Sekube nempucuko namasiko amaningi emhlabeni, abe ukhiye obalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesintu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi nezinkolelo zabo kube ngokuyinhloko ifa labo emhlabeni. Aye aphawuleka kangangokuthi sikumema ukuba ufunde okwengeziwe ngalezi Amasiko omhlaba.
Amasiko Omhlaba Avelele
Uma sikhuluma ngesiko, sibhekisela egameni elibanzi neliphelele kakhulu lapho ukubonakaliswa okuhlukahlukene komuntu kubhekwa, ngokuphambene nezici zabo zofuzo noma zezinto eziphilayo, ezibhekwa "njengezemvelo"; nokho, iveza izindlela ezihlukene zokuqondana.
Isiko liyindlela yokwenza izinto ehlukile emphakathini, ngokuvamile enqunywa izici zawo eziyingqayizivele zesikhathi, indawo, nesiko. Ngakho-ke, lapho kukhulunywa ngesiko, kuphinde kwenziwe indlela ebheke endleleni yokubona impilo emphakathini, indlela yawo yokucabanga, yokuxhumana, yokwakha umphakathi kanye nochungechunge lwezimiso ezibalulekile, ezingaqala enkolweni. ukuziphatha, ubuciko, iphrothokholi, umthetho, umlando, umnotho, phakathi kokunye. Ngezincazelo ezithile, yonke into eyenziwa umuntu isiko.
Kodwa-ke, namuhla lo mqondo usetshenziswa kabanzi futhi ngokwentando yeningi, njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni ukuze sibhekisele kuzo zonke izici ezingokomoya, ezinengqondo nezenhlalo zesintu. Kuwo wonke umlando, kube namasiko amaningi omhlaba enze umehluko, ashiya igalelo lawo ezikhathini zamanje, phakathi kwawo sina:
AmaSumeri
Laba kwakungabantu bokuqala abahlala kulokho okwakungaba impucuko yokuqala: IMesophothamiya, leyo ndawo yezwe ephakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, nayo yaziwa njengendawo evundile. Nakuba isikhathi esiqondile sokuvela kwazo singaziwa, nokho, kukhona imikhondo yobukhona bazo kusukela ngo-3500 BC. C. Kule ndawo yilapho kwavela khona ukuhlaliswa kwabantu unomphela futhi umkhankaso wezolimo wasebenzisa ithuba lokuvunda komhlaba.
Baphinde basungula izifunda-dolobha zokuqala, eziholwa amakhosi. Baphinde babe ngabokuqala ukusebenzisa ukubhala, yileyo ndlela ngokubhala kwe-cuneiform abakha ngayo uhlelo lokuqala lwemithetho ebhaliwe futhi babengamaphayona ezifundweni zesayensi nezokwelapha; Kanye nabaseGibhithe, izakhiwo zezakhiwo zaseSumeriya zindala kakhulu emhlabeni.
AbaseGibhithe
Isiko laseGibhithe lasendulo lavela ncamashi eNyakatho Afrika ngemva nje kwamakoloni aseSumeri futhi lahlala cishe iminyaka eyi-3.000, kwaze kwaba yilapho kunqotshwa amaRoma. AbaseGibhithe benza intuthuko enkulu emikhakheni yolwazi njengezibalo, ezokwelapha, isayensi yezinkanyezi, nezokwakha.
Le mpucuko yathola ukuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ngemibhoshongo yayo, abanye abasathi nanamuhla ayizakhiwo zezidalwa eziphila kwamanye amazwe. Ngokufanayo, izindawo zayo ezingcwele nobuciko zigqama, ikakhulukazi imidwebo nezithombe ezihlotshiswe ngamathuna, lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu kwabaseGibhithe ngenxa yenkolelo yabo ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa. Ukwengeza, babenohlelo lwezomnotho oluncike kwezolimo, izimayini kanye nokuhwebelana nezinye izifunda.
Ugoqo wasendulo
Umsuka wale mpucuko unikezwe kusukela empucukweni yamaMinoan, evela okokuqala esiqhingini saseKrethe cishe ngonyaka wezi-3.000 BC. C. Umlando wayo ucaciswe ezikhathini eziyisithupha: i-Minoan, i-Mycenaean, i-Archaic, i-Classical ne-Hellenistic. IGrisi yaba omunye wemibuso emikhulu kakhulu eNtshonalanga ngaphambi kweRoma; laba babegcizelela kakhulu ifilosofi nokuphishekela ulwazi.
