Lapho amaRoma efika eGreece, ngokwengxenye amukela izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo zaleli siko, ngakho azenzela uhlobo oluthile lwekhophi ngokuphathelene nonkulunkulu bawo. Futhi yile ndlela unkulunkulu ophakeme wamaGreki uZeus, ezinkolelweni zamaRoma angamela ngayo unkulunkulu Jupiter, lesi sihloko sizokukhombisa kancane ngakho.
unkulunkulu Jupiter
Ngokwezinganekwane zamaRoma, unkulunkulu uJupiter uyinkosi. Eqinisweni, uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkosi yonkulunkulu. Angase angabi umdali wokuqala wezidalwa zasenganekwaneni ezazibusa izinganekwane zamaRoma; lowo mehluko ungokayise uSaturn. Kodwa uJupiter uyindoda yokuqala, njengoZeus ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki.
Izinganekwane zazibusa isiko lenkolo eRoma kwaze kwaba yisikhathi lapho ubuKristu bubusa khona. Ngakho ngaphambi kokuba lokho kwenzeke, unkulunkulu uJupiter wayengunkulunkulu wokuqala owayekhonzwa. Wayengunkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka futhi ehlangene nosizo lwamakhosi angaleso sikhathi, wamisa izimiso zenkolo yamaRoma.
Lo nkulunkulu unezinto eziningi ezifanayo noZeus futhi izinganekwane zamaGreki azikhawulelwanga ekuxhumaneni kwakhe nesibhakabhaka nombani. Unkulunkulu uJupiter wayengumfowabo wabanye onkulunkulu ababili: uNeptune noPluto. NjengamaGreki, ngamunye walaba nkulunkulu abathathu wayelawula indawo yokuphila: isibhakabhaka (Jupiter), ulwandle (Neptune), nomhlaba ongaphansi (Pluto), kanti uJupiter unamandla kunawo wonke.
I-Etymology kanye nama-epithets
NgesiLatini, igama elithi "Jupiter" lalivame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi Iūpiter noma i-Iuppiter (uhlamvu "j" wayengeyona ingxenye yezinhlamvu zamagama zesiLatini endala futhi yengezwe ngeNkathi Ephakathi). Igama linezimpande ezimbili: eyodwa kwakuyigama le-Proto-Indo-European elithi dyeu- (impande efanayo negama elithi "Zeus"), elisho "into ekhanyayo", "isibhakabhaka" noma "usuku" (njengoba ngesiLatini lisho ukuthi usuku luyafa. ); elinye kwakungu- pater, igama elihlanganyelwa ngesiGreki nesiLatin elisho “ubaba.” Ngokuvumelana nale mihlangano yokuqamba amagama, iJupiter ngezinye izikhathi yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Diespiter noma i-Dispiter.
Futhi, uZeus wayebizwa ngokuthi uZeu Pater ngesiGreki futhi abakhuluma isiSanskrit basebenzisa igama elithi Dyaus pitar (uyise wesibhakabhaka) ukuze babhekisele kunkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka. Konke lokhu kukhomba "ubaba wasezulwini" we-archetypal ekujuleni komlando wabantu abakhuluma isi-Indo-European, obunikazi babo benziwa indawo ngamasiko ahlukana phakathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Jupiter yaziwa ngama-epithets ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa:
- Ngokuletha ukunqoba, wayengu-Iuppiter Elicius noma "uJupiter onika ukukhanya."
- Ukukhiqiza umbani, kwakuyi-Iuppiter Fulgur noma "umbani weJupiter".
- Ukuze anikeze ukukhanya nokukhanya kuzo zonke izinto, wayengu-Iuppiter Lucetius, noma "iJupiter of Light," kanye no-Iuppiter Caelestis, noma "Jupiter of the Heavens."
- Ngaphezu kwakho konke, wayengu-Iuppiter Optimus Maximus: "Jupiter, omkhulu kunabo bonke."
Origen
Imvelaphi kaJupiter yayifana kakhulu nezindaba zokudalwa kukaZeus. Ngaphambi kweJupiter, uSaturn wabusa njengonkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka nendawo yonke. Yiqiniso, akuzange kube njalo, njengangaphambi kukaSaturn, uyise uCaelus (okusho "amazulu") wabusa, kodwa uSaturn wagumbuqela uyise futhi wazilawula amazulu.
Ngemva kwalokho, uSaturn washada no-Ops futhi wamshiya ekhulelwe, ngakho lapho ethola ngesiprofetho esasifanekisela ukuwa kwakhe ezandleni zomunye wezingane zakhe. Ethatha isilinganiso ukuze avimbele umdlwenguli ukuthi abone ukuphila, wagwinya izingane ezinhlanu zokuqala ezaphuma esibelethweni sika-Ops. Ngakho lapho ekugcineni kuvela ingane yokugcina, u-Ops wayifihla futhi wanika uSaturn itshe eligoqwe ngendwangu, ngakho uSaturn ongaqaphile wadla idwala lonke.
Okwalandela kwaba isimo esibi kakhulu sokungagayeki kahle emlandweni wezinganekwane. Njengoba ingakwazi ukugaya itshe, iSaturn yalibuyisela kabusha, kanye nezingane ezinhlanu eyayizigwinyile: uCeres, uJuno, uNeptune, uPluto noVesta. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uJupiter wayehlela ukubhubha kukayise okwakuseduze, akuhlela ngosizo lwabafowabo nodadewabo. Ngokushesha ukuwa kukaSaturn kwafika ezandleni zikankulunkulu uJupiter, owathatha ngokushesha ukulawula indawo yonke.
Nokho, kamuva kakhulu unkulunkulu uJupiter wayezozithola esesikhundleni esifanayo nesikayise, uSaturn. Ngakho ngemva kokuthatha uMetis ngenkani futhi emkhulelisa, unkulunkulu uJupiter wafikelwa ukwesaba ukuthi ingane yakhe eyayingakazalwa ingase imketule. Ukuze agweme leso siphetho, uJupiter wagwinya uMetis kanye nengane yakhe eyayingakazalwa.
Kwamangala uJupiter ukuthi usana aluzange lunqotshwe, kodwa lwaqhubeka lukhula lwaze lwaphuma ebunzini lakhe lwaphumela emhlabeni. Lolo sana kwakunguMinerva, unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, ukubona izinto kusengaphambili, nezimpi zamasu; ekugcineni lonkulunkulukazi waba yingxenye yeCapitoline Triad ebusayo.
Izici ze-Jupiter
Isimo somzimba sikankulunkulu uJupiter yileso abantu abavame ukusifanisa noZeus noma ngisho nonkulunkulu wamaKrestu: indoda ende, emhlophe enentshebe emhlophe egelezayo. Uphethe udondolo noma intonga, uhlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi esibabazekayo, futhi ngokuvamile uzungezwe ukhozi. Futhi, okufana nonkulunkulu weTestamente Elidala unkulunkulu uJupiter wayekwazi ukushaya ukwesaba kubalandeli bakhe; wayevame ukuhola ekudaleni lokho kwesaba futhi ngokwengxenye, kwasiza ukuthi ahlale ethwele umbani ongapheli.
Izici zenkolo zeJupiter zafa njengezinkolo zakudala. Nokho, izinganekwane zakhe kanye nendawo yakhe emasikweni nasezifundweni kusekhona nanamuhla (kanye noZeus).
Imisebenzi
Njengenkosi yonkulunkulu nabo bonke, imisebenzi kankulunkulu uJupiter yayiminingi phakathi kwabo okulandelayo okungashiwo:
- Waletha ukukhanya futhi walawula isimo sezulu.
- Wanikeza isivikelo ngesikhathi sempi futhi wanikeza ukunqoba kwabanqobile.
- Ukuba khona kwakhe kwakudingeka ngezikhathi zempi, kodwa nangesikhathi sokuthula lapho ayegcina khona ukuhleleka futhi enikeza inhlalakahle.
- Kwakucatshangwa nokuthi ungunkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka hhayi isibhakabhaka kuphela, kodwa futhi nomhlaba wangempela nakho konke okucwiliswe kuwo.
- Yayixhumene nobulungiswa, ikakhulukazi lapho kusungulwa izifungo, izivumelwano nezivumelwano. Ngakho-ke eRoma lasendulo lapho izakhamuzi zingaphambi kwesifungo, kwakuyinto evamile ukuba zisho igama elithi "Por Jove".
- Unkulunkulu uJupiter ngandlela thize walivikela iRoma ekuphazamisekeni, ekugxambukeleni nasekuhlaselweni kwamanye amazwe.
Izimfanelo
Njengonkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka, uJupiter wayala imibani, ukuduma, neziphepho, njengoba nje uZeyusi asebenzisa umbani njengezikhali. Efanelekela indima yakhe njengenkosi yonkulunkulu, unkulunkulu uJupiter wayevame ukuvezwa ehlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi ephethe intonga yobukhosi noma udondolo.
Nokho, esikhundleni sokuba ahlanganyele ngokugcwele ezimpini, wacabanga ukuthi unkulunkulu uJupiter wayeziqondisa futhi azilawule. Ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi omunye unkulunkulu, uJupiter wayephethe isiphetho sombuso waseRoma esilinganisweni. Ngakho ukuze amthobe, amaRoma anikela ngemihlatshelo kankulunkulu ngaphezu kokufunga ezingcwele ukuze amdumise.
Ukwethembeka ababekwenza ngakho iminikelo yomhlatshelo nokugcina izifungo zabo kwakubonisa ukuziphatha kukaJupiter. AmaRoma aqala ukukholelwa ukuthi ukuphumelela kombuso wawo waseMedithera kwakubangelwa ukuzinikela kwawo okuyingqayizivele kulo nkulunkulu.
Ngokhozi, i-Jupiter yabuye yaqondisa ukuthatha ama-auspices, umkhuba wokubhula lapho ama-augurs ayezama khona ukucacisa amabika nokubikezela ikusasa ngokubuka ukundiza kwezinyoni (amagama anjengokuthi "injabulo" nelithi "amabi" avela kulo mkhuba). Ngenxa yokuthi ukhozi lwaluyisilwane esingcwele seJupiter, amaRoma ayekholelwa ukuthi indlela le nyoni eziphatha ngayo yayibonisa intando yakhe. Amabika abhulwa ngokuziphatha kwezinkozi ayebhekwa njengawembula kakhulu.
Umndeni
UJupiter wayeyindodana kaSaturn unkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka owandulela uJupiter no-Ops (owaziwa nangokuthi u-Opis), unkulunkulukazi womhlaba nokukhula. Abafowabo kwakunguNeptune, unkulunkulu wolwandle, kanye noPluto, unkulunkulu wendawo engaphansi komhlaba nengcebo (izinsimbi, isisekelo sezinhlamvu zemali zamaRoma nengcebo, eyatholwa ngaphansi komhlaba). Odadewabo babehlanganisa uCeres unkulunkulukazi wenzalo owayelawula ukukhula kokusanhlamvu, uVesta unkulunkulukazi weziko, noJuno unkulunkulukazi womama ohlobene nomshado, umndeni, ukuthula kwasekhaya, nenyanga.
Unkulunkulu uJupiter wayeshade nodadewabo uJuno, owayengumlingani wamaRoma kaHera. Phakathi kwezingane zakhe kwakunoMars unkulunkulu wempi owabamba indima ebalulekile ekusungulweni kweRoma kanye noBellona, unkulunkulukazi wempi. Izingane ezengeziwe zazihlanganisa u-Vulcan unkulunkulu womlilo, umsebenzi wensimbi nokwenza, kanye noJuventus unkulunkulukazi osemusha owayengamele inguquko kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya ebudodeni futhi wayehlotshaniswa namandla nokuvuselela.
Nakuba iqembu lamaRoma lenganekwane lalingenazo izindaba zokuxabana komshado ezazivame ukuchaza ubuhlobo bukaZeus noHera, kwacaca ukuthi uJupiter wayengathembekile kuJuno. Izinganekwane ezilandisayo zikhuluma ngokungathembeki okuningi kukaJupiter kanye nezingane ezaba umphumela wawo.
- EnoMaya, unkulunkulukazi womhlaba nenzalo (okungenzeka ukuthi igama lakhe walinika inyanga yamaRoma uMaius, noma uMay), uJupiter wayenoMercury unkulunkulu oyisithunywa sezohwebo, abahwebi, ukuhamba ngemikhumbi, nokuhamba.
- EnoDione, wazala uVenus, unkulunkulukazi wothando nesifiso sobulili (nakuba ezinye izindaba zamenza wavela egwebuni lolwandle, njengo-Aphrodite wamaGreki).
- Enodadewabo uCeres, unkulunkulu uJupiter wayenoProserpina umuntu obalulekile wehlelo elihlobene nemijikelezo yokwehla nokuzalwa kabusha, njengoba nje nePersephone yayinjalo kumaGreki.
- EnoMetis amthatha ngenkani, uJupiter wayenoMinerva.
Jupiter, iRoma kanye nenkolo yakhe
Ngokomlando oyinganekwane wokusungulwa kweRoma, uNuma Pompilius, inkosi yesibili yaseRoma, wethula uJupiter kumaRoma futhi wasungula imingcele yehlelo lakhe. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zeRoma, uJupiter wayebusa njengengxenye ye-Archaic Triad, eyayihlanganisa neMars kanye noQuirinus, inguqulo enqunyiwe yomsunguli wedolobha, uRomulus. Ngokwezindaba zikaLivy noPlutarch, iNuma yayibhekene nobunzima futhi yaphoqa onkulunkulu ababili abancane, uPicus kanye neFaunas, ukuthi babize uJupiter egqumeni lase-Aventine.
UNuma wabe esekhuluma nonkulunkulu onamandla onke owaveza lokho akufunayo mayelana nomnikelo womhlatshelo, owaziwa ngokuthi i-hostiae. Ukuze aqinisekise ukukhulekelwa kwabantu baseRoma, uJupiter wafundisa iNuma indlela yokugwema umbani, ngokwezidingo zeNuma. Isifundo sokuduma kweJupiter cishe sasebenza njengesingathekiso, esifanekisela ukunikeza kwakhe okubanzi kokuvikela nokusekelwa kubantu baseRoma.
Eqinisweni, unkulunkulu uJupiter wavala isivumelwano neNuma namaRoma ngokuthumela ihawu eliyindilinga eliphelele livela ezulwini elibizwa ngokuthi i-ancile, uphawu lwesivikelo, uma kwake kwaba khona. I-Numa yona yenza amakhophi ayishumi nanye acishe afanayo e-ancile. Lezi zihlangu eziyishumi nambili, ezaziwa ngokuhlanganyela ngokuthi i-ancilia, zaba uphawu olungcwele lwedolobha kanye nesikhumbuzo esihlala njalo sesivumelwano phakathi kweJupiter neRoma.
I-Jupiter kanye nenkolo yezwe laseRoma
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inkolo kaJupiter yaba yingxenye yamasiko amiswe kahle ahlelwa futhi aqondiswa uhulumeni. AmaRoma akhela uJupiter Optimus Maximus ithempeli elikhulu eCapitoline Hill; lapho seliqediwe, lalilikhulu kunawo wonke amathempeli aseRoma.
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zamaRoma, kwakuyinkosi yesihlanu edumile yaseRoma, uTarquinius Priscus, owaqala ukwakhiwa kwethempeli, kanye nenkosi yokugcina yamaRoma uTarquinius Superbus, owaqeda ngo-509 BC. C. Nakuba ithempeli labhujiswa kudala ngaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla, ngaleso sikhathi ithempeli laliphakeme ngaphezu kweCapitol.
Phezulu ethempelini ungathola isithombe sikaJupiter eshayela inqola yamahhashi amane. Isithombe sika-Jupiter esipendwe ngokubomvu phakathi nemikhosi kanye ne-altare lamatshe elibizwa ngokuthi i-Iuppiter Lapis ("itshe likaJupiter"), lapho abafungayo benza izifungo zabo ezingcwele, zombili zazitholakala ngaphakathi kwethempeli. Ithempeli likaJupiter Optimus Maximus laliyindawo yomhlatshelo lapho amaRoma ayenikela khona ngezilwane zomhlatshelo (ezaziwa ngokuthi i-hostiae) kunkulunkulu onamandla.
Abaphathi bakaJupiter kwakuyinkabi, iwundlu (elinikezwa minyaka yonke ngo-Ides ka-March) kanye nembuzi noma imbuzi ethenwe, eyayinikezwa njengesipho ngo-Ides ka-January. Ukwengamela le minikelo, amaRoma akha ihhovisi lesonto uFlamen Dialis, umpristi omkhulu kaJupiter.
I-Flamen Dialis iphinde yasebenza njengelungu eliphezulu lekolishi laseFlamines, indikimba yabapristi abayishumi nanhlanu ababengamele izindaba zenkolo yezwe. Ngakho-ke ihhovisi likaFlamen Dialis lalihloniphekile kangangokuthi yilabo kuphela abazalwa yizicukuthwane, ama-patricians, abavunyelwe ukulibamba (abavamile noma abaphansi babengavunyelwe).
ithempeli lejupiter
IThempeli likaJupiter Optimus Maximus laliphinde libe yindawo eyintandokazi yemibukiso yezempi eyaziwa ngokuthi ukunqoba. Owayehola udwendwe olunjalo kwakungujenene onqobayo noma onqobayo. Imibukiso ngokwayo yayihlanganisa ibutho lomnqobi, iziboshwa, nempango, eyayinqamula imigwaqo yaseRoma ngaphambi kokuba iphelele ethempelini elikhulu. Lapho udwendwe lwanikela imihlatshelo futhi lwashiya ingxenye yempango yabo kuJupiter.
Kuyo yonke le mikhosi, owinile wayephatha izicupho zikaJupiter ngokwakhe. Wayegibela inqola yamahhashi amane, egqoke i-toga ebubende, epende ubuso bakhe ngokubomvu, futhi aphathe ngisho nentonga yobukhosi yeJupiter. Njengoba uMaurus Servius Honoratus abhala encwadini yakhe ethi Commentary on Virgil's Eclogues:
"Ojenene abanqobile bagqoka insignia yeJupiter, intonga, kanye 'ne-palmata' toga, eyaziwa nangokuthi 'ejazini leJupiter,' njengoba bebuka umbala obomvu womhlaba ogcotshwe ebusweni babo."
Umnqobi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi umelela unkulunkulu njengoba egibele eya ethempelini likaJupiter. Inkolo kaJupiter yachuma eRoma kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo, okwakudume kakhulu ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, kwaze kwaba okungenani ekhulwini loku-XNUMX BC.
Ngalesi sikhathi, umbuso waqondisa kabusha intshiseko engokwenkolo ethandwayo isuka konkulunkulu bakudala yayisa kubabusi baseRoma abenziwe onkulunkulu. Ngesikhathi ababusi bokuqala bamukela ubuKristu ngekhulu lesine AD, izinganekwane zikaJupiter kanye nezithixo zamaRoma zase ziphelelwe umusa ngokuphelele.
Ukwehla kwe-Jupiter
Indima kaJupiter enkolweni yamaRoma iba nemininingwane eminingi futhi ishintsha ngokushintsha kwesimo sombuso. Ngezikhathi ezihlukene, izinhlangothi eziqhudelanayo zithi ungumthombo wazo wobulungisa nokucabanga ukuthi ulungile ezingxabanweni ezisalindile. Njengoba nje izinkolo ezikholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa zivame ukucaphuna intando kaNkulunkulu ezimpikiswaneni ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunjalo namaRoma noJupiter.
Njengoba imiphakathi ithuthuka, kanjalo nemizwa ezungeze indawo kaJupiter esikweni; njengoba kushiwo, waqala njengenkosi yonkulunkulu. Lowo muzwa wavela ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sobukhosi baseRoma, lapho umbuso wawubuswa amakhosi.
Ngakho lapho ababusi beqala ukubusa babenenkolelo yokuthi bangonkulunkulu abaphilayo noma bayinzalo yonkulunkulu ngokwabo, ikakhulukazi unkulunkulu uJupiter. Ngakho ukwehla kwaqala ngempela ngemva kokuphela kokubusa kukaKhesari. UKhesari walandelwa umbusi uAwugustu, owaqala ngokushesha inkolo yombuso njengoba ayengawuthandisisi umqondo wokuba unkulunkulu. Nokho, njengoba ababusi abasha belandelana, bonke babefuna ukubhekwa njengonkulunkulu hhayi njengabantu.
