Itholakala ezigodini zemifula emine ebalulekile iSinú, iSan Jorge, iMagdalena neNechí, Zenu Culture Ngaleso sikhathi kwakungenye yezindawo eziguquke kakhulu emazweni aseColombia. Funda imininingwane ethokozisayo yaleli siko lendabuko lasendulo!
Isiko lamaZenu
Isiko lamaZenú noma amaSinú lidabuka emazweni namuhla ayingxenye yesizwe saseColombia. Indawo yakhona yayiphakathi ncamashi nezigodi zemifula iSinú neSan Jorge kanye nogu lwaseCaribbean oluseduze neGulf of Morrosquillo, namuhla iCórdoba neSucre.
I-Etymology
Igama elithi Zenú libonakala lihlobene negama abomdabu balezi zizwe abalinika uMfula iSinú. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibuye ihlotshaniswe namagama ahlukene anikezwe izifunda lapho le ndawo yahlukaniswa khona ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu: iFizenú, iPanzenú neZenufana.
Ukwengeza kukho konke lokhu, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu nenabantu abaningi yaleli siko, eseduze nendawo enkulu yamanzi ebizwa ngokuthi ixhaphozi iBetancí eFizenú, eyaziwa ngokuthi iZenú.
Ngeshwa, imibhalo eyabhalwa ababhali baseSpain bekhulu le-XNUMX ayenzi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwereferensi noma incazelo mayelana nemvelaphi yegama lalesi siko lasendulo, ngakho-ke kunzima ukunquma ukuthi kwakuyigama eliqokwe abaseYurophu noma uma abantu bomdabu bazibiza ngempela ngamaZenúes.
Ezinsukwini ezingemva kuka-1550, lapho abaseSpain bezinza ezwenikazi elisha baqala ukusatshalaliswa nokuhlelwa kwabantu bomdabu kuma-encomiendas, isibalo noma isikhungo esahlanganisa abomdabu njengezisebenzi ezingezona zokuzithandela.
Emibhalweni ehlukene yalolu hlobo lwenhlangano, isiko noma isizwe umuntu wokuzalwa engowaso kwakungashiwongo, kodwa kwabelwa igama le-encomendero ababephoqwe ukuba bamsebenzele. Amaningi ala madolobha ayewabiza ngamagama omholi noma cacique ophethe ukwethulela abantu bakwamanye amazwe.
Umlando wesiko lamaZenu
Ubukhona bawo busukela ku-200 BC futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukunyamalala kwayo cishe kwaphela cishe ngo-1600 AD. Imilando yezwe elisha eyabhalwa amaSpanishi ekhulwini le-XNUMX ikhuluma kancane kakhulu ngomlando wesiko lamaZenú, nokho, babuyekeze lezo ezazisekhona, amasiko abo, indawo, imisebenzi yezomnotho, njll.
AbakwaZenú benza imisebenzi emikhulu yokuphatha amanzi, kodwa bagqama ekukhiqizeni izingcezu zegolide, kamuva ezangcwatshwa nomufi futhi ezadonsa ukunaka kwabaningi. Laba bantu enkabeni ye-Colombian Caribbean zone, etholakala phakathi kwemifula iSinú neSan Jorge, amakhulu eminyaka, babona ifa labo lishabalala futhi bawadelela ngokusobala amasiko abo.
Amathuna aleli siko lasendulo aphangwa futhi izimpahla zabo zamathuna zebiwa ngokungafanele. AmaZenú aqonda ngokudabukisayo ukuthi okhokho bawo nabangasekho babedukile, kufanele bazinakekele, bengenazo izinto eziyigugu ezaziwusizo endleleni eya kwelinye izwe.
Isiko lase livele lincipha ngaphambi kokuvela kwabanqobi baseYurophu, kodwa ngokuba khona kwabo, lacishe lanyamalala ngokuphelele.
Ngaphambi kokunqoba
Le ndawo yensimu yaseColombia yayiyindawo ephithizelayo lapho kwakuhlala khona izinhlanga ezihlukahlukene. Endabeni yomphakathi weZenú, wahlukaniswa waba yizikhulu eziyikhulu nantathu, zahlukaniswa izifundazwe ezintathu ezigcina ukushintshana njalo, ikakhulukazi esicini sezomnotho. Lokhu bekuyi:
- Finzenú, etholakala ezindaweni eziseMfuleni iSinu. Lawa maqembu agqama ekuchazeni obhasikidi, amacansi nezinye izinto ezifanayo, nasekulukeni.
- I-Panzenú, imiphakathi ehlala endaweni esemfuleni iSan Jorge, ebhekele ukuvuna nokukhiqiza ukudla nje jikelele.
- IZenufana, kwakuyisifundazwe esasiphakathi kwemifula iCauca neNechí, yayizinikele kakhulu ekuchwebeni igolide.
Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweSpain
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XV, ngokusho kwemibhalo yaseSpain, inhlangano yezombangazwe yamaZenúes yayingekho, yasinda kuma-cacicazgos amabili. Ngo-1533, umnqobi uPedro de Heredia wasungula indawo eqinile yaseCartagena de Indias. Lapho liqaphela ukubaluleka kwamasu ogu olusemanzini ajulile emachwebeni emikhumbi, leli dolobha laqala ukuchuma njengechweba lezigqila kanye nendawo yokunqoba uMqhele WaseSpain eZweni Elisha.
Ukuba seduze kweZenú nemithombo yensimbi ebalulekile ekujuleni kwenkabazwe eshisayo yoMfula iMagdalena ePhakathi kwayenza yaba izisulu ezilula zabaphangi. Le miphakathi yaba yi-encomienda futhi cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX amadolobha ahlukene asatholakala kulesi sifunda akhiwa.
Kamuva, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, izithunywa zevangeli zafika, kwamiswa amapulazi ezinkomo futhi kugcinwa ukuxhashazwa okungaphezi kwezinsiza okwakungezabantu bomdabu ekuqaleni.
- River Valley imiphakathi
I-Zenú ngaphambi kokunqoba isivele ihlangabezane nokwehla kwenani labantu, ngisho nangezizathu ezingenayo incazelo enembile.
Le miphakathi yayihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme eduze kwase-Ayapel, Montelíbano kanye ne-Betanci, itholwe abanqobi ekuhloleni kwabo eMfuleni iSinú. Isifundazwe ngasinye ngesikhathi sokunqoba sasinabaholi baso abamisiwe kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalakahle:
- Isigodi saseSinú sasibizwa ngokuthi iFizenú, inhloko-dolobha, iZenú: eyayibuswa owesifazane, owaziwa ngokuthi uTotó. Indawo yayo engcwele ebaluleke kakhulu kanye namathuna lapho izinsalela zezicukuthwane zaziphumula khona eZenú, eduze nedamu laseBetanci.
- IPanzenú, esesigodini saseSan Jorge, yayine-Ayapel njengenhloko-dolobha nesikhungo sezepolitiki, umbusi wayo wayaziwa ngeYapel.
- IZenufana, ephakathi kwemifula iCauca neNechí, lapho kwakukhiqizwa khona igolide, yayibuswa iNutibar.
Inkosi uZenúfana yayibhekwa njengomuntu wasenganekwaneni, owabusa yonke indawo engezansi yeCauca neNechí, ehlela yonke indawo yaseGran Zenú ezicini zezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezenkolo.
Lokhu kwagcinwa ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokunqotshwa, kwashaywa imithetho neziqondiso ezazisebenza kwaze kwaba yilapho zitholwa abantu bangaphandle futhi uPedro de Heredia wahlasela isizwe sabo.
- Zenúes ezintabeni San Jacinto
Amaqembu omdabu alezi zindawo ayehlobene eduze nemisebenzi yegolide, ukuhweba nokudoba, ehlala ezindaweni zezintaba zaseSan Jacinto nasemaphethelweni oMfula iMagdalena, ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokunqotshwa.
Phakathi komehluko ophawulekayo maqondana neZenú yasezindaweni eziphansi, kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwezindunduma zokungcwaba namathuna. Umufi wabo ulale ezitsheni ezinkulu ezigqitshwe ngaphansi kwezindlu zabo. Abakhandi begolide bakule ndawo basebenzisa ingxube yegolide, enethusi eliningi, ezintweni nezingcezu ezinkulu nezivamile.
Ngokuvamile ayebukeka njengegolide naphezu kwethusi, ngenxa yalokhu ayengaphansi kwenqubo yokushisisa ngamakhemikhali, eyayincibilikisa ithusi phezu kwaso futhi ucezu lushiye igolide. Kodwa-ke, lo mbala uvame ukuguga ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ucezu lwalubonisa i-hue yethusi ene-oxidized.
Phakathi kwezingcezu ezivame kakhulu ongazithola: amacici ayindilinga kanye ne-semicircular, izindandatho namacici, izibalo zabantu abagqoke izingubo zikanokusho, amakhanda, izinsimbi nezinye izidalwa ezivela ezilwaneni zasendle. Imisebenzi yabo yaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokunqoba, nokho, lapho isizwe sabo sitholakala futhi sihlaselwa, ingxenye enkulu yezingcezu yanyamalala, kanye nomsebenzi wegolide.
Ukwehla kwesiko lamaZenú
Umhlaba weZenú yomdabu washintshwa unomphela lapho abantu baseYurophu bokuqala befika ngemikhumbi yabo bezohlola futhi bahlole lolu gu olukude. Babona kulolu gu ukuthi kungenzeka kube nechweba elibalulekile emazweni aseMelika kanye nethuba lengcebo engenakubalwa emazweni abo.
Cishe ngo-1533, lapho kusungulwa idolobha laseCartagena de Indias, abaseYurophu babengenakho ukungabaza ngayo yonke ingcebo eyayisemuva kokungcwatshwa kwabantu bomdabu engaseMfuleni iSinú. Bahlela izinkambo eziningi zokuhlola, inhloso yazo eyinhloko kwakuwukuphangwa kwezindunduma zokungcwaba.