Abantu basendulo babengabanduleli ekusunguleni intando yeningi njengohlelo lwezombangazwe, futhi imiqondo yabo isacatshangelwa umphakathi wanamuhla, ngisho nanamuhla. Ngokufanayo, ubuciko kanye nezakhiwo zamaGreki asendulo kwakuyizinkomba ezibalulekile zezwe laseNtshonalanga.
China
Ibonakala njengenye yamasiko amadala kakhulu emhlabeni, ehlonishwa kakhulu ngefilosofi nobuciko bayo. Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-4.000, umbuso waseShayina wawungomunye wemibuso enamandla kakhulu ezwenikazi lase-Asia; lokhu kwakusebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sababusi, nakuba namuhla sisebenza ngaphansi kombuso obizwa ngegama lemisebenzi emine.
Njengamanje, iChina inamaqembu abomdabu angaphezu kwama-58. Ngokufanayo, kuqokonyiswa iminikelo yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu enjengobuTao, ubuConfucian, iphepha, ikhampasi.
I-Nordic
Isiko lamaNordic linesiqalo endaweni yayo yonke iNyakatho Yurophu, cishe ngonyaka wama-200 AD. C. Izinganekwane zabo zazijabulisa kakhulu, futhi kuthiwa ziyizinguqulo ezigcinwe kahle kakhulu zezinganekwane zamaJalimane; lezi zindaba kwabelwane ngazo ngomlomo ngamazwi.
Kusukela ngonyaka wama-700 AD. C., lempucuko yathuthela eGreat Britain, eGreenland, e-Iceland yaze yayofika eRussia, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi yaqala ukwaziwa ngokuthi amaViking. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi igama elithi "Viking" empeleni lalibhekisela kubuzalwane bamaqhawe ayehola ukunqoba.
Islamic
I-Islam isiko eliqala ngokuyinhloko ezisekelweni zayo zenkolo. Lokhu kunesiqalo, ngonyaka wama-622 ikakhulukazi eMecca lapho umprofethi u-Mohammed engumholi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ingxenye esempumalanga ye-Asia kanye nendawo esenyakatho ye-Afrika; ulimi lwabo isi-Arabhu. Njengoba ineziqondiso ezisebenzayo ezisebenza ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, le nkolo ibusa ngokuphawulekayo umthetho kanye nesimiso sezombusazwe nezomnotho sezwe lama-Arab.
IKoran iwumsebenzi wakhe ongcwele obhaliwe, lapho umlayezo ka-Allah uqukethwe khona; Baye banquma ukuthi umthandazo wansuku zonke uyisisekelo senkolo yabo, kanye nokuzila ukudla nokunamathela ezimisweni zenkolo yabo.
Maya
AmaMeya ayeyimpucuko ebaluleke kakhulu endaweni ehlanganisa yonke iMesoamerica, yasungulwa ikakhulukazi eningizimu yeMexico, eGuatemala, eBelize, eHonduras nase-El Salvador. Isikhathi saso sakudala saqala cishe ngo-8.000 BC. C., kodwa kwaze kwaba ngu-2.000 a. C. ngesikhathi sakudala esaqala ukuvela kwalokho okwaziwa manje ngokuthi isiko lamaMayan.
Laba njengengxenye yamasiko abo, babetshala ukudla okunjengobhontshisi nommbila; babengamaqhawe futhi lokhu kuqeqeshwa kwaba nendima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babengabafundi abakhulu bezehlakalo zemvelo, izibalo, futhi bathuthukise uhlelo lokubhala oluthuthuke kakhulu eMelika. Ukunyamalala kwale mpucuko kwenzeka cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu yokunqotshwa kweSpain, lapho kwawa khona elinye lamadolobha alo abaluleke kakhulu iChichén Itzá, inqaba yokugcina yempucuko yamaMayan.
Inca
Babeyimpucuko ebaluleke kakhulu endaweni eseningizimu ye-pre-Columbian America, ikakhulukazi bathatha amazwe asePeru, nokho, bakwazi ukusabalala cishe kuzo zonke iziNtaba zase-Andes. Umsuka wayo uhlehlela emuva cishe ku-1.200 AD. C. futhi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba unyaka ka-1525. Inkolo yabo yayikholelwa onkulunkulu abaningi, babekhulekela izici zemvelo njengonkulunkulu futhi ulimi lwabo kwakuyisiQuechua.
Laba-ke babenebutho elikhulu, uhlelo lwezokuthutha oluthuthuke kakhulu nelokuthumela imiyalezo, kanye nokuba nekhono ngokukhethekile ekuhleleni amadolobha. Elinye lamafa aziwa kakhulu ama-Inca kwakuyisakhiwo esihle saseMachu Picchu, esisendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-2.490.
I-Yanomami
Ingelinye lamaqembu abomdabu amakhulu kakhulu namuhla. AmaYanomami atholakala phakathi kwesifunda sase-Amazonas eVenezuela kanye nendawo esenyakatho, ikakhulukazi emazweni ase-Amazonia eBrazil. Bangama-semi-nomadic, ukudla kwabo kusekelwe ikakhulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kukabhanana, ama-yam kanye neminye imifino, ngaphezu kokuzingela nokudoba.
Ukumelwa kokufa, kanye namasiko omngcwabo, kubaluleke kakhulu kuleli siko; Kulezi zigigaba, owaziwa kakhulu wukugwinywa komlotha kwezihlobo ezingasekho, lapho ezisuke zifikelwa umuzwa wokuthi zibuyisela umoya wazo emndenini. Nakuba isiko le-Yanomami lingenakho ukuqashelwa okufanayo nempucuko enkulu yaseMelika, ukubaluleka kwayo okuyinhloko kusekubongeni nenhlonipho abanayo ngoMama Womhlaba kanye nezinsiza zakhe.
Isiko laseNtshonalanga
Nakuba lokhu mhlawumbe kungelinye lamasiko amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, isiko laseNtshonalanga yesimanje ngokuqinisekile lihlanganisa ingxenye ebalulekile yemiphakathi yaseYurophu neyaseMelika, ngisho nokuzibophezela kwamanye amasiko ayisisekelo. Ngokuvamile, singasho ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwefa lamasiko angaphambilini njengefilosofi yamaGreki, ukuziphatha kweJudeo-Christian, ubuciko beRenaissance kanye nombono wezenhlalo weFrench Enlightenment.
Isiko laseNtshonalanga lihlobene eduze ne-capitalism kanye nemibono yokusetshenziswa, futhi lingathathwa njengesiko lokubusa amakoloni, njengoba selihlanganise ngisho nengxenye yezwekazi lase-Asia, lokhu kungenye yezimpande zamasiko ezihlonishwa kakhulu.
ITolteca
Phakathi nezinguquko eMesoamerica, phakathi kuka-650 no-800 AD, kwavela isiko leToltec eliyinganekwane, elinobuqili neqhawe. Impucuko evela esizweni samaChichimeca, esanquma ukushiya enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico futhi yahlala ethafeni elimaphakathi, lapho ezinye zezifunda zamanje zitholakala, njenge: Mexico, Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, Puebla, phakathi kwezinye. Ukuthuthuka kwayo kwanwetshwa ngesikhathi se-Mesoamerican classic kanye nenkathi ye-postclassic, okungukuthi, ukusuka ku-800 kuya ku-1.200 AD.
Igama lesiNahuatl lesiToltec lifanekisela abaklami bezakhiwo abangochwepheshe, ngalo mqondo, enhloko-dolobha yabo i-Tollan-Xicocotitlan, bahlakulela izisekelo zemvelo yasenganekwaneni futhi bazibonakalisa ngolwazi olukhulu lwezenkolo nolwezinkanyezi, okuyinto ikakhulukazi eyathonya bonke abantu bomdabu baseMesoamerican. Ngale ndlela, engxenyeni enkulu yeMesoamerica, ukuba nozalo lwamaToltec kwakumelela inhlonipho negunya.
I-Nazca
Impucuko yavela ezigodini zalokho manje okuyi-Ica endaweni yasePeru, neCahuachi njengesihlalo esiyinhloko salesi siko. Lokhu kwavela phakathi kwekhulu lokuqala nelesi-XNUMX, kwaba ngesinye sezindawo zasendulo eziphawuleka kakhulu eMelika. Nakuba babengochwepheshe bendwangu kanye ne-ceramics, umnikelo wabo odume kakhulu imigqa ye-Nazca edumile, uchungechunge lwama-geoglyphs atholakala ePampas de Jumana, emele izibalo ezinkulu zejometri, abantu nezilwane.
Tiwanaku
AmaTiahuanaco, njengoba ebizwa kanjalo, ayewumphakathi owawuhlala eduze kweLake Titicaca, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseLa Paz, entshonalanga yeBolivia. Leli kwakuyiqembu lohlanga lwangaphambi kwe-Inca, elasekela ukuthuthukiswa kwalo komnotho ngokuyinhloko ekufuyweni kwezilwane nezolimo. Ngokufanayo, babenomqondo othuthuke kakhulu wezobuchwepheshe kanye nezakhiwo, njengoba kufakazelwa izinsalela zasendulo ze-Tiwanaku, isihlalo esingokomoya nezombusazwe salesi siko.
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