Ngandlela-thile, lokhu kwakumelela amaqembu emncintiswaneni ozungeze onkulunkulu bamaRoma, ikakhulukazi iJupiter, lokhu: ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithombe samandla obukhosi kanye nobunkulunkulu obukhulu babantu. Kanti ngakolunye, ukumela lokho ubukhosi obudala manje obabumele: into embi nenqatshelwe; ofanele ukujeziswa nokudelelwa.
Yilokhu ngokwakho okwaholela ekuweni kwenkolo eRoma. Okwabonakala ngemva kokuwa koMbuso ekhulwini lesihlanu kanye nokukhula kobuKristu.
Ifa
Ngokuvamile, phakathi kwamafa abaluleke kakhulu ahlobene nonkulunkulu wamaRoma uJupiter, singabonisa ukuthi wayegcizelelwa ngokoqobo kulokho okuyikho ulimi, ngaphandle kokucabangela umphumela omkhulu lokhu okwakungaba nawo kumaRoma ngesikhathi sakhe. Phakathi kwezinkulumo ezivame kakhulu kuvela: elithi "by Jove" elalivame ukusetshenziswa ezifungweni noma emadlelweni ezinkantolo zasendulo zaseRoma kanye nezigele, Ngendlela efanayo, igama elithi jovial livela, elisuselwa kwedlule futhi elisondelene kakhulu. exhumene nalo nkulunkulu.
Igama langaphambilini ngokuyisisekelo lalisetshenziselwa ukuchaza umuntu onothando, ojabulisayo futhi ojabule, ngakho-ke lo muntu kungathiwa unokuthile kukankulunkulu uJupiter. Kungaba kuhle kakhulu ukube amagama anencazelo eyodwa kuphela, kodwa cha, siphila ezweni le-polysemic.
Elinye lamafa alo nkulunkulu ukuthi igama lakhe lasetshenziswa ukuqamba iplanethi yesi-5 nenkulu kunawo wonke esimiso sonozungezilanga. Le planethi, kanye ne-Mars, iVenus ne-Saturn, yaqanjwa ngamagama onkulunkulu bamaRoma, kuhlanganise nelanga nenyanga nazo zinegama lakho.
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi igama losuku lwesonto "uLwesine" nalo libophezela kulo nkulunkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuvamile ukuthi umphakathi wesayensi ungasebenzisa igama likankulunkulu uJupiter ngaphambi kwanoma yikuphi ukutholakala.
Ubani uJupiter ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki?
Unkulunkulu uJupiter uhlotshaniswa noZeus ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, owabhalwa njengenkosi yama-Olympians nonkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka, i-meteorology, iziphepho, umbani, imimoya namafu. Ukwengeza, lalifanekisela umthetho, ukuhleleka, ubulungisa, amandla, ukudalelwa komuntu kanye nohlanga lwesintu. Ngokuvamile phakathi kwamaGreki asendulo, wayebizwa ngokuthi "uyise wawonkulunkulu noma inkosi yabo bonke". Izimpawu ezibophayo kulo nkulunkulu umbani, ukhozi, inkunzi ne-oki.
Umehluko nokufana
UZeus noJupiter bangonkulunkulu abaziwa kakhulu baseGreece Yasendulo naseRoma lasendulo. UZeus wayeyinkosi yase-Olympus (indawo yenganekwane lapho onkulunkulu babehlala khona ezinganekwaneni zasendulo zamaGreki), lapho indawo yakhe yokulawula phezu kwabantu kwakuyiZulu futhi uphawu lwakhe lwaluwukuduma kwegolide okunamandla. UJupiter esikhundleni sakhe wayengumholi nombusi wabo bonke onkulunkulu nomuntu eRoma Lasendulo (emugqeni wesikhathi owodwa, ngemva kweGreece yasendulo), wayebuye abe yinkosi yesibhakabhaka futhi uphawu lwakhe lwaluwumbani onamandla.
Umlando wemvelaphi, ukuthathwa kwamandla kanye nozalo lwabo ufana kakhulu, phakathi kwabo singabala indlela bobabili abachitha ngayo abazali babo ngokuthatha amandla amakhulu, ukuthi babasindisa kanjani abafowabo nokwabiwa phakathi kwabo izindawo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlala endaweni yakhe. umhlaba ongaqondakali, kanye nezindaba ezahlukahlukene ngezindaba zakhe zothando eziningi kanye nenzalo.
Nokho, ukufana phakathi kwalaba nkulunkulu ababili bempucuko emibili yasendulo kuphelela lapho, njengoba uZeus wayengunkulunkulu ophakeme; kodwa eyayinezimpawu zobuntu ezahlukene njengemizwa yothando, umona nokudelela. Wayebhekwa njengomuntu ondizayo futhi evame ukuvezwa njengomuntu ongenandaba futhi othonywa kalula ikakhulukazi onkulunkulu besifazane, ababesebenzisa izintelezi zabo kuye.
Kunalokho, uJupiter eRoma lasendulo uvezwa njengomholi wamastoic, ongenawo nhlobo umzwelo (njengonkulunkulu abaningi eRoma lasendulo) futhi indlela yakhe yokubusa yayivame ukuqhathaniswa neyendlu yomhlangano ehlelekile, enabeluleki abathile; kodwa-ke, isinqumo sokugcina sasihlala sincike kuJupiter. Nakuba uZeus wayebhekwa njengomuntu oguquguqukayo futhi ongenandaba, uJupiter waboniswa njengomuntu obala futhi ogqugquzelwa.
Ikakhulukazi uZeus noJupiter bangunkulunkulu ofanayo, balawula indawo efanayo, ngezimpucuko ezimbili ezihlukene. AmaGreki asendulo ayekhona ngaphambi kwamaRoma, ngakho-ke kungaphikiswana ngokuthi iJupiter iwukuhoxiswa kukaZeus, ngezinguquko ezicashile ezibonisa izinguquko ezenzeka emphakathini. Nakuba amaGreki ayebheka onkulunkulu njengabantu abaphiwe amandla akhethekile nokungafi, amaRoma ayebheka onkulunkulu bawo njengezivikelo zokuziphatha nezinhlobo ezifanelekayo ezingafinyeleleki.
Njengoba kunjalo ngesikhathi samaGreki, izinganekwane zonkulunkulu zazibandakanya amaphutha okwahlulela (njengoba kwenza abantu) kanye nezimfanelo zomona nokuziphindiselela. Nokho, kumaRoma onkulunkulu babephelele, ngakho kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba benze amaphutha ngoba babenengqondo enhle.
uSaturn uyise kaJupiter
AmaRoma ayezithanda zonke izinto zamaGreki, ngakho imikhaya ecebile nenamandla kunawo wonke eRoma yaze yaqashela amadodana ayo abafundisi abangamaGreki. Izincwadi, ubuciko, ifilosofi futhi ngaphezu kwayo yonke inkolo yeRiphabhulikhi (futhi kamuva yoMbuso WaseRoma) yayizoshintsha unomphela. Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala nezingcono kakhulu zalolu shintsho lwenkolo sizungeza umuntu olahliwe: unkulunkulu owaxoshwa eGreece kodwa ethola ikhaya emagqumeni aseRoma, igama lakhe kwakunguSaturn.
Abanye ababhali bakholelwa ukuthi uSaturn wayekhona ezinganekwaneni zamaRoma isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuthi "ukuhlasela" kwenkolo yamaGreki futhi ihlobanise nonkulunkulu wase-Etruscan uSatre; nokho, ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso noma cha kuwukuqagela ngokuphelele. Njengoba inkolo yamaGreki yayiba ngokwamaRoma, uSaturn noma uSaturn, ovame ukuvezwa ephethe isikela, wasondelana kakhulu nonkulunkulu wamaGreki uCronus, inkosi yendawo yonke nonkulunkulu oshwabadela abantwana bakhe.
Wayeyindodana ka-Uranus (isibhakabhaka) noGaia (umhlaba). Ngemva kokuba uZeus nabafowabo (uPoseidon neHayidesi) benqobile amaTitans, uSaturn waxoshwa ekhaya lonkulunkulu bamaGreki, iNtaba i-Olympus. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, uSaturn wazinza eLatium endaweni yesikhathi esizayo yaseRoma. Ukufika kwakhe kwahlangatshezwa unkulunkulu wamaRoma uJanus, unkulunkulu onobuso obubili, unkulunkulu weziqalo neziphetho. Ngokushesha uSaturn wazimisa lapho, waze wasungula nedolobha eliseduze laseSaturnia.
Ngokwenganekwane yasendulo, iSaturn yayibusa iLatium ngokuhlakanipha phakathi nenkathi yayo yegolide, isikhathi sokuchuma okukhulu nokuthula. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ajwayelana khona kakhulu nezolimo (njengonkulunkulu wembewu yommbila), yingakho isizathu sokuvezwa kwakhe okujwayelekile kwezobuciko ephethe isikele. Wayala abantu ngezimiso eziyisisekelo zezolimo kanye ne-viticulture (ukukhiqizwa kwamagilebhisi). Uphinde wasiza abantu bendawo ukuthi balahle izindlela zabo “zobuqaba” futhi esikhundleni salokho bamukele indlela yokuphila yomphakathi kanye neyokuziphatha okuhle.
Nakuba izazi-mlando ziphikisana ngemvelaphi kaSaturn kanye nendima yakhe ezinganekwaneni zamaRoma, indawo yakhe emlandweni wamaRoma ikhunjulwa ngezinto ezimbili: ithempeli lakhe kanye nomkhosi wakhe, owakamuva ungomunye wemikhosi elindelwe kakhulu emikhosini eminingi ekhalendeni. . Ithempeli lakhe, elakhiwa cishe ngo-498 B.C. C., yayisezansi kweCapitoline Hill futhi yayinendawo yengcebo yaseRoma, kanye namarekhodi nemithetho yeSigele SaseRoma.
Njengoba iwile, yayizobuye yakhiwe phakathi nokubusa koMbusi uAwugustu. Umkhosi wakhe, iSaturnalia, wawugujwa ngo-December kusukela ngo-17 kuya ku-23 futhi wawuhlobene nokuhlwanyela okusanhlamvu kwasebusika. (Kukhona ababeka umkhosi ngoNcwaba).
Nakuba uMbusi u-Augustus anciphisa ubude bomkhosi waba izinsuku ezintathu (uCaligula noClaudius kamuva bawunyusa waba yisihlanu), iningi labantu layishaya indiva le mithetho futhi laliwugubha izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ezigcwele. Njengengxenye yekhalenda likaNuma, inkosi yesibili yaseRoma, umkhosi wandulela umkhosi wama-Ops, umngane kaSaturn nonkulunkulukazi wesivuno: wayehlotshaniswa nonkulunkulukazi wamaGreki uRhea. USaturn wayexhunywe nomunye unkulunkulu wasendulo wase-Italy, uLua.
Umkhosi wawufana neminye eminingi lapho isikhathi sasichithwa kudliwa, kuphuzwa futhi kudlalwa: kwakunemidlalo eminingi namadili (izazi-mlando ezingamaKristu ziyazibuza ukuthi kwakukhona yini izilwi nokuzidela kwabantu). Ukwengamela umkhosi kwakuyinkosi yamanga, iNkosi yeMisrule noma izikhulu zikaSaturnalicius. Izipho zazishintshaniswa, ngokuvamile amakhandlela noma imifanekiso yobumba. Nokho, phakathi nesonto lomkhosi, izigqila zaba nethuba eliyingqayizivele. Banikezwa inkululeko elinganiselwe.
Phakathi kokunye, kwakungadingeki bagqoke isigqoko esizwakalayo noma i-pilleus. Izingubo zokungcebeleka nazo bezivunyelwe, futhi okuhlukile, amakhosi nezigqila bashintshana ngezindima. Izinceku zaziyala amakhosi futhi amakhosi anakekela izinceku. Umkhosi wawuzoqhubeka kuze kube yinkathi yobuKristu, lapho wawuzothatha khona ubuwena obusha negama: iBrumalia.
Namuhla, imikhosi nemikhosi kade yadlula futhi, njengabanye onkulunkulu abaningi bamaGreki namaRoma, amagama abo atholakala kuphela emakhasini encwadi endala enothuli. Nokho, abanye, njengoSaturn, baye bathola umqondo othile wokungafi. Sikhumbula iSaturn ngezindlela ezimbili, enye yazo ephetha isonto lethu elimatasatasa lomsebenzi: uMgqibelo. Futhi, lapho sibheka esibhakabhakeni ngezinye izikhathi singabona iplanethi yesithupha ukusuka elangeni: iSaturn.
Izinganekwane kanye Jupiter
Unkulunkulu uJupiter udlala indima ezinganekwaneni eziningi zasendulo zamaRoma, lapho lo nkulunkulu ephindaphinda khona singabala okulandelayo:
- Abantu noma onkulunkulu abancane bavame ukuza kuJupiter befuna ubulungisa noma usizo. Ngakho kuthiwa ngolunye usuku uPhathon wehluleka ukulawula inqola kayise eyayidonswa amahhashi amane athwala ilanga esibhakabhakeni. Ukushisa okukhulu kwelanga ngenxa yokusondela kwalo kwashisa izwe, kwabangela imililo kwadala nezingwadule ezinkulu. Ngakho ngokunxusa abantu abafayo bacela usizo kunkulunkulu uJupiter, owaphendula imithandazo ngokubhubhisa inqola ngombani nokuduma kwakhe.
- Kwenye inganekwane efana nokulandisa kweBhayibheli ngozamcolo kaNowa, unkulunkulu uJupiter uthatha isimo somuntu ukuze abone ukuthi amahemuhemu obubi bomuntu ayeyiqiniso yini. Ethuswe izenzo zabo, uqhubeka ebajezisa bonke ngozamcolo omkhulu.
Indaba Yezingane zeJupiter
Uma abancane bedinga ukwazi zonke izindaba ezigxile konkulunkulu, izidalwa zezinganekwane kuleli cala ezivela ezinganekwaneni zamaRoma, zinganikezwa ulwazi mayelana nalo ngendlela ecashile, yokudala futhi ejabulisayo ngale ndaba. Elinye lamathuluzi angasetshenziswa kulokhu yizindaba zezingane noma amamuvi. Manje uma sicabanga ngale njongo, sikulethela ngezansi ukuhunyushwa kabusha okufanele kwezingane mayelana nenganekwane kaJupiter, Juno kanye no-Io.
Ngelinye ilanga unkulunkulu wokuduma kwezulu uJupiter wayenesithukuthezi esigodlweni sakhe esibhakabhakeni, ngoba wayengenayo into angayenza ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho kwafika engqondweni yakhe ukuvakashela abanye babafowabo, njengoNeptune owayengaphansi kolwandle noma uPluto owanikezwa umhlaba ongaphansi. Kodwa, unkulunkulu wokucabanga nje ukuthi kwakufanele aguquke abe ingwane ukuze avakashele umfowabo uNeptune wamenza wavilapha kancane, kwenzeka okufanayo nangokuvakashela ePluto ngelinye iSonto ekuseni, okwathi ngenxa yobumnyama obuningi endlini yakhe wayezovakashela ePluto. ngisalele.
Ngaleso sikhathi sokucabanga ukuthi kufanele enzeni, wabuza ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukwehlela emhlabeni ukuze asize abantu abafayo njengoba babesosukwini lwabo lokuphumula lwangeSonto behlanganyela futhi bejabulela nomndeni, ngakho izinkonzo zakhe nabo zazingadingekile ngaleso sikhathi. Wacabanga nokufonela umkakhe, kodwa wayematasatasa enza umsebenzi wakhe wobunkulunkulukazi enikeza iseluleko kwabesifazane abashadile ngendlela yokuba nomshado ojabulisayo, ngakho wayengenakukwazi ukuhlanganyela naye.
Khona-ke umqondo ohlakaniphile uvela kuye, ukuvakashela umuntu ofayo ngaphandle kokubonwa ukwenza umdlalo noma ububi. Kulapho lapho ekhetha abantu ababili abafayo ababehamba endle, wasondela ezindlebeni zabo bobabili futhi washo okulandelayo: “Yizwani mina siwula. Abantu ababedidekile futhi bengasho lutho babambana ukuze balwe, ngoba bobabili babecabanga ukuthi omunye ukhulume amazwi anjalo komunye. Kulokhu, uJupiter waqala ukuhleka kakhulu ebona ukuthi ihlaya lakhe lisebenzile futhi wakwazi ukuzijabulisa ngalo isikhashana.
Nokho, unkulunkulu wanquma ukuqhubeka ebheke emhlabeni naseRoma ukuze abone ukuthi yiluphi olunye uhambo olujabulisayo ayengaluthola. Ngakho ngesinye isikhathi wabeka amehlo akhe ku-Io, inyonu yamanzi enhle, ngakho ukuze ahlangane nayo wakha ibhuloho lamafu aluhlaza ukuze akwazi ukufinyelela esibhakabhakeni. Nokho, Juno, umkaJupiter, efuna ukwazi ngalesi simo sezulu, wanquma ukusondela ukuze abone ukuthi kwenzekani.
Lapho unkulunkulukazi efika kuleli bhuloho, waqaphela ukuthi umyeni wakhe wayephethe inkomo enhle nencane. Ngaleso sikhathi, uJupiter wayezibuza ukuthi kungani lesi silwane esincane sifike esigodlweni sakhe phezulu kangaka. Kodwa, u-Juno waba nombono wokuthi kukhona okungajwayelekile okwenzeka ku-Jupiter nokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi u-Jupiter uguqule othile inkomo. Ngakho wacabanga ukuthi uma lesi silwane esincane esihle singabalulekile kangako kumyeni wakhe, wayengasigcina ngaphandle kokungabaza.
Wacela umyeni wakhe ukuba amnike inkomo, futhi ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokunqaba, wavuma. Unkulunkulukazi wabe eseyisa inkomo ensimini lapho umdondoshiya wayeyoyiqapha noma yikuphi ukuphazanyiswa komyeni wakhe uJupiter. Eyithanda kakhulu inkomo, ngelinye ilanga wanquma ukuyihlenga. Ngenxa yalokhu, wacela usizo lwendodana yakhe u-Apollo, wakwazi ukukhohlisa futhi wabeka umdondoshiya, ethatha inkomo anquma ukuyishiya osebeni lomfula, kodwa ephazamisekile, akazange ambuyisele kuye. ifomu lokuqala le-nymph.
Lapho unkulunkulukazi uJuno ebona ukunyamalala kwenkomo, wathumela iqulu lezimpukane ezilumayo ukuze liyifune. Ethola u-Io esaphenduka inkomo, bamjaha futhi bamhlaba isikhathi eside, ngaphambi kwalokho inkomo yavele yakhipha umsindo: Muuuuu Muuuu, futhi yabaleka yaze yafika eGibhithe, lapho unkulunkulukazi uJuno wamguqula waba isimo sakhe. .nymph. Unkulunkulukazi wamcela ukuba afune umyeni omuhle futhi ahlale kuleyo ndawo entsha. Kodwa elahlekelwe ikhaya lakhe kakhulu, u-Io the nymph wanquma ukubhukuda abuyele ekhaya eRoma.
ezikhathini zamanje
Ezikhathini zanamuhla, i-Jupiter yayaziwa kakhulu ngokuboleka igama layo endaweni yesihlanu enkulukazi yasezulwini ohlelweni lwethu sonozungezilanga. Abafundi kungenzeka futhi bashayele i-Jupiter bengazi ngokukhuluma isibabazo esidumile "Por Jove!" Olunye uhlobo lwegama likaJupiter, elithi Jove, lwabonwa njengesibabazo esamukeleka kakhudlwana kumaKristu aqotho, ayesaba ukusebenzisa igama likankulunkulu wawo ngeze; kanjalo naleli gama kuthiwa isandiso sosuku lweviki ngoLwesine.
Kwabaningi bemidiya yesiko le-pop, uZeus uthandwa kakhulu kuneJupiter. Lokhu kuhambisana nokukhethwa kwamasiko okubanzi konkulunkulu bamaGreki kunamaRoma.
Uma usithole sithakazelisa lesi sihloko ngoNkulunkulu uJupiter wezinganekwane zamaRoma, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: