, yomibili etholakala eGuatemala City.
I-British Museum e-London, i-Metropolitan Museum of Art eNew York, i-Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology e-Cambridge, Massachusetts, kanye ne-Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology e-University of Pennsylvania angamanye amamyuziyamu abonisa amaqoqo aphawulekayo. ngezinto zamaMaya.
I-Museum of Cultures e-Basel, eSwitzerland, inochungechunge lwezintambo zokhuni ze-Tikal; I-Ethnological Museum eseBerlin, eJalimane, ineqoqo elikhulu lezinto zobuciko zaseMayan. EBelgium, iRoyal Museums of Art and History eBrussels ineqoqo elibalulekile.
I-Field Museum of Natural History e-Chicago ineqoqo elimangalisayo lezitsha zobumba zama-Mayan kanti i-Cleveland Museum of Art e-Ohio ineqoqo elikhulu kakhulu lezinto zobuciko zamaMayan e-United States.
I-American Museum eMadrid ineqoqo elikhulu lezinto ezivela ePalenque; Kuphinde kube yimnyuziyamu lapho kugcinwa khona i-Madrid Codex. Eminye iminyuziyamu egqamile yaseYurophu yiNational Museum of Ethnology eseLeiden eNetherlands kanye neRietberg Museum eseZurich eSwitzerland.
Ubuciko be-Pre-Columbian
Ubuciko be-Pre-Columbian yigama elinikezwe iqoqo lemisebenzi yobuciko neyengqondo, efana nokubaza, izakhiwo, ubuciko bamatshe, izitsha zobumba, izindwangu, insimbi kanye nomdwebo owenziwe abomdabu bezwekazi laseMelika phakathi nenkathi yangaphambi kokuhlasela kweYurophu.
Lesi yisici esibaluleke kakhulu esivumela ulwazi nokuqashelwa kwempucuko yangaphambi kwe-Columbian, ubufakazi bezinga labo lokuthuthuka kanye nekhono lokuguqula indawo yabo.
Nakuba igama elithi "pre-Columbian" lichazwa kabanzi ngokuthi yonke into eyayisemazweni aseMelika ngaphambi kokuba iSpanishi ifike emazweni aseMelika ngo-1492, empeleni ibhekisela esikhathini lapho amasiko ahlukene athuthukile ashiya uphawu oluhlala njalo. . Ubuciko futhi okwamanje okuyisihloko sezifundo zesayensi.
Lapho amaSpanishi efika, akubona bonke abantu baseMelika ababesesimweni esifanayo samasiko, futhi kwakukhona ababenazo zonke izici zempucuko nabanye ababesesigabeni sangaphambili sokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Yingakho izazi ze-anthropologists kanye nabavubukuli bechaze izindawo ezimbili. Izwe elibizwa nge-nuclear America lihlala abantu abaphucuzekile futhi cishe lihlanganisa iMexico, ingxenye ye-Central America kanye ne-Andes kanye nendawo eyizungezile, kusukela eColombia kuya eChile.
Igama elithi "inkathi zakudala" laqala ngokuthuthukiswa kwesiko lamaMayan cishe ngo-292 futhi laphetha ngokuwohloka kwalo ngokusobala cishe ngo-900. Laqanjwa yilabo abakholelwa ukuthi lesi sikhathi simelela ukuphakama kobukhazikhazi bobuciko bangaphambi kwe-Columbian.
Lo mbono okwamanje uxoxwa yilabo abakhomba ukuthi ubuciko be-pre-Columbian ngaphambi nangemva kwalesi sikhathi babungekho ngaphansi kwalowo wenkathi yakudala.
Izigaba zangaphambi kwe-Columbian zahlelwa ngokungcono kakhulu zahlukanisiwe kwesinye nesinye ngesikhathi sokuvela, kodwa phakathi nesigaba sakudala, kwaqala ukwakheka kokufunda nokuba nethonya elilinganayo, ngisho naphakathi kwezindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko zempucuko: iMesoamerica ne-Andes. Ukuvumelana ekufanekiseni izinganekwane ezithile, amagama afanayo namasiko athile asikisela ukuthi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwenkathi yasendulo, ukuxhumana phakathi kwempucuko ehlukahlukene kwakungavamile.
Uhlaka lwendawo
Isakhiwo sendawo sibekwe esisekelweni samakoloni aseSpain ezwekazini, njengoba igama elithi "pre-Columbian" lichaza isiginali ukusuka endaweni yokubuka yase-Hispano-American. Ngakho-ke, amanye amasiko aseMelika avela ezindaweni okungezona ezeSpanishi aqanjwa ngokuhlukile. Phakathi kwalezi zindawo zamasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian, kukhona eziyishumi nanhlanu ikakhulukazi ezivelele ngenani elikhulu lamathrekhi nezinto zokwakha ezitholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezimbili: i-Mesoamerica kanye ne-Andes.
E-Mesoamerica, ehlanganisa insimu yamanje yaseMexico neMelika Ephakathi, izimpucuko zandulelwa ama-Olmecs kanye nesisekelo selinye lamadolobha okuqala aseMelika: iTeotihuacán. Amanye amasiko kungaba amaMeya, amaMixtec, amaToltec, futhi ekugcineni ama-Aztec.
E-Andes, ehlanganisa izindawo zawo wonke amazwe awela ukhahlamba lwezintaba zaseVenezuela naseColombia, enyakatho, ngasezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeChile ne-Argentina, eningizimu, amaChibcha agqama njengendawo yokuhlangana phakathi kweMesoamerica ne-Argentina. i-Andes, iSan Agustín, iColima, iSinú, iChavín, iNazca ne-Inca.
IMesoamerica
Izazi zemivubukulo, izazi ze-anthropologists kanye nezazi-mlando zichaza iMesoamerica njengendawo enkulu yamasiko, yomlando kanye nendawo engaba yisigidi km2, emngceleni womfula iSinaloa enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMexico ogwini lweGulf of Lerma neSoto de la Marina naseningizimu nomfula i-Ulúa. eHonduras nasePuntarenas eCosta Rica.
I-Mexico iyisizinda sayo, lapho amasiko ezifunda ezintathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ayesekelwe kumbono womlando nowobuciko: iSigodi saseMexico esiphakathi nendawo, iSigodi sase-Oaxaca eningizimu-mpumalanga yangaphambili, kanye neGulf Coast empumalanga. Naphezu kwezigaba ezihlukene zokulandelana kwezikhathi, umlando wesifunda ngokuvamile uhlukaniswa izinkathi ezinhlanu eziyinhloko.
Olmec
Ubuciko be-Olmec bubhekisela ezenzweni zobuciko ezigciniwe zesiko lama-Olmec ezathuthukiswa ngesikhathi se-Middle Preclassic e-Mesoamerica (eyachuma phakathi kuka-1200 BC no-500 BC) futhi ibhekwa njengeyokuqala yempucuko enkulu yaleso sifunda.
Nakuba ama-Olmec ikakhulukazi ayehlala engxenyeni esenyakatho ye-Isthmus of Tehuantepec, izindawo eziyinhloko zokuvubukula eziseSan Lorenzo, La Venta naseTres Zapotes, kanye naseVillahermosa naseTabasco, ithonya labo lasakazekela ezifundeni eziningi zaseMesoamerican futhi izici eziningi ezivamile zamasiko zaqala. .kulawa masiko.
Ngazo, njengesiko lezintaba kanye nemicabango (njengephiramidi eyikhone yaseLa Venta), isiko lenyoka enezimpiko kanye nonkulunkulu we-jaguar, umdlalo webhola noma uphawu. I-jade yezenkolo Isiko lama-Olmec, elasungula ukubhala, kusetshenziswa ama-pictograms nama-ideograms, kanye nekhalenda, ekuqaleni lalihlonzwe njengesitayela sobuciko futhi lihlala liwuphawu lwalo.
Kwakuyireferensi kanye nefa lawo wonke amasiko alandelayo e-Central America: ama-Toltec, ama-Zapotec nokuningi kanye nama-Aztec: ukubhala kwama-Mayan kuyisibonelo esinezimpande zawo ohlelweni lokuqala lwe-glyphic olwakhiwa ama-Olmec.
Inkulumo yakhe yobuciko ibonakala ngobuciko obukhulu bezobuchwepheshe bokuqopha nokuqopha, okuyinto kwabaningi engenakuqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi enye impucuko yangaphambi kwe-Columbian.
Iningi lobuciko be-Olmec lingokwemvelo, kodwa futhi lisebenzisa i-iconography ecebile, libonisa incazelo yenkolo, nezinye ezinhle kakhulu. , ngokuvamile izidalwa ze-anthropomorphic ezenziwe ngesitayela.
Ubuciko obumangalisayo noma obuyisikhumbuzo, obenziwe ngobumba, itshe (ikakhulukazi i-basalt ne-andesite), nokhuni, nobuciko obuncane noma umhlobiso, obusekelwe ku-jadeite ye-jade namanye amatshe aluhlaza (inyoka), kanye ne-obsidian. – kanye neminye imidwebo emigedeni. Izikhumbuzo zamatshe zingahlukaniswa ngamakilasi amane:
- amakhanda amatshe amakhulu (kufika ku-3 m ubude kanye ne-10 t ngesisindo), isibonelo somfanekiso oqoshiwe oqoshwe ku-basalt ovela ezindaweni ezikude, okuyimisebenzi emele kakhulu yobuciko be-Olmec, kuhlanganise nezibonelo ezingu-17 ezitholwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene endaweni eyinhloko ye-Olmec. . Zibonakala ngokubukeka kwazo kwe-Negroid, zinamehlo akhukhumele, izindebe ezigcwele kanye nekhala elibanzi, nesigqoko sokuzivikela esiqinile, esingamela onkulunkulu, amaqhawe noma amakhosi, izinhloko zemindeni noma okhokho, ngisho nabadlali bebhola. . (Ukubonakala kwamaNegroid kwaholela ekucabangeni ukuthi ayewubufakazi bokuxhumana okuthile olwandle ezikhathini zasendulo.)
- "Ama-altare" unxande (mhlawumbe izihlalo zobukhosi) [okucashuniwe] njenge-altare elidumile lesi-4 laseLa Venta, elinembobo ngaphambili emele umnyango wezwe elingaphansi komhlaba, lapho kuphuma khona umlingiswa wasenganekwaneni ephethe intambo ezungeza i-altare njengomngcele.
- Imidwebo emiphongolweni eyindilinga futhi ezimele, njengokuthi "Amawele" ka-El Azuzul, isikhumbuzo seSan Martín Pajapan 1 noma iNkosi yaseLas Limas, umsebenzi wezinyoka wensizwa ehlezi enejaguar ezingalweni zayo, i-motif evamile ku-Olmec art.
- Stelae, yethulwa kamuva kunamakhanda amakhulu, ama-altare noma izithombe eziqoshiwe ezimile. Ekuqaleni, zaziyisithombe esilula sabalingiswa, njengeSikhumbuzo se-19 noma i-Stela 1 saseLa Venta, kodwa kamuva zamela izenzakalo zomlando, ikakhulukazi izenzo ezazigunyaza ababusi. Lo mkhuba kuthiwa uzofinyelela umvuthwandaba ngezikhumbuzo ze-post-Olmec ezifana ne-La Mojarra Stela 1, ehlanganisa izithombe zababusi nama-glyphs nezinsuku zekhalenda nokubala okude okude.
Olunye uhlobo oluncane lwe-contraption oluqoshiwe olumise okwemaski lwetshe le-jade eliqinile. I-Jade yayiyinto eyigugu kakhulu futhi yayizosetshenziswa izigaba ezibusayo njengophawu lwesikhundla. Kakade ngo 1500 a. C., abaqophi bokuqala base-Olmec babebusa isimo somuntu, njengoba kufakazelwa izithombe eziqoshiwe zokhuni ezatholwa ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi e-El Manatí.
Ama-Curators nabacwaningi babhekisela kumamaski obuso be-"Olmec-style": amakhanda abantu makhulu impela uma kuqhathaniswa nomzimba womlingiswa, inhlanganisela yamehlo ajulile, amakhala ayisicaba, nomlomo obanzi, okhotheme kancane, onokulinganisa kancane.
Inodebe olungaphezulu oluwugqinsi (udebe lwe-Olmec, oluxhunyaniswe nokuma komlomo we-jaguar) kanye nesilevu esincane, ngezinye izikhathi esinomfantu ekhanda, kodwa, kuze kube manje, asikho isibonelo esiye satholakala ku-Olmec elawulwa ngokuvubukula. umongo.
Atholakala ezindaweni zamanye amasiko, kuhlanganise nebekwe ngamabomu endaweni yemikhosi yaseTenochtitlán (Mexico). Imaski cishe yayineminyaka engaba ngu-2000 ubudala ngenkathi ama-Aztec eyingcwaba, ephakamisa ukuthi lezi zifihla-buso zaziswa futhi zaqoqwa, njengezinto zakudala zaseRoma eYurophu.
Njengoba ubuciko be-Olmec babuxhumene kakhulu nenkolo yabo, okwagqamisa ama-jaguar (wayekholelwa ukuthi kudala uhlanga lwama-jaguar "amadoda angama-jaguar" lwaluzokwakhiwa phakathi kwenyunyana ye-jaguar nowesifazane) "isitayela se-Olmec" sihlanganisa izici zobuso bomuntu nama-jaguar.
Uchungechunge lwezithombe eziqoshiwe zobumba nezamatshe, ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-miniatures e-Olmec, nazo zigcwele ezindaweni zokuvubukula phakathi nenkathi ye-Formative, futhi phakathi kwazo, okuthiwa ubuso bezingane, izithombe ezincane ezimhlophe ze-ceramic ezinobuso bezingane, ezinekhanda elikhulu, i-almond. -amehlo amile, izindebe ezigcwele, isigqoko sokuzivikela kanye nomzimba omise okwepheya.
I-Kunz axes (eyaziwa nangokuthi "izimbazo zokuvota"), izithombe eziqoshiwe ezimelela "i-jaguar weremen" nezisetshenziswa ngendlela eyela ngasocansini emicikilishweni, nazo zingacashunwa. Ezimweni eziningi, ikhanda liyingxenye yevolumu ephelele yesibalo. Wonke amahlombe e-Kunz anekhala eliyisicaba kanye nomlomo ovulekile.
Igama elithi "Kunz" livela kuGeorge Frederick Kunz, i-mineralogist yaseMelika eyachaza isibalo ngo-1890. Ezinye izici ze-jade zibizwa ngokuthi "izinkezo ze-Olmec". Imibukiso yobuciko iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi kusenezinto eziningi ezisaphenywayo. I-Ceramics iphinde yathuthukiswa endaweni ye-Isthmus of Tehuantepec, yafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme zobuciko e-Barra, e-Locona, nase-Ocós.
Izingcezu ze-Olmec ezibaluleke kakhulu ziye zatholwa ezindaweni ezimbiwe futhi zadluliselwa kumamnyuziyamu, amaqoqo angcono kakhulu okuyi-Xalapa Museum of Anthropology kanye ne-La Venta Park Museum, kanye nezibonelo ezivelele futhi ku-National Museum of Anthropology enhloko-dolobha yaseMexico.
Teotihuacan
Isiko lase-Teotihuacán lenza ubuciko obunesizotha bokukhulekela onkulunkulu nemvelo, inhloso yayo eyodwa kuwukumela okuphakeme nokubi komzabalazo phakathi konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene.
Akafisi ubuhle kodwa ukufeza umgomo wenkolo kanye nombono wendawo yonke yokuphila. Ama-Teotihuacanos ahlukaniswa ikakhulukazi ngomsebenzi wawo etsheni, kokubili engxenyeni yezakhiwo kanye nasekudwebeni, okusetshenziselwa ukuqinisa izinkolelo zezinganekwane nezenkolo zaleli dolobha.
Unkulunkulu oyinhloko owayemelwe ngobuciko kuleli dolobha kwakunguTlaloc, unkulunkulu wemvula owayebusa konke ukubonakaliswa kwemvelo.
I-Teotihuacán iyithempeli ledolobha, elingenazindonga. I-avenue enkulu, ebizwa ngokuthi "Calle de los Muertos" ngama-Aztec, ihlanganisa amathempeli amaningi, njengalelo likaQuetzalcóatl, unkulunkulu oyinyoka, nezinye izakhiwo, njengePyramid of the Sun kanye nePyramid of the Moon.
Umsebenzi wemaski omningi, ochazwa ubuso obubanzi kanye nethrendi ebheke kuhlangothi olubili kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-jade namatshe kulezi zimpawu zobuciko ezimangalisayo.
Maya
AmaMayans ayetholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico, ikakhulukazi inhlonhlo yaseYucatan, kanye nengxenye enkulu yeGuatemala, Belize, Honduras ne-El Salvador. Bakha inqwaba yamadolobha ubukhazikhazi bawo obathatha amakhulu eminyaka ambalwa, njengeKaminaljuyú, Tikal, Calakmul, Palenque, Copán neChichén Itzá.
Ubuciko be-Mayan bugxile ku-elite yama-Mayan kanye nokukhulekelwa kwamakhosi angcwele, futhi bubhekene nezindikimba eziningi ezihlukahlukene kunanoma iliphi elinye isiko lobuciko emazweni aseMelika. Inezitayela eziningi zesifunda futhi ihlukile eMelika yasendulo ngomsindo onombhalo olandisayo.
Impucuko yamaMaya ishiye ifa elikhulu lezakhiwo elihlanganisa izigodlo, ama-acropolises, amathempeli, amaphiramidi, kanye nezindawo zokubuka izinkanyezi. Izakhiwo zaseMayan ziphinde zahlanganisa nokubhala kweglyphic kanye nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zobuciko, njengokuqoshwa kwamatshe.
Amatshe amatshe avamile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa namatshe ayindilinga aphansi abizwa ngokuthi "ama-altare". Ukubaza kwamatshe kwathatha ezinye izinhlobo, njengamaphaneli e-limestone e-Palenque nasePiedras Negras kanye nezitebhisi zamatshe ezihlotshiswe ngezithombe eziqoshiwe ezindaweni ezifana ne-Yaxchilán, i-Dos Pilas, i-Copán, phakathi kwezinye.
Imifanekiso eqoshiwe emikhulu yamaMaya yayiyimidwebo ye-stucco eyinkimbinkimbi, okwathi ngemva kokumodela, yapendwe ngemibala egqamile futhi yabekwa kumafacade ethempeli.
Babeyazisa i-jade eluhlaza namanye amatshe aluhlaza, bezihlanganisa nonkulunkulu welanga u-K'inich Ajau. Baqopha izinto zobuciko kusukela kumaparele amahle nama-tesserae kuya kumakhanda aqoshiwe anesisindo esingu-4,42 kg.25 Izikhulu zamaMaya zazilungisa amazinyo, ezinye izinduna zifake izimbobo ze-jade emazinyweni azo.
Imaski ye-mosaic yamathuna nayo ingenziwa nge-jade. Baphinde basebenza ngokhuni, intshetshe, intshetshe yetshe kanye ne-obsidian futhi bagqamisa insengetsha ye-eccentric. Baphinde baqopha amathambo namagobolondo abantu nezilwane zohlobo lweSpondylus. Kamuva benza izinto ezincane zegolide, isiliva nezethusi besebenzisa amasu okusando nokulahla ingcina.
AmaMayans ayenomkhuba omude wokudweba odongeni, okunamaphethini e-polychrome apendwe ezindongeni ezinamekiwe ezibushelelezi. Nakuba iningi lalawa lingasekho, kunemidwebo eminingana esekhona, ependwe ngokhilimu, obomvu, nomnyama, emathuneni enkathi ye-Early Classic e-El Caracol, e-Río Azul, nase-Tikal, kanye nochungechunge lwemidwebo emikhulu ye-Late Classic Bonampak.
Izitsha zobumba zamaMaya zenziwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuguqula i-roller. Lalingakhanyisiwe, nakuba lalivame ukuba nesiphetho esihle, esishile. Yayipendwe ngebhavu lobumba elixutshwe namaminerali nobumba olunemibala.
Ikhophasi ye-ceramic yesitayela se-Ik ye-polychrome, ehlanganisa amapuleti apendwe kahle neziqukathi eziyisilinda, yazalwa ekupheleni kwenkathi yakudala e-Motul de San José. Kufaka phakathi izici eziningi, njengama-glyphs apendwe ngombala ophinki ophaphathekile noma obomvu, nezigcawu zabadansi abazifihle ubuso.
Esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu ukumelwa okungokoqobo kwezindikimba njengoba zivela empilweni yangempela. Izindikimba zamavazi zazihlanganisa impilo yasenkantolo esifundeni sasePetén ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD. I-CC, njengemihlangano yamanxusa, imikhosi, ukuchithwa kwegazi okungokwesiko, izigcawu zamaqhawe, nokunikelwa kweziboshwa zempi.
Imixtecs
Laba bantu bomdabu bathatha isigodi sase-Oaxaca cishe ngo-1300 AD, besusa amaZapotec e-Monte Albán nakwamanye amadolobha abalulekile, benza ubukhosi obuzimele. Kutholwe imikhondo yokuthathwa kweLa Mixteca emuva kweminyaka eyizi-6,000.
Ngokuhlaselwa kweMonte Albán kanye nokusungulwa kwedolobha laseMitla njengenhloko-dolobha yalo, isiko leMixtec lafinyelela esikhathini salo sobukhazikhazi obukhulu. Ukwehla kwawo kwaqala ngokunwetshwa kweMexica cishe ngo-1458, kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokunqotshwa kweSpain koMbuso WaseMixtec cishe ngo-1521.
Abakwa-Mixtec benze uhlobo lombhalo wezithombe oluhlanganisa izici ezivela e-Monte Albán nase-Teotihuacán, futhi izincwadi zabo zilondolozwe ngamakhodidi ahlukahlukene njenge-Nuttal ne-Selden. U-Huehueteotl, omunye wonkulunkulu abakhulu be-Mixtecs, uvame ukuvezwa kuma-urns e-ceramic athonywe yi-Zapotec.
Kodwa-ke, unkulunkulu wakhe wokufundisa kwakunguDzahui, ohlanganyela izimfanelo noTlaloc. AbakwaMixtec babephinde babe ngabakhandi begolide nababumbi, futhi babethumela izinto zikanokusho kwezinye izifunda zase-Mesoamerica, ezifana ne-polychrome ceramics, ubuciko be-feather, nezinhlamvu zegolide, abazihlanganisa ne-turquoise, njengasendabeni yesihlangu sase-Yanhuitlán.
Enye yezingcezu ezaziwa kakhulu imaskhi yegolide kankulunkulu u-Xipe Tótec, usanta ongumvikeli wenhlangano yabakhandi begolide. Enye i-pendant yenziwe ngamapuleti amane axhunywe elinye kwelinye ngamasongo futhi athweswe umqhele ngezinsimbi ezine ezinde.
Ipuleti eliphezulu libonisa inkambu yokudlala engokwesiko enonkulunkulu ababili abamele ububili baphakade kanye nogebhezi lwekhanda phakathi nendawo, eyesibili iyidiski yelanga, eyesithathu ifanekisela iNyanga kanti eyesine ifanekisela Umhlaba.
Kwabavubukuli abaningi, izingcezu ezivela e-Monte Albán ziwukuvezwa okuphezulu kobuciko, ubuchwepheshe kanye nobuhle bomhlaba wangaphambi kweSpanishi. Ikhono nokuphelela kweMixtec, eyadala amagugu acishe abe ngamakhulu amahlanu alokho okubizwa ngokuthi ithuna n. º 7 kuhlanganiswe nokuhluzeka nokusebenza.
Isibonelo salokhu yimisipha ye-pectoral, engasetshenziswa ngokuzimela noma ihlanganiswe ukuze yenze ikhola enkulu, imisipha yesifuba, okuyisibalo esigqoke imaski yomlomo enamazinyo angama-gaunt kanye nesigqoko sokuzivikela, okwenziwa entwasahlobo eyinkimbinkimbi.
Esifubeni kukhona umbhalo obhekisela ekulungisweni kwekhalenda kanye ne-cosmology yomzuzu womlando lapho izingcezu zenziwa khona.
eMexico
Ubuciko balokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Mexica bugqama ngenxa yesikhumbuzo sezithombe eziqoshiwe zamatshe, ezigqama ngedrama nobuhle bangempela.30 I-Pedra do Sol, i-Monolith Tlaltecuhtli, i-Monolith Coyolxauhqui kanye nokubazwa kukankulunkulukazi u-Coatlicue kuyabhekwa. izingcweti.. yezithombe zaseMexico.
Isakhiwo sezenkolo sase-Mexica sathuthukiswa ngokulandela imihlahlandlela yesiko laseMesoamerican, sinikeza njengento emisha ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli angamawele anezinyathelo ezimbili, njengesithombe semvelo ekabili yonkulunkulu baseMexico.
Kufanelekile ukugqamisa iMeya yeTemplo, eseMéxico-Tenochtitlán, ethathe indawo eyi-100 x 80 m futhi yafinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-40. Yanikezelwa ku-Huitzilopochtli no-Tlaloc, onkulunkulu be-Tenochcas. Esinye isakhiwo esivamile samaMexico kwakuyi-tzompantli, isakhiwo lapho izingebhezi zabahlatshelwe zazinqwabelana khona.
Ubuciko bepeni, olwenziwa abathandi, bungenye yezinkulumo ezimelela kakhulu futhi ezizinikele zobuciko zama-Aztec. Benza imihlobiso esekelwe egolideni, amatshe ayigugu nezimpaphe ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi i-quetzal.
Lezi zingubo zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa izithombe eziqoshiwe zonkulunkulu, ukwenza iminikelo noma njengezimpawu zezempi. Izingcezu ezivelele kakhulu zale plumeria zaziyingxenye yengcebo ka-Huey Tlatoani.
Isithombe sase-Mexica sidalwe ngu-Tlacuilo, abaculi abaphethe izithombe zamakhodi, imidwebo yase-Mexico kanye nezithombe eziqoshiwe. Ama-codex aseMexico ayenziwa ngamagobolondo athandwayo futhi apendwe ngodayi abahlukahlukene.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: