Ithafa le-Amazon yasePeru yilokho okwaziwa ngokuthi iSelva Baja, ihlathi lase-Amazonian elishisayo noma i-Omagua. Lesi sifunda sitholakala endaweni ephakeme phakathi kwamamitha angu-80 kuya kwangu-500 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Ihlathi Eliphansi liphinde libizwe ngegama lendabuko elithi Omagua, okusho ukuthi "isifunda sezinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile", ngenxa ye-ichthyofauna ecebile yemifula emikhulu ewela kuyo. Ngikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne-Selva Baja Nezimpawu zayo.
Ihlathi Eliphansi
I-Selva Baja iyithafa lase-Amazonia elitholakala ePeru, elakhiwe ithafa elikhulu le-alluvial futhi elihlukaniswe phakathi kwesifunda se-biogeographical yehlathi lemvula elishisayo. Leli Hlathi Eliphansi laziwa nangokuthi isifunda sase-Omagua noma ihlathi elishisayo lase-Amazonian futhi litholakala ePeru emthambekeni osempumalanga wezintaba zase-Andes, eduze nomngcele waseBrazil. Yindawo ephakathi kwamamitha angu-80 no-500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, ukukhululeka kwayo kuyisicaba futhi kumila uhlaza oluminyene olumila lapho, olumbozwa yinqwaba yemifula ewela kuyo.
Iwela imifula emikhulu kakhulu okuthi, ngenxa yokuthambekela okuphansi kwaleli thafa le-alluvial, ichaze amajika noma amajika agqamile, phakathi nendawo nangaphansi kwemifula. Le mifula yakha ama-eddies noma ama-muyuna abangela ukuthi inkambo yawo ishintshe ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokunjalo, imifula iyindlela yokuxhumana esetshenziswa kakhulu.
Kulesi sifunda, i-ecosystem ehamba phambili yi-"Bosque de Várzea" futhi okuhlukile kwayo ukuthi iyithafa eliyi-alluvial noma ihlathi eligcwele amanzi. Ngokudabula i-Selva Baja kunemigodi yemifula edla izindwani yase-Amazon engenhla, i-Ucayali, iMarañón neMadre de Dios, enqamula iPeru neBolivia, kanye neminye imifula emincane engenela e-Amazon yasePeru nakweminye imifula iYuruá nePurús. lokho kuvela eBrazil. I-Iquitos itholakala kulesi sifunda endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaba ngu-100, enesimo sendawo esiyisicaba esiveza ukuguquguquka okuncane.
I-Low Jungle Relief
Leli hlathi elishisayo lase-Amazon linempumuzo eyisicaba cishe kuyo yonke indawo yalo. Lapho amathafa akhiwe ngobude obungekho ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-400 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Lesi sifunda siyithafa le-alluvial, leli hlathi elishisayo lase-Amazon lakhiwa umthelela woMfula i-Amazon, kanye nomthelela wemifula yawo. Lokhu kungenelela komfula i-Amazon ekubunjweni kwawo yikhona okunike leli hlathi eliphansi igama. Kuyo yonke i-Selva Baja kunezindawo ezimbalwa zokuma kwezwe:
- Indawo yezikhukhula noma i-Tahuampas ehlala ngaphansi kwamanzi unyaka wonke.
- I-Zona Restingas indawo ephakeme kakhulu, egcwele izikhukhula ngezikhathi zezikhukhula zemifula.
- Indawo okungezona izikhukhula noma i-Alto, lapho kukhona ama-moor nalapho izakhamuzi ezincane zendabuko zesifunda zihlala khona.
- I-Amazon Hills noma i-Filos, lapho ingaphezulu lomhlaba likhuphuka kancane.
Isimo sezulu sayo
Isimo sezulu sayo sifudumele, sinomswakama ophezulu wemvelo, kanye nemvula eningi. Izinga lokushisa lehlathi eliphansi noma i-Omagua, isilinganiso sonyaka se-24 ° C, ukushisa kunamandla kakhulu emini. Ngo-1963, u-41°C wabhalwa kule ndawo, okuye kwaba izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu ePeru, endaweni yaseNeshuya, endleleni eya ePucallpa. Izimvula eziningi kulesi sifunda.
Isilinganiso semvula onyakeni sihluka phakathi kwamamilimitha ayi-1.000 kuya ku-5.000, ngenxa yala manani emvula iyingxenye yezindawo ezinemvula kakhulu emhlabeni. Ihlathi Eliphansi ligqama ngenani elikhulu lamafu akha phezu kwalesi sifunda. Lawa mafu akhiwa isenzo se-Trade Winds evela e-Atlantic Slope, kusukela eMpumalanga kuya ngasentshonalanga, ishayisana ngasohlangothini olusempumalanga ye-Andes.
Lawa mafu lapho ekhuphuka ukuze anqamule iziNtaba Zase-Andes, afinyelela ezindaweni ezisemkhathini lapho amazinga okushisa ephansi kakhulu, ngakho ayajiya futhi abangele imvula. Amafu akhayo awuhlobo lwe-cumulus-nimbus ngenxa yokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ukusuka ekufudumaleni kuye kubanda futhi abangele iziphepho ezinamandla noma iziphepho kanye nomoya onamandla, imvula, umbani, izinhlansi nokuduma. Uma liyeka ukuna futhi, izinga lokushisa lihlala liphezulu kakhulu.
Izifunda zesimo sezulu
Indawo ye-Selva Baja, etholakala enyakatho ye-10 ° eningizimu ye-latitude, igcina umswakama ophezulu unyaka wonke, ngokungafani nengxenye eseningizimu ye-Selva Baja, okubuye kube isifunda esishisayo kodwa esinezinkathi zonyaka.
Isimo sezulu seHlathi Eliphansi elinomswakama sibonakala ngokuba nesimo sezulu esinomswakama se-equatorial, esinemvula unyaka wonke, esihlukaniswe njenge-Af ngokohlelo lwe-Köppen. Kuyihlathi lasenkabazwe lasePeru futhi iyindawo esenyakatho yeSelva Baja, itholakala enyakatho yomnyango waseLoreto kanye nomnyango wase-Ucayali, Amazonas, San Martín kanye neHuánuco.
Isimo sezulu sase-Lower Jungle endaweni yayo eseningizimu singokwesizini. Itholakala eningizimu-mpumalanga yomnyango weMadre de Dios kanye nezifunda zeminyango yase-Ucayali, Cusco kanye nePuno. Isimo sezulu sesifunda esiseningizimu singaphakathi kwebanga elishisayo noma elishisayo kanye nesimo sezulu se-savannah, futhi sikhonjwe ngokuthi Aw. Kule ndawo ngenyanga kungenzeka ukubhalisa umthamo wemvula engaphansi kwamamilimitha angu-60 emvula.
I-Flora yesifunda sase-Omagua
Izitshalo zeHlathi Eliphansi zinerejista yezinhlobo zezihlahla ezingaba ngu-2.500 ezihlukaniswa ngemindeni nezinhlobo ezahlukene. Izimila zayo ikakhulukazi ihlathi le-arboreal tropical, elinobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angama-60. Phakathi kwezitshalo ezikhula eHlathini Eliphansi, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlahla zesundu, ama-ferns, ama-liana, ama-ishpingos noma ama-oki amaCreole, ama-mahogany, umoba wasendle, ama-lupunas noma ama-ceibas, phakathi kwabanye. Kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-epiphyte njengezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-orchid.
Izimila ze-Selva Baja yizona ezivame emahlathini ezindawo ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo kanye nomswakama ophezulu wemvelo. Izihlahla ezinezitho ezijwayele ukuthatha ukukhanya, njengamaqabunga azo abanzi, ziyakhula futhi zikhule kuzo. Lokhu uma kubhekwa ngokwendawo yehlathi lapho izinhlobo zezihlahla zikhula khona, kuba nokuncintisana okuthe xaxa okuvela emthonjeni wokukhanya kwelanga. Ngokufanayo, ngenxa yemvula eningi, lezi zihlahla zine-stomata zokujuluka, ukuze zilawule amanzi ngaphakathi kwezitshalo, futhi zikwazi ukuphefumula.
Izilwane zase-Omagua
Njengoba nje izitshalo zasehlathini eziphansi ziziningi, nezilwane zakhona nazo zihlukahlukene kakhulu. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, igama lendabuko Lehlathi Eliphansi lithi Omagua, uma kubhekwa ukunotha kwezilwane zayo zezinhlanzi, ngenxa yobuningi bemifula nemingenela yoMfula i-Amazon, eyakha leli hlathi le-alluvial futhi liwela kulo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasemhlabeni nazo ziyavela. Ngezansi kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kuleli hlathi eliphansi.
Inhlanzi yakho noma ichthyofauna
Phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezizalwa futhi zithuthuke emifuleni yaleli Hlathi Eliphansi, kukhona ama-paiche (i-arapaima gigas), okuyinhlanzi enkulu impela, edla izinhlanzi ezincane noma izilwane ezincane eziwela emifuleni. I-black cahama (I-Colossoma macropomum), lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lunomkhuba wokufuduka futhi ngenxa yalokhu, lubhukuda lukhuphuke nemifula ngesikhathi sasehlobo. Iwuhlobo olwethulwe ezwenikazi lase-Asia. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-sábalo (I-Prochilodus lineatus), inhlanzi eluhlaza okotshani empunga, engaba amasentimitha angama-60 futhi inesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayisi-6.
izinhlobo ezincelisayo
Kuleli hlathi kukhona i-sachavaca noma i-tapir (ama-tapirs aphansi), okuyisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke eNingizimu Melika, esiyingxenye yeTapiridae. Ziyizilwane ezingaba nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-300, zidla imifino ngokusebenzisa i-proboscis yazo, okuwumshini wazo wokuhogela ohambayo. Kukhona futhi isilwane esincelisayo somndeni we-Tayassuidae, esaziwa ngokuthi yi-peccary, ingulube ene-collar, i-javelin noma i-collared peccary (peccary tajacu), elingamasentimitha angaba ngu-50 lapho libuna.
I-Huangana, i-peccary enezindebe ezimhlophe, i-lipped peccary, i-huangana, i-manao, i-cafuche, enegama lesayensi elithi Tayassu peccary, ebonakala ngokuveza ibala elimhlophe njengentshebe ezungeze umboko noma ikhala. I-ronsoco, i-capybara, i-chigüire (IHydrochoerus hydrochaeris), emndenini wakwaCaviidae, iyigundane elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elikhula ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ibonakala ngokungabi nawo umsila futhi inekhanda elibanzi nelikhulu. I-otorongo, i-jaguar, i-Peruvian jaguar (I-Panthera onca), okuyisilwane esincelisayo esiyizinsikazi nesidla inyama, esikhulu futhi esinamachashaza amnyama noboya obuphuzi, uhlobo olusengozini yokushabalala.
i-avifauna yayo
Phakathi kwezinyoni ongazibheka futhi uzindle eSelva Baja kukhona ama-macaws (Lesisemkhatsini spp.), zezinhlobo ezahlukene, ezingamalungu omndeni wakwaPsittacidae, okuyizinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezinemibala ehlukahlukene egqamile. Ziyizinyoni ezinkulu ezihamba ngambili, ngenxa yobuhle bazo ziyizinyoni ezisongelwa abantu ngokuzingela noma ukuzibamba nokuzigcina njengezilwane ezifuywayo.
Phakathi kwezinyoni zasehlathini eliphansi, kukhona nezinhlobo ezahlukene zopholi, okuyizinyoni zomndeni wakwaPsittacidae, ezifana nama-macaw kodwa zincane futhi zinemisila emifushane, njengezinhlobo zopholi bohlobo. Amazon sp. Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezaziwa nangokuthi i-Pauji yohlobo I-Crax spp., okuyizinyoni zohlelo lwe-Galliformes lomndeni wakwaCracidae, ezimnyama ngombala futhi zinkulu. Ezinye izinyoni ezibonwayo ama-mountain guans (i-penelope emnyama), ye-Galliformes oda, esengozini yokushabalala ngenxa yokuzingela.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo
Phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-caiman zohlobo zizobhekwa (ingwenya spp.), ngokufanayo, inyoka yenyoka e (I-Bothrops atrox) okuyinyoka enesihlungu yomndeni wakwaViperidae. Ufudu olubizwa ngokuthi i-charapa nalo luhlala kuleso sifunda. (i-Podocnemis expansa), Ibonakala ngentamo yayo emide, njengenyoka, bahlala emanzini emifuleni yase-Amazonian kanye ne-Orinoco, inombala omnyama engxenyeni yayo ye-ventral kanye nephuzi emhlane wayo, iyingxenye yomndeni we-Podocnemididae.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda ngemvelo emangalisayo, kulokhu okuthunyelwe: