Ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo nesimangalisayo uzokwazi ukufunda kabanzi ngakho konke mayelana nenkolo kanye Onkulunkulu baseTaironas, amasiko ayo nokunye okuningi. Ungayeki ukuyifunda, uzokwazi nangamasiko ayo nolwazi olubaluleke kakhulu.
Isiko laseTairona
Isiko laseTairona laliyisibonelo sobuqiniso obuqhubekayo futhi lamelana nezinguquko ezilandelayo ekunqotshweni kweSpain. Baphinde babonakala ngokuthi bafinyelele izinga elikhethekile lolwazi ezakhiweni zabo futhi babe nenhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yomphakathi wabo.
Leli qembu lendabuko lizinze eminyangweni yaseMagdalena, eGuajira naseCesar, enyakatho yeSierra Nevada de Santa Marta, esendaweni yaseCaribbean eColombia. Indawo okumanje ingelinye lamapaki emvelo abaluleke kakhulu esizweni saseNingizimu Melika.
Bazamukele izinzuzo zeSierra Nevada de Santa Marta kanye nokulinganiselwa kwayo. Ngale ndlela bathole inhlanganisela eqinisekisa ukuhlala kwabo phakade esifundeni cishe iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ayephatha amasiko awo asekelwe konkulunkulu abathile ababalulekile noma izithixo. Kubo izinkanyezi zazibaluleke kakhulu, njengendawo yonke futhi phakathi kwezinkolelo zazo eziyinhloko kwakungumsuka wokuphila ngemva kokufa.
Onkulunkulu baseTaironas: izinkolelo zabo namasiko
Ngokocwaningo, isiko laseTairona lalikhulekela izinkanyezi, libanikeza ubulili bezinto eziphilayo ngisho nokuthatha ubulili. Kungakho babevame ukwenza ubungqingili ngesikhathi semicikilisho emathempelini, ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ze-psychotropic.
Phakathi nemikhosi, amatshe aqoshwe ngezimpawu zesitho sangasese sowesifazane ayebekwa ukuze athole inzalo noma elapha izifo. Le mikhosi yayiwuhlobo lokuhambela izindawo ezingcwele, lapho abantu bomdabu beya emathempelini beyocela usizo kunkulunkulu. Kuzo, i-naoma enikezwe ubunkulunkulu, yaqagela imiyalelo okufanele ilandelwe ngokundiza kwezinyoni.
Kwakunenkolelo yokuphila kwangemva kokufa, ngakho abantu bomdabu babehlobene nomufi wabo nge-naoma, eyayihola umcimbi. Kungcwatshwa emigodini engashoni enegumbi eliseceleni, kokunye kusetshenziswa imisebe yokushiswa kwezidumbu noma imisebe yokushiswa kwesidumbu.
Abanye bonkulunkulu abakhulu besiko laseTairona yilaba:
I-Gauteovan, owayemelela unkulunkulu ongumama wendawo yonke nazo zonke izinto, umdali welanga nemimoya ebangela izifo.
Peico, unkulunkulu wasolwandle owafundisa abantu baseTairon ukusebenza kwegolide, amatshe, umhlabathi, nokuluka, naye wayexhumana namaNaoma.
Umkhathi walesi siko wawenziwe ngezigaba ezivundlile neSierra Nevada phakathi nendawo. KwakungamaNaomas ahlola ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke futhi akha amakhalenda ezolimo nemikhosi evela emathempelini.
Lawa ayesezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba, enemigwaqo eyitiyela ukuze afinyelele kuzo. I-Teyuna yayiyisikhungo esikhulu semikhosi saseTairona, esaziwa kangcono ngokuthi idolobha elilahlekile, ngaphandle komsebenzi walo wasemadolobheni nowokuhweba.
Isifinyezo esingokomlando sesiko laseTairona
Abavubukuli bathi isiko laseTairona lahlukaniswa izikhathi ezimbili:
IsiNahuange (100-900 AD).
Izakhamuzi zokuqala zaseTairon ezazihlala ogwini lwaseSierra Nevada zasebenzisa ulwandle, imifula nezintaba. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-200, baba izingcweti zezingcweti zamagobolondo namatshe ayigugu. Uma kukhulunywa nge-metallurgy, izingcezu ezisando zenziwe nge-alloy yethusi enegolide, ebizwa ngokuthi isikhwama sesithupha.
I-Tairona (900-1700 AD).
Babenomsebenzi wokwakha imizi phezu kwezisekelo zamatshe, nemigwaqo egandayiwe, nemisele. Baphinde basebenzisa ukutshala ithala elimise okwezinyathelo futhi bathuthukisa umsebenzi wegolide ngendlela yokuphonsa ngengcina elahlekile.
Kuphakathi no-1498, umnqobi waseSpain uFernando González de Oviedo ufika endaweni manje osekuyisifunda saseTairona okokuqala ngqa, lapho abomdabu basungula khona ubudlelwane bezentengiselwano.
Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu kamuva, ngokusungulwa kwedolobha laseSanta Marta, ukunqotshwa, njengakuyo yonke iMelika, umqondo wawuwukuthi yonke into izosebenza njengesiko laseSpain esifundeni saseTairona, iqala isigaba esadala ukungazinzi okuthile, ebonakala ngezinkathi zempi.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, amaTairona esabela ekunqotshweni kwawo ashisa idolobha laseSanta Marta izikhathi eziningana, kanye nezigebengu zaseNgilandi naseFrance. Ngenxa yalokho, bakwazi ukunciphisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwekoloni.
Ngakho-ke, abantu bomdabu babegcina umgoqo isikhathi esiyiminyaka engu-75, ngaphandle kokwamukela ukulahla amasiko abo, ulimi lwabo futhi ikakhulukazi izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo.
Kodwa ngo-1600, ukunqoba kwabangela ukushushiswa kwama-cacique okwathi lapho esebanjiwe, anqunywa umphimbo futhi acwiywa. Abasindile babalekela ezindaweni eziphakeme zezintaba, lapho kuvela khona impucuko yamaKogi, esekhona nanamuhla.
Inhlangano yezenhlalo yezepolitiki yesiko laseTairona
Le mpucuko yayinohlelo lokuphatha olwaluhlelwa izinhlangano zezombangazwe ezazinegunya ezizweni ezihlukahlukene ezisezintabeni. Nakuba umphakathi ngamunye wawuzimele futhi wawubuswa i-cacique enamandla ambalwa aphezulu. Ngakho-ke, inkampani yahlelwa ngokulandelayo:
Abapristi noma amaNaoma: Njengoba ayehlonishwa kakhulu naphezu kokuntuleka kwamandla okuphatha, enza imisebenzi ezikhungweni zemikhosi ukuze enze imicikilisho lapho ethwasa inyanga ngayinye yokudumisa onkulunkulu. Izeluleko namazwi akhe kube nomthelela omkhulu ezinqumweni ezakha impilo yesiko laseTairona.
izikhulu: ithonya lakhe lalingaphakathi kwemingcele yedolobha, imikhosi, imisebenzi yokuphatha kanye nezomthetho.
Amaqhawe noma ama-Manicates: babenomthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza ukuthula kwangaphakathi esizweni nokusivikela odlameni olunonya olwalungase lube khona. Asebenzisa umsila omkhulu olenga okhalweni nemicibisholo ehlotshiswe ushevu.
Idolobha: eyakhiwe abomdabu abanemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, njengabalimi, izingcweti nabahwebi.
Ezinye izici kwakuwukuthi isizwe ngasinye sasinendlu yenkonzo eyayisetshenziswa njengendawo yokugcina ukudla nezitsha. Uma kushone umuntu wendabuko, impahla eningi idlulela enkosini futhi, kancane, idlulela emndenini.
Benza i-anthropophagy nomuntu oshonile onesibindi wesizwe, okuhlanganisa ukuphuza amafutha akhishwa umzimba ngesikhathi sokushiswa. Basemukela isithembu emshadweni nobungqingili.
Umsebenzi wezomnotho wesiko laseTairona
Ngokwezomnotho, isiko laseTairona lalisekelwe kwezolimo. Ukuze benze lokhu, babesebenzisa amazinga okushisa ahlukene ezwe futhi banisele umhlabathi ngokuzenzekelayo ngemisele etholakala yimifula.
Babetshala ummbila, ithanga, ubhontshisi, upelepele, umdumbula, ushizi, uphayinaphu, ugwava nokwatapheya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudoba kwakungomunye umsebenzi ovamile, kanye nokuxhashazwa kukasawoti ababewukhiphe olwandle. Olunye uhwebo abalusungula ngobuningi babo ukufuya izinyosi, lapho babekhipha uju ezinyosini.
Babehwebelana phakathi kwezizwe, isibonelo, labo ababesogwini bahweba ngezinhlanzi nosawoti ukuze bathole izingubo zokulala negolide kulabo ababesezintabeni. Ubucwebe begolide nobucwebe begolide obunamatshe aligugu elilinganayo nakho kwasebenza njengokushintshisana namasiko afana neMuisca.
Idolobha Elilahlekile lesiko laseTairona
Njengengxenye ezimele yezintaba ze-Andes, iSierra Nevada de Santa Marta iphakama ifike kumamitha angaba ngu-5.700. Kulesi simo, kutholwe umthombo womfula iBuritaca, iTeyuna noma iDolobha Elilahlekile. Ukwakha isampula yezakhiwo zesiko laseTairona.
Ngale ndlela, indawo yayihlanganisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokwakhiwa, imigwaqo egandayiwe, izitebhisi, izindonga ezihlanganiswe uchungechunge lwamasimu namapulatifomu lapho kwakhiwa khona izikhungo zemikhosi, izindlu noma izitolo zokudla.
Kutholwe ngo-1976, ucwaningo lukhomba ukuthi leli dolobha lakhiwe cishe ngama-600 futhi lashiywa cishe ngo-1550. Maduzane, kutholwe amanye amadolobha angama-26, njengeTigres, Alto de Mira, Frontera kanye neTankua.
IDolobha Elilahlekile lalinabantu abangu-3.000 XNUMX, impumelelo yengqalasizinda yalo kwaba ukuthi izakhamuzi zaseTairon zavimbela ukuguguleka kwezimvula emithambekeni yezintaba. Ukuze benze lokhu, bakha amapayipi amanzi emvula nezindonga eziphakeme ezisekela imigwaqo edlula edolobheni. Ezinye izindawo zokuhlala eduze nogu, kodwa ezingabalulekile kangako, kwakuyiBonda, iPocigueica, iTayronaca neBetoma.
Izindlu e- Tairona Culture
Kuyamangaza ukuthi izindlu zesiko zazakhiwe ngendlela eyi-conical yokhuni noma i-bahareque ezifulelwe ngotshani. Izicabha zazihlotshiswe ngocingo oluzungezayo, okuthi uma luphephuka umoya, lukhiphe umsindo ovumelanayo.
Izisekelo zazakhiwe ngamathafa okwenziwa afinyelelwa ngezitebhisi zamatshe, futhi ngokwalokhu kwakukhona izinhlobo ezintathu:
uhlobo lokuqala: isisekelo sakhiwe indandatho yetshe ecishe ibe yindilinga, ehlanganisa indawo engapheli.
uhlobo lwesibili: iqukethe izindandatho ezimbili, eyokuqala ngaphandle neyesibili ngaphakathi kweyokuqala, ngesimo sephiramidi nesiyingi.
uhlobo lwesithathu: enezici ezifanayo njengeyangaphambili, kodwa enezindawo eziphelele, bezingavamile kakhulu.
Ukubonakaliswa kwesiko laseTairona
Ukubonakaliswa okuhlukile kobuciko okwagqama esikweni laseTairona kwakungokulandelayo:
umkhandi wegolide
Besebenzisa amasu okusando ensimbi athuthukisiwe njengokuphonsa, ingcina elahlekile, isando, ukugingqika, ukushisela, ukunyathela, ukushaya ngesando okushisayo kwegolide, ithusi ne-tumbaga, benza ama-pectorals, izindandatho zekhala, ama-earmuffs, imihlobiso ye-sublabial.
Izitsha zobumba
Ngobumba lwesitayela sakudala, izinhlobo ezintathu zazihlukaniswa:
Umbala obomvui-globular noma i-cylindrical in shape, benza izitsha zokupheka, ama-urns, izibuko ezinkulu namapuleti, ahlotshiswe ngamachashazi noma ama-striped incision.
Mnyama, embozwe iconsi lensimbi, imikhumbi ezungeza umhlaba egqamile, imikhumbi enentamo emide, nojeke abanesibambo esimaphakathi ngenjongo yemikhosi.
Crema, ehlotshiswe ngemigqa esikwe yaba amagridi, yakhiqiza izinkomishi eziphakeme, izitsha eziyisilinda, izimbiza zezimbaza nesibambo esiphakathi.
izindwangu
Umsebenzi wezindwangu kuleli siko wagcizelelwa ekwandisweni kwezindwangu ezinhle ezisetshenziselwa izingubo, izigqoko, ojosaka nezingubo zokulala.
Umnotho
Isisekelo somnotho kwakungezolimo, lapho benza khona intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ekuniseleni, ukuvundisa kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwemikhiqizo.
Emibhalweni yokuqala yeSpanishi sifunda ukuthi: «… Futhi ukuthi umhlaba unzima kanjani njengoba ngisho, ugcwele amaNdiya kangangokuthi awusakwazi futhi konke kugawulwa kuma-conuco nasemasimini ommbila. Izintaba eziphakeme kakhulu, ezingenazintaba, ezingenadwala, zonke zingenalutho nomhlaba wonke wokulima.
Umkhiqizo oyinhloko kwakuwumbila, ababewuxova bewenza amabhanisi ukuze bawudle, ngoba wawuqine kakhulu. Batshala nomdumbula, ithanga, ubhontshisi, ama-yam, ubhatata, upelepele nokotini. Phakathi kwezithelo, i-soursop, uphayinaphu, ukwatapheya kanye nogwava kugqama.
Njengabantu base-Andean, basebenza umhlaba ngokusebenzisa "isimiso se-minga", bahlangana ndawonye ukuze basize omunye wabo ahlanze futhi atshale, base bephendukela kwamanye amasimu.
Ukudla kulekelelwa yizilwane zasolwandle, inhlanzi ibiwumkhiqizo omnandi futhi ingenye yezinto eziyisisekelo zokuhwebelana.
Kwezinye izifunda, babefuya izinyosi, uju lwalusetshenziselwa ukunandisa iziphuzo; Babengabathengi abakhulu bechicha, babenezibaya ezinezinyoni ukuze bathole izimpaphe.
Imigwaqo eyayihlanganisa imiqansa yezintaba namadolobha aphakathi kwazo yayikhuthaza ukuhwebelana. Ukulawulwa kokuhwebelana kwakuwumthombo obalulekile wokugcina amandla ama-caciques.
Ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla kwenziwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Amaqembu aseSierra ahweba ngegolide nama-manta ngezinhlanzi zasogwini nosawoti. Lapho amaNdiya aseGaira, eDulcino naseCiénaga ebalekela eSierra ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela kubantu baseSpain, abantu basezintabeni bawanikeza igolide ukuze abuyele ogwini futhi angaphazamisi ukunikezwa.
Omata, imigexo yegolide, nobuhlalu bamatshe obuyigugu kwasetshenziswa njengezinto zokuhwebelana namanye amasiko, kuhlanganise nalawo asezindaweni eziphakeme zaseCundinamarca naseBoyaca, lapho ama-emerald afika khona eSierra Nevada.
Ezombusazwe kanye Nomphakathi
Amandla ezepolitiki, ezomnotho nawenkolo ngokusobala akha iyunithi ehlanganiswe "ne-naoma" noma umpristi omkhulu, phezulu kwephiramidi yezenhlalo yomphakathi ngamunye, enza ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yemisebenzi yabo yemikhosi, yokuphatha kanye neyokwahlulela yedolobha.
Imvelo yendawo isize ekuhlakazeni abantu. Lokhu kwakugxile ebukhosini bemvelo yeqhawe. Imizi yahlukaniswa yaba izindawo ezingomakhelwane, ngayinye inomholi wayo, iqoqo lezindawo ezingomakhelwane lalinomunye obaluleke kakhulu, wona owawuncike kumholi oyinhloko, owayehambisana nesigaba sezikhulu nabapristi.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, umphakathi wawusuyisimiso sezigaba, lapho izici zezomnotho zazibalulekile. Kwakukhona ochwepheshe bemisebenzi ehlukahlukene ababebekwe kahle, njengabalimi, abadwebi bezandla, nabathengisi.
Elinye iqembu kwakungama "manicates" noma amaqhawe. Babaziwa ngokuba nonya futhi benesikhundla esiphakeme emphakathini. Babenomsila omude woboya obulenga okhalweni ngemuva. Basebenzisa amathiphu e-baton kanye nemicibisholo ye-stingray, ngokuvamile enobuthi.
Kwakunezigaba zobulili: amadoda ayegawula futhi atshale izitshalo, ezingelwa, edoba, futhi eluka ohhoko, izingubo zokulala, nojosaka; abesifazane babevuna, bapheke, baphothe futhi beluke ukotini noboya ukuze benze izingubo zokugqoka, izingubo zokulala nezigqoko.
Umphakathi ubuseka izalukazi nezintandane. Kwakukhona isithembu, amantombazane ashada ngemva nje kokuthomba, ngemva kokuzila ukudla kwezinsuku ezingu-9. Ukuze ishade, indoda kwakufanele ikhokhele abakubo kamakoti ngemikhiqizo efana nezimpaphe, ukotini, igolide. Uma engamanelisi angambuyisela.
Ngesikhathi ebeletha, lo wesifazane wazihlukanisa, walengisa i-hammock yakhe wabeka amanzi okushisa, wabe esegeza ngayo ingane kanye naye. Ube esephumula nengane izinsuku eziyisi-9, emva kwalokho aphume aye emfudlaneni aphinde ukugeza, ngaphambi kokuba abuyele emphakathini. Umntwana uqanjwe ngesilwane esabonwa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.
Final
Lapho abantu baseSpain beqaphela ingcebo yabo, ikakhulukazi igolide, ngokushesha bafuna ukulithatha. Ngo-1525 uRodrigo de Bastidas wasungula iSanta Marta, futhi esuka lapho waqala ukungena ngaphakathi.
Ukuze basebenzise ukuphathwa kwamakholoni, bakha izifundazwe zomdabu, kamuva ezahlanganiswa ezifundazweni, ukuthi iSanta Marta yahlukaniswa yaba yiBetoma, Tairona, Huanebucán, Seturma, Orinó, del Carbón, Taironaca, Del Valle. kusuka e-Upar, Caribe and Blackbeats, Orejones, Chimilas, Giriguanos, Sondaguas, Malibúes kanye nePacabuyes.
Imikhawulo yayingabonakali futhi ayizange iphendule eqenjini lobuhlanga, kodwa yayisekelwe ekuqapheliseni izici zangaphandle. AmaTairone athatha isifundazwe esinegama elifanayo neseBetoma.
Indawo yesiko le-Tairona eyanikezela okokuqala emandleni abanqobi yayiyi-strip esogwini. Amaqembu asezintabeni anamakoloni amakhulu futhi asizwa yizimo ze-topographical, amelana ngokuqinile.
Phakathi kweminyaka ka-1599 no-1600, ngaphansi kukahulumeni kaJuan Guiral Velón, ukuphikiswa kwabomdabu kwaphela ngokushiswa, ukubulala kanye noshushiso.Labo abakwazile ukubaleka baphephela kumamoor, bengenandawo yobukhazikhazi basendulo besiko laseTairona.
Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko kwaqala njengoba ababaleki bebuyela ezindaweni zabo zangaphambili, kodwa banqotshwa ngokuphelele. Namuhla kuhlala abantu bezizwe zamaKankuamo, ama-Arhuaco, amaWiwa kanye namaKogui, eyokugcina okuyiyona egcine amasiko amsulwa kakhulu, etholakala ezindaweni eziqhelile kakhulu, enokuxhumana okuncane nomhlaba wangaphandle.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sinentshisekelo, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lesi esinye esihlobene nalawa masiko: