Iplanethi enguMhlaba yakhiwe izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokucebisa umhlaba wonke, okugqamisa i-Terrestrial Ecosystem lapho kwethulwa khona izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezibamba iqhaza ochungechungeni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo nolubalulekile emhlabeni, usazise isihloko esilandelayo konke okuhlobene nalesi simiso semvelo.
Yini i-ecosystem?
Iplanethi enguMhlaba yakhiwe ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezindawo ezifana nezingwadule, izinkangala, amahlathi, imifula, izilwandle, phakathi kwezinye eziningi, ezinikeza ukuhlukahluka, ubuhle kanye nobunye ezindaweni ezahlukene, kuhambisana nezinhlobonhlobo eziphilayo ezibhekele ukuyigcwalisa ukuze kukhiqize indawo eyingqayizivele nengenakuqhathaniswa, okugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi ngayinye inesimo sezulu esihluke kakhulu, isimo sendawo kanye nomlando, okwenza ubuhle beplanethi yethu bube bungenakuqhathaniswa.
Yonke le mikhakha yeplanethi ijwayele ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-ecosystem, ethathwa njengohlelo lwebhayoloji olwakhiwe izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala ndawonye futhi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlala nokuhlala ndawonye, ukuza yakha imvelo.okubonakalayo ukuthi zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zinesibopho sokuhlala kuzo, kulokhu kugqanyiswa ukuthi izimo zohlobo lwempilo zinesibopho sokwenza umehluko phakathi kwendawo ngayinye eyizungezile.
I-ecosystem inesibopho sokwenza iqoqo lamaketango azimele, lapho ukuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlanganisa izitshalo nezilwane ezakha i-ecosystem kungaba khona, kuyilapho izici ze-abiotic zigqama njengalezo zingxenye ezisesimweni samakhemikhali nangokwenyama ezingenakho ukuphila. njengamanzi, umoya, inhlabathi, isimo sezulu, phakathi kokunye.
Iplanethi enguMhlaba inezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo ezizungeza yonke iplanethi, zihlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-aquatic ecosystem (ehilela ulwandle nawo wonke amanzi ezwekazi ahlanzekile nanosawoti), i-ecosystem (ehambisana nazo zonke lezo zitshalo ezimila kuzo). nezilwane zikhula phansi) kanye nemvelo exubile noma eyingxubevange (lezi yilezo zindawo ezinezindawo zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni njengamaxhaphozi noma amahlathi).
I-ecosystem yomhlaba
Kulokhu sizogqamisa yonke into mayelana ne-terrestrial ecosystem enesibopho sokuhlanganisa izindawo eziningi zokuhlala ezigqamayo emhlabeni, lapho ungabona izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, izitshalo nezilwane ezihlanganisa umhlaba wonke, ezimele ukuthwala konke. izinqubo zayo zebhayoloji enhlabathini noma endaweni engaphansi; kanye nokwemboza izinto ezinjengomswakama, izinga lokushisa, ukuphakama kanye nobubanzi.
Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kubangele ukungqubuzana ngenxa yokuthi kungokwezinto eziphilayo ezixubile noma ezixubile, ngoba umoya ungahileleka kulolu hlobo lwendawo, futhi umbozwe njengento ezimele endaweni ezungezile yasemhlabeni. Kubhekwa njengohlobo lwe-ecosystem engaba nenani elikhulu lokunotha kwebhayoloji ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezici ezihilelekile.
Isici sawo esiyinhloko sisezindaweni eziphuma ngaphandle nasezilwaneni ezinesibopho sokuhlala ngaphakathi kwesimiso semvelo sasemhlabeni, esiphawuleka kakhulu ngokukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene ezinikezwayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu, ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukuthintana kwelanga, ukuxhumana ngokuqondile. nezakhi nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla, kuhlanganise nalezo zinhlobo ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nazo zonke lezo zinguquko ezingazelelwe ezibhekana nezinhlobo ezingaphakathi kwezindawo ezihlala kuzo, zize zibangele nokuba ezinye zigcine zifuduka noma zivele zishabalala.
Zonke izindawo zokuhlala ze-ecosystem yasemhlabeni ziphethe ukumbozwa yizo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezakha iplanethi engumhlaba, okuhlanganisa izilwane kanye nezitshalo eziphethe ukukhula nokukhula emhlabathini kanye nomhlabathi ongaphansi, ngenxa yalokho. kulokhu Kubhekwa njenge-ecosystem enezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokuthi inothile ngenani elikhulu lezingxenye ezicebisa zonke izakhiwo zayo.
Izindawo ezihlukene ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha i-ecosystem yasemhlabeni zingakwazi ukwaziwa ngokuthi i-biosphere, lapho inesibopho sokuhlalwa yizo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, zihluke ngokuphelele ku-ecosystem yasemanzini lapho bonke abantu befana kakhulu, ngenkathi I-ecosystem yasemhlabeni iveza izici ezihlukahlukene kakhulu futhi lokhu kubalulwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezisebenzisanayo kuyo, njengokukhanya, amanzi kanye nenhlobonhlobo yemisoco.
Ukugcizelela ngaso sonke isikhathi izici zayo eziyinhloko lapho zinikeza imifino kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane, ezidinga ezinye izakhi ezinjengamanzi ukuze zikhiphe amanzi, kugcizelela ngaso sonke isikhathi isidingo sokuba khona kwakho konke ukuze ukuphila kuthuthuke kulesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo. Lapho begxila khona ukuthi i-terrestrial ecosystem ihlukaniswa ngemikhakha eyahlukene.
Izici
Kufanele kuqashelwe ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi i-ecosystem ibhekwa njengohlobo lwesistimu yezinhlelo zebhayoloji, ezizuzwa izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zebhayoloji ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-abiotic factor, anesibopho sokumboza zonke lezo zingxenye zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezingenakuphila. eyakho kodwa ibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwayo ku-ecosystem njengomoya, inhlabathi, amanzi kanye nokunye. Ngenkathi izici ze-biotic ezinesibopho sokumboza zonke lezo zidalwa eziphilayo ziyingxenye yezitshalo nezilwane zomhlaba.
Izici ze-Abiotic zinesibopho sokunquma izinhlobo ezahlukene zempilo emhlabeni lapho zinesibopho sokusebenzisana ekuthuthukisweni kwempilo yezinhlobo zezitshalo nezinhlobo zezilwane ezahlukahlukene. Ukugqamisa izici ezilandelayo ezivezwe ngezansi:
- Isimo sezulu, esihlanganisa imvula, ukuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa, ukucindezela komkhathi, ukukhanya kwelanga.
- Umhlabathi, obhekele ukunikeza izakhiwo zikasawoti, ukuvunda kanye nokuhluzwa kwemisoco namanzi.
- Ukunikezwa komswakama kanye nokuba khona kwamanzi ezimeni zezulu ezihlukahlukene.
- ukuhlukahluka kokuphumula
- Ukutholakala kwemisoco ekhona emhlabathini nakwezinye izingxenye ze-ecosystem.
Endabeni yezinto eziphilayo, zinesibopho sokuhlanganisa zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kusukela ezintweni ezincane kuya ekukhulumeni kwezilwane nezitshalo. Lolu hlobo lwe-de facto lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba lunesibopho sokuhlinzeka nge-oxygen edingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphila emhlabeni, okubalulekile ekugcinweni kokuphila emhlabeni wonke.
I-morphology ye-terrestrial ecosystem ihlanganisa enye yemizimba emikhulu lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhamba ngezindlela ezahlukene noma izindawo lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zivame ukukhasa, ukugijima, ukundiza, phakathi kokunye. Kulokhu, lezo zilwane ezidla utshani nazo ziyagqama, ezihambisana nalezo ezidla izitshalo ezinjengezinyamazane, izinyamazane, izimbuzi, izindlovu, phakathi kwabanye. Izilwane ezidla inyama zinakekela lezo zilwane ezidla inyama futhi ngokuvamile zizingela ezinye izinhlobo zamabhubesi, amahlosi, izimpisi, izingwenya, izinkozi, phakathi kwezinye. Izilwane ezi-omnivorous ezihambisana nalezo zinhlobo ezivame ukudla inyama kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezifana namabhere, izimpungushe, izingulube, izinja, phakathi kwezinye.
Izinhlobo ze-ecosystems
Ama-ecosystems asemhlabeni ahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezihlukene ikakhulukazi kuye ngazo zonke izici ze-abiotic ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwendawo, okunomthelela ekwakhiweni kongqimba lwemifino okuzoba yiyona ehamba phambili ku-ecosystem, okuvumela ukwakheka kobudlelwane be-trophic, okumelela indawo yokuhlala eyinhloko. kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, okubangela ukulawulwa okukhulu kwesimo sezulu nezinye izici ezikhona emhlabeni.
Ukugcizelela ngaso sonke isikhathi izitshalo nezilwane ezikhona ku-ecosystem, okuzovumela ukujwayela okuhle kwendawo ehlala kuyo, okugqamisa ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu ze-topology kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwazo njalo, okugqamisa ukuthi izindawo eziyinhloko indawo ye-ecosystem ibalwe ngezansi:
Izingwadule
Izingwadule zibhekwa njengohlobo lwe-ecosystem yasemhlabeni lapho kunezitshalo nezilwane ezincane kakhulu, lokhu kuye kwathiwa kungenxa yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, esizotholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezindaweni ezipholile, nezinkathi ezibandayo kakhulu nasezintabeni. . Ukuzicabangela njengesimo sezulu esomile kakhulu futhi sibonakala ngokuba nokuphila okuncane kakhulu.
Izingwadule ezishisayo yilezo ezijwayeleke kakhulu kuzo zonke lezo zindawo ezitholakala zinezimo zezulu ezishisayo, ziqaphela ukuthi azilethi imvula; Izingwadule ezishisayo ezaziwa ngokuthi "i-indlandsis" zikhona ngendlela eyeqisayo, zigqama kakhulu ngokufinyelela imikhawulo ezindaweni eziqandisiwe namazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, zibuka iqhwa nezintaba ezifanayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezingwadule emhlabeni lapho zibonakala khona ngokwezinga lokushisa elivezwa emini nasebusuku, ezinye izici eziyinhloko umswakama kanye nemvula encane, ezihlukanisa ngezici ezihlukahlukene ezivezwe ngezansi. :
- Zinezihlahla noma izihlahlana ezinamahlamvu ambalwa kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ziqinile kakhulu.
- Izimila zawo zivame ukuba namahlamvu ayinyama kakhulu, yingakho yaziwa ngokuthi umdolofiya.
- Izitshalo zamanje zihlukahlukene kakhulu, yilezo kuphela ezikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu.
- Amaqabunga awo ngokuvamile mancane kakhulu futhi amelana nokushoda kwamanzi, yingakho lezi zinhlobo zaziwa ngokuthi i-cacti, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokukwazi ukugcina uketshezi ngaphakathi kwazo futhi imisipha yazo ngokuvamile isiza ukuvimbela ukulahlekelwa yikho.
- Zimbalwa kakhulu izinhlobo ezifana nezimvemvane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
Sama
Ama-moors abhekwa njengendawo ye-ecosystem eveza ukungabikho kwezihlahla, okubhekwa kuzo kuphela ama-mosses kanye nama-lichens, kanye nezihlahla ezithile; Zihambisana nendawo enesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ziveza inhlabathi engaphansi eyiqhwa. Angakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-tundra futhi abonakala ngomoya obandayo, ngisho neqhwa nenkungu unyaka wonke kanye nomhlabathi owomile.
Izitshalo zayo ngokuvamile zakhiwe yizo zonke lezo zinhlobo ezingapheli, ngisho nezitshalo ze-herbaceous, kuhlanganise nezihlahlana, ubulembu notshani. Kulolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem yasemhlabeni ngokuvamile kuba khona amadada, amagundane, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyamazane, amajuba, amabhere, phakathi kokunye. Phakathi kwama-paramo ahlukahlukene omhlaba, lawo ase-Argentina avelele, aziwa kakhulu ngezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezinhlobo ezihlala kuwo, ngokuvamile anezinwele eziningi nezinwele zokuzivikela emakhazeni.
Amashidi ombhede
Yilezo zindawo ezakheke ngokuphelele, izinhlobo zezihlahla ezimbalwa kakhulu futhi ngenxa yokuthi zakhiwe izimfunda lapho ngokuvamile zakhiwa khona izindawo ezinotshani, lapho kutholakala khona izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezinkomo, ezifinyelela ezilwaneni ezivelele kakhulu neziyingqayizivele. Kulolu hlobo lwendawo yokuhlala, eminye imikhuba efana nemfuyo kanye nokuzalanisa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuvame ukuba namandla.
Ngokuvamile beza ukuzoveza izinhlobo ezimbili zezimo zezulu ezifana nezimvula eziphawuleka kakhulu futhi ezinamandla, futhi ezidingeka kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezilwane nezitshalo emhlabeni. Ngokuvamile imikhakha ethinteka kakhulu ekungcolisweni kanye nokuqhubeka nokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza ngumuntu. Zingabizwa ngokuthi izizinda ezinotshani notshani, okuwuhlobo lwendawo lapho zivamise ukuba khona kwezitshalo ezinesimo sezulu esinezimo eziwugwadule.
Amahlathi
Ihambisana ne-ecosystem eyinhloko noma ebaluleke kakhulu lapho impilo ikhula ngenani elikhulu lezihlahla, izihlahlana nezihlahla. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziguquguqukayo ezakha lolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem njengehlathi, iMedithera kanye nehlathi elishisayo. Iqokomisa izitshalo zayo ngezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezihlahla nezilwane zayo zokusingatha izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane kanye nenani elikhulu lezimila, ezizohlukaniswa njengamahlathi avulekile (ukufinyelela kalula kubantu) futhi avaliwe (ukufinyelela okunzima kwabantu) .
Amahlathi izindawo ezihlala kakhulu izihlahla, lapho ungathola khona izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezizwela kakhulu umswakama, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ziba nobulembu obuningi nezimo ezizivikelayo, futhi ezivelele ngokuba nezinga lokushisa elingaba phakathi kwamashumi amabili. -XNUMX degrees Celsius; izinto eziphilayo nezilwane ezinhlobonhlobo ngokuvamile azivamile futhi ziyahlukahluka.
Izinhlobo zamahlathi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezwe noma isifunda lapho kutholakala khona, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zamahlathi, naphezu kokugcina isimo esifana kakhulu nesicishe sifane; okugqamisa ukubaluleka kwalolu hlobo lwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zasemhlabeni, imvamisa lusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi luthintwa abantu ukuthola izinkuni ezenzeka kulezi zindawo, okuholela ekunyamaleni kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezindawo ezinamahlathi ngenxa yokugawulwa ngokungakhethi.
Izilwane Ezikhona Ku-Terrestrial Ecosystem
Ubuningi obukhulu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zasemhlabeni ezikhona emhlabeni zitholakala ku-ecosystem yasemhlabeni, okuyizinhlobo eziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kweminyaka futhi zajwayelana nezimo zezulu nezindawo zesifunda ngasinye, lapho uhlobo lwezinhlobo ezivame ukukhasa khona ( izinyoka), gijima (izilwane ezifuywayo nezilwane ezincelisayo), hamba (indoda) ngisho nokundiza (izinyoni nezinambuzane); ukuza ukuzokwethula izinhlobo ezahlukene zempilo nezinhlobo ezigcwele i-ecosystem yasemhlabeni.
Zonke izinhlobo zinento efanayo nokuthi zidinga ukuba khona komoya-mpilo, ngoba zonke zinamaphaphu ukuze zikwazi ukugcina izitho zazo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuphila, ngaphezu kwalokho zivame ukudla izilwane ezincane kanye nezinye ezitshalweni, ezidalwe. iketango lokudla elimele ibhalansi yokuthuthukiswa kwempilo.
Izilwane ze-ecosystem yasemhlabeni ngokuvamile ziyahlukahluka komunye nomunye, ngakho-ke inokwakheka kwangaphakathi enakho emzimbeni wayo, nokuba khona kwemisebenzi ebalulekile egcina umzimba wayo, ihlukaniswa ngezilwane ezinomgogodla (zinesakhiwo samathambo esakhiwe uqwanga izilwane ezincelisayo) kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla (Azinaso isakhiwo sangaphakathi, njengezikelemu). Zingabuye zihlukaniswe ngokudla kokudla, kuye ngohlobo lwezakhamzimba ezizisebenzisayo:
Izilwane ezidla inyama
Ihambisana nezilwane ezivame ukudla inyama yezinye izinto eziphilayo noma izinhlobo zezilwane, lapho ngokuyidla zikhipha umsoco namandla kuzo ukuze ziphile. Lolu hlobo lwesilwane ludinga igazi nenyama ukuze luphile futhi lulondoloze ukwakheka kwemisipha, lolu hlobo lwezilwane lunamazinyo nezinzipho ukuze lukwazi ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwalolu hlobo lwezilwane futhi ludle inyama yezinhlobo ezincane. Lolu hlobo lwezilwane ezifana nezimpisi, amahlosi, amabhubesi, phakathi kwezinye.
Izitshalo ezidliwayo
Ihambisana nohlobo lwezinhlobo ezinesibopho sokudla izinhlobo zezitshalo nezitshalo, ngokuba lolu hlobo lwezilwane zinesisu lapho kulula kakhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu izinqubo zokugaya ukudla lapho ngesikhathi sokudla izakhi ezivela ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Phakathi kwalolu hlobo lwezinhlobo, kugqama izimbuzi, i-oats, izindlovu, amahhashi nezinye. Lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo ngokuvamile aludli izitshalo kuphela kodwa nezithelo nezimbali.
ama-omnivores
Ihambisana nezilwane zasemhlabeni ezinokudla okuxubile okukhulu, lapho zidla imifino nenyama, zinesimiso sokugaya ukudla esithuthuke kakhulu kunezilwane ezidla uhlaza ezikhona kodwa ezingathuthukisiwe njengezilwane ezidla inyama, kulolu hlobo lwamabhere agqamile. , izingulube , intshe, phakathi kwabanye.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Indlela yokunakekela iplanethi