Ngokufika kwabantu baseYurophu kanye nokuhlasela kwesizwe saseZenú, ukuqoqwa kwezwe labo kanye nesizinda sezizwe kwaba yiqiniso, kukhokhiswa intela eyeqisayo, ehlelwa njengezisebenzi eziphoqelelwe ngokuphoqelelwa kanye nezifo ezafika nazo. kusukela entshonalanga, inani labantu baseZenú lehla ngokumangalisayo futhi nalo lonke isiko labo lanyamalala.
Cishe ngo-1773, iNkosi yaseSpain yayala ukuthi amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nantathu eSan Andrés de Sotavento abe yindawo yokulondoloza iZenú, nokho, lokhu kwanyamalala ngo-1905 ngomyalo weNational Assembly of Colombia.
Kusukela lapho, abantu bomdabu abakhona bebelokhu belwela ukubuyiselwa kwalesi siqiwu, inqubo eyathela izithelo ngo-1990, lapho uSan Andrés de Sotavento ephinda ephethe lesi sihloko.
Kodwa-ke, ilungiselelo lalihlanganisa indawo engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi, kamuva okwakungaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili, lapho kukhona izakhamuzi ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu ezisazama ukulondoloza amasiko asendulo.
Ulimi LwamaZenu
Laba bantu base-Amerindia ekuqaleni babekhuluma isiGuajiba noma isiGuamacó, okwamanje inzalo yabo isebenzisa iSpanishi njengolimi lwabo.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1770, iGuamacó yayikhulunywa emiphakathini eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Cereté ne-Alto San. Kodwa-ke, umqhele waseSpain wenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezilimi zomdabu ezihlukene ngabo-XNUMX, lokhu kuyimbangela yokushabalala kwayo ngokuphelele.
Kulolu limi lwasendulo, amagama ambalwa kuphela ezindawo, izitshalo, izilwane kanye namagama athile olimi lwazo olukhulunywayo ogwini-savanna asindayo. Ulimi lwesiko lamaZenú ngemva kokunqotshwa kweSpanishi lwanyamalala kancane kancane, kangangokuthi lwabhekwa njengolimi olungasekho.
Nokho, uMnyango Wezamasiko WaseColombia uthi okwamanje cishe bangu-14% abantu abakhuluma lolu limi lwendabuko, abasengozini enkulu yokushabalala ngokuphelele. Njengamanje kunezinhlelo namaphrojekthi okuhloswe ngawo ukubuyisela lolu limi lwesigodi.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Lapho abanqobi baseSpain bethola amazwe aseZenú, ahlukaniswa aba izifundazwe ezintathu noma i-cacicazgos, iPanzenú endaweni yaseSan Jorge, iZenúfana eHenchí nezigodi eziphansi zeCauca, kanye neFizenú phakathi nezigodi zaseSinú eziphansi.
Imiphakathi yayiholwa yi-cacique, owesilisa noma owesifazane. Lokhu kwakuphethe ukuphatha nokulawula umphakathi weZenú, kuzo zonke izindawo.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi i-cacicazgo ngayinye yayinenkosi, noma kunjalo, amaqembu ayelokhu eshintshana njalo, ikakhulukazi esicini sezomnotho, njengoba imikhiqizo yabanye yayidingwa abanye futhi ngokuhwebelana wonke umuntu wayengathola lokho akudingayo hhayi abakwenzayo.
Amakhosi abenemisebenzi eyahlukene kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo yomphakathi. Imisebenzi yezombangazwe, yezenkolo nezomnotho, isibonelo: ukujezisa nokujezisa ezimeni ezigunyaza lokho, ukuxazulula iziphazamiso nezingxabano zabantu, ukunikeza imvume yezinyunyana zomshado, njll.
Imizana yaseZenú yayakhiwe izindlu ezinkulu, ezihlelekile nezicocekile. Zazakhiwe phezu kwamathala noma amapulatifomu, ngaphezu kwezinga lamanzi. Lapho omunye wabaholi babo efa, bangcwatshwa kula masimu, imizimba yabo ihlotshiswe ngokucebile ngamatshe ayigugu nezingcezu zegolide, ngokwesikhundla abasiphethe, ukuphakama kwesikhundla, isambatho esikhulu kanye nokuphakama kwendunduma.
I-hierarchy i-matrilineal, okusho ukuthi, inzalo ichazwa ngomugqa womama, kodwa futhi izici eziningi zincike futhi zizungeza indoda, isibonelo, imindeni ihlala ekhaya likayise. Ukuzalanisa kwakuvunyelwe, okungukuthi, ukushada phakathi kwabantu bezinhlanga ezihlukene.
Abesifazane kusiko lweZenu
Kuleli siko lasendulo, abesifazane babenendima ebalulekile emphakathini, bemele ukuzala, ukuhlakanipha nenhlonipho.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, akunzima ukuthola abalingisi besifazane ezenzweni zobuciko. Ngokuvamile zenziwe ngobumba, lezi zibalo zenezelwa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ezazibuthelwa emathuneni, njengomfanekiso wokuvunda kwabantu nomhlabathi.
Ukubeka lezi zithombe ezincane emathuneni kwakuhlotshaniswa nokukhulelwa nokuzalwa kabusha, yebo kwamanye amazwe, njengembewu emhlabathini eqhuma futhi ikhule.
Imicimbi yomngcwabo ibalulekile emphakathini, ngakho-ke, kuvame kakhulu ukuthi wonke umuntu ahambele lo mcimbi ephethe umculo nokudansa. Indunduma eyenziwe ethuneni ngendlela eyindilinga ngokuvamile izama ukulingisa isibeletho sikamama, indawo lapho ukukhulelwa kwenzeka khona, kuze kube yilapho umntwana ezalwa. Lokhu kuthweswe umqhele wesihlahla esihlotshiswe ngezinsimbi zegolide, ezibekwe egatsheni ngalinye.
Emingcwabeni, abesifazane nabesilisa abanegunya emphakathini basebenzisa izivikelo zesifuba zegolide, uphawu lokuqina kobulili besilisa kanye nesigaba sokukhulelwa kwabesifazane. Ukukhulelwa nokuzalwa kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesiko leZenú, yingakho abesifazane babebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe zalo mphakathi.
Cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho abanqobi bethola iZenúes, esinye sezifundazwe nesikhungo sezenkolo esaziwa ngokuthi iFinzenú sasiholwa uToto, owayephethe inani elikhulu lemiphakathi eseduze.
Umnotho
Izindawo ezithathwe iZenú zazinemithombo yamanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke le ndawo yogu lweCaribbean, ngakho ukuthuthukiswa komnotho namasiko kwalabo ababehlala ogwini lwayo kwakuthembisa, kubangela imisebenzi eyayibalulekile ukuze baziphilise. ukudoba.
AmaZenues athuthukise imisebenzi yezomnotho eyahlukene, egqama kweminye ngokukhethekile. Enye yezinto eziyinhloko nezibaluleke kakhulu ezolimo, ukukhulisa imikhiqizo eyisisekelo ekudleni kwabo njengommbila, upelepele, umdumbula, ubhontshisi, ithanga nama-yam. Phakathi kwezithelo ezivunwa kakhulu futhi ezidliwe yikhabe, ikhabe, umango, i-corozo, i-guava ne-soursop.
Omunye wemisebenzi yezomnotho yesiko leZenú ukudoba. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi, i-babilla noma ingwenya kanye nofudu lwe-hicotea, kwakuyimikhiqizo ebalulekile emzini ngamunye. Emiphakathini eminingi, ukufuywa kofudu kwakwenziwa ngamanani amancane.
Baphinde bagqama ekwalukeni nasekufakeni obhasikidi, ababeqinisekisa ngakho ukuthi bagcina isivuno sezinhlobo ezithile zesundu, utshani nemivini, okwakuhloswe ukuba kuthuthukiswe ngayo imisebenzi yezandla nomsebenzi wokwakha. Ayevelele ekwenzeni izingcezu ezinhle neziwusizo ezilukiwe noma ezilukwe ngemicu ekhishwa ezitshalweni. Izigqoko, obhasikidi nobhasikidi, iziphephetha-moya, amacansi, izikhwama, amavazi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kwakulukwa ukuze kusetshenziswe nsuku zonke nokuhwebelana.
Njengamanje lezi zinto zisakhiwa ngemicibisholo nemicu ye-napa, izingcezu eziningi eziyizifanekiselo zamazwe aseColombia futhi ezazalwa ngesiko lasendulo lamaZenú, zithunyelwa kweminye imingcele. Isigqoko se-vueltiao, ngokwesibonelo, siyisisetshenziswa esiwuphawu sesizwe sase-Colombia, esijwayelekile kuma-savannah ase-Caribbean, ikakhulukazi i-Córdoba, i-Sucre ne-Bolívar.
Yenziwe nge-fiber etholakala entendeni yomcibisholo womoba, isitshalo esisetshenziselwa ukubiya izindlu, ukwenza imicibisholo yokudoba kanye nomhlobiso. I-fiber ibekwe elangeni ukuze ilahlekelwe umswakama futhi yome ngokuphelele, iphendule umbala okhilimu olula kakhulu, cishe omhlophe.
Uma umcu sewomile, uba mnyama ngodaka, ukuze isigqoko selukwe ngemibala emibili. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zendwangu sithola okuthiwa ama-spider pints, isifuba sekhilikithi, njll. Ekuqaleni amapheshana emaphethelweni esigqoko ayenziwa izingane, ngaleyo ndlela anikele emsebenzini nokufunda isiko. Kukhona imiphakathi ephinde yagqama ngokuluka ama-hammocks amakhulu futhi amangalisayo kuma-looms amakhulu.
Kweminye imiphakathi, ukuzingela kwamagundane amancane aziwa ngokuthi ama-picure noma ama-sereques kanye nezinyoni zasemanzini ezifana ne-cormorant kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-turkeys.
inganekwane nenkolo
Izinkolelo zesiko leZenú zigxile, njengakwamanye amasiko okuqala, kubantu abaphakeme, abadali bendawo yonke, umhlaba nazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Kulokhu, uZenués womdabu waqinisekisa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwesikhathi yonke into yayiyedwa, ukuthula nokubandayo, kwakukhona onkulunkulu ababili kuphela, ababebhekwa njengonkulunkulu abadali.
Lezi zibalo zaphezulu, abadali bakho konke esikwaziyo, kuhlanganise namaZenúes okuqala ahlala eGran Zenú, ayebizwa ngokuthi iMexion, efana kakhulu neZenúes ngokomzimba, kodwa ekhazimulayo futhi ekhazimulayo, umlingani wabo kwakunguManexca, unkulunkulukazi onesifuba esisodwa kuphela, esikhulu. ubuhle
Njengamasiko amaningi ama-aboriginal asendulo, i-Zenú yomdabu yayiyihlonipha futhi ihloniphe imvelo namandla ayo amakhulu. Babebheka ukuphila emhlabeni njengesipho futhi ukufa kwakulindelekile ngaphandle kokwesaba futhi nomoya omuhle, ngoba ngemva kokufa umoya wawungenazibopho nomzimba wenyama ngakho-ke ukuphila kwenye indiza kwakuzolile futhi kumnandi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufa kwakuyisihloko esibaluleke kakhulu futhi esidlulele kulo mphakathi, kwakubhekwa njengomzuzu ojwayelekile empilweni yanoma yimuphi umuntu, kube nesiko lokukuphakamisa ngemikhosi nemikhosi edingekayo, ikakhulukazi ukuqondisa. umphefumulo kamufi..
Endaweni yokuhlala yaseZenú kwakungavamile ukuthola uhlobo lwe-mezzanine noma i-mezzanine eyenziwe ngokhuni noma i-wattle ukuze ubambe ibhokisi lomngcwabo ngokuphepha. Kukwabaningi kulezi zinsuku, into engavamile futhi engathandeki kancane ukugcina i-drawer noma urning ekhaya, kodwa lokhu kwakuyingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke kweZenú, njengoba kuvamile ukuyithola njengengxenye yemihlobiso nezinto zasendlini.
Ngeke wazi ukuthi ukufa kungqongqoza nini emnyango, ngakho-ke zilungiselele. Ibhokisi noma ibhokisi lalibhekwa njengelisetshenziswa umphakathi futhi lalibolekwa kunoma ubani owayelidinga ngesikhathi sesidingo. Yebo, ibhokisi lomngcwabo kamuva lizokwenziwa linemininingwane efanayo nalelo elatholwa ngokubolekwa, njengophawu lwenhlonipho nokubonga emndenini owaliboleka ngokukhululekile.
Umuntu oshonile uzofakwa ngaphakathi kwebhokisi, abekwe kahle, kuvalwe amehlo nomlomo, njengoba ukuma noma isenzo esingafanele sisho ukuthi umphefumulo ulokhu uzulazula, kungase kuthathe ilungu lomndeni noma ulilele okuthile okungaqediwe noma okungalungile okwenzeka endaweni akuyo. .eduze.
Ngomzimba obekwe kahle ekhabetheni, izihlobo zakhe zihamba naye eduze kwendlu yakhe nasezindaweni eziseduze, ukuze akhumbule lezo zindawo futhi "athathe izinyathelo zakhe kuleli zwe". Umbhobho uvamise ukuthuthwa emahlombe abangani nezihlobo eziseduze, okuthi uma sebehambele umuzi kamufi bayiswe lapho bebezongcwatshwa khona.
Kamuva ngokwamukelwa kwezinkolelo zobuKristu kanye nengxube yalezi nezinkolelo zakudala, ngaphambi kokuya endaweni yokungcwaba, badlula esontweni. Endlini kamufi, umndeni ubeka uhlobo lwe-altare, elizobe lihlotshiswe ngezimbali, amakhandlela, ingilazi yamanzi nokotini. Kuleyo ngilazi kuthiwa, umoya kamufi uzophuza amanzi ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye ze-novena, ukuvalelisa ngokuqinisekile kulo mhlaba.
Ukuyisa ibhokisi endaweni yokungcwaba, imigqa emibili ihlelwa nabasizi, belingisa indlela, wonke umuntu uzophatha amakhandlela akhanyisiwe ukuze lokhu kukhanya kuqinisekise oshonile uhambo oluhle olungokomoya, eduze nonkulunkulu uZenú, uTií.
Umuntu uzongcwatshwa ikhanda lakhe libheke ngasentshonalanga, lapho kuba mnyama khona, nezinto zabo kanye nezingcezu zobuciko ezihambisanayo. Umhlaba ofakwe ebhokisini elingaphakathi kwembobo uzohlanganiswa ngezinti ezintathu zokhuni ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-rammers. Kulesi simo, kudingeka ama-rammer amabili abesifazane kanye ne-rammer eyodwa yesilisa, ekhiqiza imisindo efana nesigubhu lapho ishaywa phansi.
Lo msindo uhambisana nemishwana namagama anikezelwe kumuntu oshonile noma asho ukufa. Ngendlela efanayo, kuhambisana nomdanso wesigqi salokho kushaywa, okubhekwa njengengxenye ebalulekile yomkhosi, ngoba ukufa kuyisiqalo sempilo entsha, ukuzalwa kabusha futhi kuyisizathu senjabulo. Umzimba kamufi uphumula kukho konke okwakuphila kulo mhlaba futhi umoya wakhe uzalwa kabusha kwenye indiza.
Isiko libeka ukuthi labo abamphethe futhi bamngcwabe baphuze iziphuzo zendabuko, njenge-masato, chicha, ñeque noma chirrinche. Uma umngcwabo usuphelile futhi umufi esengcwatshiwe, ukuphela noma ukuvela kwethuna kuncike ezingeni legunya noma isikhundla somdabu endaweni yangakubo, ngoba kuya ngokubaluleka noma ngezigaba zabo, isiphithiphithi noma indunduma yomhlabathi emboze umhlaba. Ikhabethe lizoba nosayizi othize.
Uma umdabu wayewumhloba noma ilungu elithile elibalulekile lomphakathi, indunduma yomhlaba ihluke ngokuphelele kwesamuntu ovamile, njengoba ngokuvamile iba nkulu futhi iphakeme. AmaZenúes akholelwa ukuthi ukufa kuyiqiniso elidunyiswa ngamasiko nemikhosi ekhethekile, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Dispatch of the soul noma i-novena. Le novena yenzelwa kubo kamufi, nomndeni, abangani nabajwayelene nayo, izinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye.
Inhloso yokwenza lesi siko ukusekela izihlobo ekufuneni induduzo ngokulahlekelwa kwabo, ukwenza imisebenzi ehlukene ezobavumela ukuba babhekane nokulila, isibonelo, ukwabelana ngokudla neziphuzo ezifana nekhofi, masato, tapetusa kanye ne-chicha, ngaphezu kwalokho. ukuchitha isikhathi phakathi kwemidlalo yamathuba nenkulumo encane.
Kuma-novenario abesifazane bavamise ukukhuluma, amadoda adlale, axoxe izindaba, izinganekwane, izinganekwane namahlaya kanti abancane ngokuvamile badlala futhi bazijabulise, kuyilapho wonke umuntu edla futhi ephuza lokho abanikezwa kona. Kuyisiko ukubheka inyanga, okuyiyona ephethe ukucela nokulamula umoya kamufi, ukuze uhlambuluke ungene entabeni engcwele. Ubusuku obuyisishiyagalolunye bungumsebenzi onzima ku-rezandero, kuze kube yilapho ekwazi ukuletha umufi ngendlela efanele.
Ukubonga umsebenzi wabo, i-rezandero izobe ihanjelwe wumndeni kamufi, baphiwe ukudla neziphuzo, kwazise lo mkhuba wenziwa ngezinhlelo ezintathu okungafanele zishintshwe. Izinsuku zenziwa ngokugcina isikhathi yi-rezandero ngo-7:00 ntambama, ngo-11:00 ntambama nango-2:00 ekuseni.
Umphakathi usebenzisana nokudla komndeni kamufi ngalezo zinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, okubalwa kuzo umdumbula, amayam, ubhanana nekhofi. Ukuthunyelwa noma ukuvalelisa komoya kwenzeka ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye lokufa phakathi kwamabili. I-rezandero izosho imithandazo yayo ngenkathi iphuma futhi ikhumula i-altare eliwubukhazikhazi elisendlini. Ilungu ngalinye lomndeni liyocisha ikhandlela njengophawu lokuhamba kukamufi kulo mhlaba wabaphilayo, ekugcineni yonke into isala ebumnyameni futhi kushiwo nemikhuleko efanele.
Iminyango yendlu igcinwa ivulekile futhi icacile, ukuze umoya uphume endaweni. Abomdabu bayakuqinisekisa ukuthi noma ngubani ophazamisa ukuhamba kukamufi nganoma yisiphi isizathu angabhekana nokugula noma ayiswe ezweni labafileyo.
Zenu ubuchwepheshe namasiko
Ngaphezu kokugcina isakhiwo senhlalo nezomnotho esiqinile ngaleso sikhathi, iZenú yayibonakala ngokuba isiko elithuthuke kakhulu. Amaciko nonjiniyela abavelele, njengoba bechazwa ongoti abaningi endaweni, nokho babenobuhlakani obusha futhi besebenza ngempumelelo kwezinye izindawo eziningi. Ngezansi ungathola amakhono akhe amaningi:
Ubunjiniyela be-Hydraulic
Inhliziyo yezwe labo yayiwumphumela wokuba khona kwemifula emine, iSan Jorge, iSinú, iCauca kanye neMagdalena, eyayinezici ezingavamile zokukhukhula ngezikhathi zemvula. Isiko leZenú labonisa ikhono elikhulu ekwakhiweni, ekuphathweni nasekuphathweni kwezinhlelo zokunisela ezihlukene.
I-Zenú yaba ngochwepheshe ekwakhiweni nasekwakheni imisele yokulawula izikhukhula. Bakha uhlelo olukhaliphile futhi olusebenza kahle, olukwazi ukuletha amanzi kumahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayisithupha iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. Umhlabathi owashiywa ngokumba imisele wawusetshenziselwa ukwakha amasimu lapho kwakunezindlu namapulazi.
Le nethiwekhi ebonakalayo yomhlaba namanzi, lapho ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwenzeka khona, yaba yingxenye ebalulekile yesiko leZenú elivame ukubonakaliswa ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezizidalile. Le nethiwekhi yemisele eyakhiwe yiZenúes yayibanzi futhi yenza kube nokwenzeka ukulawula ukugcwala kwemifula njalo, ukuqondisa ukudlula kwamanzi awo ezindaweni zemvelo, ukusizakala nge-sediment yalokhu, ukufeza inethiwekhi yokuxhumana emfuleni emangalisayo futhi ephumelelayo.
Ukumbiwa kwemisele emikhulu kwaqinisekisa futhi ukuthi ngezikhathi zemvula, amanzi ageleza kancane kancane emifuleni. Umhlaba owedlulele owavela ngenxa yokumbiwa wasetshenziselwa ukwakha amasimu aphezulu, lapho kwakulinywa khona unyaka wonke.
Njengoba ungase ucabange, lolu hlelo luvumele i-Zenú ukuthi isebenzise kangcono izindawo, ibuyisele izindawo ezazishiywe izikhukhula namanzi akhuphukayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulezi ziteshi izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zasemanzini zanda, izimfudu, ama-caimans nama-caimans, ngaphezu kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi, ezaziwumthombo obalulekile wokudla emiphakathini.
Le ndlela ehlakaniphile yokusebenzisa umhlaba wabo ngokunenzuzo, iwavumela ukuba ahlale futhi atshale emhlabathini, okwathi ngenxa yezikhukhula, yayingafaneleki kuleyo njongo, yabanikeza isiqu esibafanele sonjiniyela bama-hydraulic besikhathi sabo.
Amasimu lapho kwakudlange khona izilimo zomdumbula, ummbila, ukotini. ubhontshisi, njll, ngaphezu kwamathuba okudoba ngobuningi, okuqinisekisiwe ukuthi le miphakathi eminingi ingaphila.
umkhandi wegolide
Ikhono lalaba abakhandi begolide basendulo liyamangaza nanamuhla, umsebenzi wabo we-filigree wamanga, intambo yegolide ephothiweyo, ephonswe ngobuchwepheshe be-wax, izingcezu ezinkulu zesiko lamaZenú.
Idizayini yendabuko yeZenú iwuhlobo lokubonakaliswa kwemvelo yabo nendlela yokuphila, ezungezwe imisele ababehlala ezigodini ezigudle iGulf of Morrosquillo, babevame ukusebenza futhi bahlobise izingcezu zabo njengohlobo lwephethini ye-wicker, ejwayelekile yamanetha abo okudoba. , izindwangu, izitsha zobumba, ubhasikidi, nezinto zegolide nezinto zobuciko.
Igolide lalibuye lisetshenziswe ngezinye izindlela, ligxishwe ngesando libe amapuleti kanye nemidwebo, lenze imihlobiso eyayivame ukwenziwa nge-alloy equkethe izinga eliphezulu lale nsimbi.
Isici esivamile sezinto ezikhiqizwe i-Zenú ezintabeni zase-San Jacinto ukuboniswa kwezigcawu ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwemvelo, izinyoni ezihlezi egatsheni, izibalo ze-feline, ama-alligator kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Izikhathi eziningi izibalo zamadoda zanezelwa izinzipho, izinzipho, amazinyo, njll.
Izinyoni, izingwenya, izinhlanzi, izinyamazane, i-curassow enamabhilidi aluhlaza, nezinye izilwane zasendle ezisezintabeni namaxhaphozi, nazo ezaziwumthombo wokudla, zazivame ukuvezwa emihlobiso yegolide, mhlawumbe njengokuboniswa kokwazisa, uthando nokuhlonishwa komhlaba nemvelo.
Eminye yemifanekiso yegolide yomhlaba wezilwane yaguqulwa yaba imihlobiso elengayo kanye nemihlobiso eyayibekwe ekugcineni kwezinduku ukuze izihlobise. Benza namasongo ekhaleni noma amacici ekhala, ama-pectorals, izikhonkwane, izindandatho namacici. Ngaphezu kwezibalo ezingokoqobo nezinye ezenziwe ngesitayela zabantu ngokuma okulula nokujwayelekile kanye nemisebenzi: abaculi abanezinsimbi, ukuhlala ezihlalweni, ukuma, nemifino noma izithelo, njll.
Eziningi zezingcezu ezinhle zangcwatshwa nabafile bazo, ngokwesiko lalesi siko lendabuko. Ngokujwayelekile lokhu kwenziwa emiseleni eyabe isimbozwe izindunduma ezinkulu zomhlaba, okwenza ibe lula kubaphangi bamathuna, abaphangi kanye nezihambi ezihlala ziphanga ugu neziqhingi zaseCaribbean.
Akekho owaziyo ngempela ukuthi iZenú yalitholaphi igolide nokuthi umsebenzi waqala nini ngalo, ukuliphelelisa kwaze kwaba yilapho lifinyelela izingcezu ezisamangalisa umhlaba wonke, njengoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi isiko laba khona iminyaka engaba izinkulungwane ezimbili.
I-Cerámica
Izitsha zobumba zalesi siko lendabuko zibonakala ngezibalo ze-anthropomorphic kanye ne-zoomorphic, ezichazwe kahle kakhulu futhi zigcwele imininingwane, efana nezithombe eziqoshiwe. Basebenzisa izinto ezahlukene, amasu, izitayela namafomu. Izingcezu zazivame ukusetshenziswa nsuku zonke nasekhaya, eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zazivame ukusetshenziswa emikhosini nasezinkonzweni.
Izitsha zobumba zazinemihlobiso nemihlobiso, lokhu ngokuvumelana nokusetshenziswa okwakuhloswe ngakho. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zokuhlobisa kwakuyilezi:
- umhlobiso osikiwe
- umhlobiso onamachashazi
- Umdwebo wesithombe seJiyomethri: lolu hlobo lokuhlobisa ngokuvamile lwalubomvu nomnyama, olunesizinda esinombala okhilimu.
Izibalo nezingcezu ezivame kakhulu ezenziwe izingcweti ze-Zenú yilezi:
- Izinkomishi ezinde ezinesisekelo esimise okwensimbi.
- Izithombe zabesifazane abaneziketi ezinde, umzimba ongenalutho namahlombe namabele aqoshiwe.
- jingle bells
- amakhwela zoomorphic
- Izibalo zabesifazane abakhulelwe
- Izilwane
Amasampuli e-ceramic yesiko le-Zenú amelela izingcezu zobuciko ezikhiqiza isithakazelo esikhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziwusizo kangakanani. Ziyizingcezu ezinokubaluleka okukhulu nokuthandwayo kwezobuciko bangaphambi kweSpanishi.
Eziningi zalezi zingcezu zingabonakala emaqoqweni "eMnyuziyamu Yegolide" ye-Banco de la República e-Bogotá naseCartagena de Indias, okuwukubonakaliswa kobukhulu bobuciko bamasiko okuqala aseColombia, ikakhulukazi isiko lamaZenú.
Zenu petroglyphs
I-San Jacinto kanye ne-San Juan Nepomuceno bangomasipala ababili emnyangweni we-Bolívar, okuyinto phakathi kwezinye izinto eyaziwa njengendawo lapho ezinye izingcezu zemivubukulo zisinda ezingathathwa njengengcebo yesiko leZenú.
Ifa elifihlwe emathunjini ehlathi, amatshe amakhulu aphakeme phezu kwezihlahla, ubufakazi obuphilayo bempucuko yasendulo lapho kungabonwa khona izigcawu ezahlukene kanye nezibalo zejiyomethri. Le midwebo nemidwebo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-petroglyphs, yenziwa ematsheni amakhulu asukela ku-4.000 BC futhi ibhekwa njengeminye yemisebenzi emidala yalolu hlobo eMelika.
Kulaba masipala baseColombia, izindawo ezimbalwa zemivubukulo zingabonwa ezinezingxenye ezimele zesiko leZenú noma leSinú. Kubhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu, izingcezu ezisesigabeni se-Arroyo Rastro, kumasipala waseSan Juan Nepomuceno, zibonisa ubuso bomholi weZenú, onobunye ubuso, abacwaningi abaningi abacabanga ukuthi bafanekisela okhokho balowo cacique.
San Jacinto
I-San Jacinto, cishe amakhilomitha ayikhulu ukusuka eCartagena de Indias, inomlando kanye nefa lemisebenzi yezandla nomculo ohlukahlukene futhi othakazelisayo, kulabo abacabanga ukuthi kuleli dolobha bangathola kuphela ama-hammocks, ojosaka kanye nama-bagpiper amaningi ahlome ngama-maracas nezigubhu, akunjalo. , ngumphakathi lapho kunokuningi ongakuthola.
Yaziwa njengezwe leBig Hammock, edume ngezindwangu zayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho kwakuyikhaya lamasiko amadala kakhulu eMelika, iZenúes. Kodwa-ke, futhi kuyiphuzu elithakaselwayo kulabo abajabulela izindawo ezinentshisekelo ye-archaeological.
I-Community Museum yase-San Jacinto, e-Bolívar, iyindawo yesiko kulo masipala owaqala ukusebenza ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, ikakhulukazi njengomklamo woMtapo Wolwazi kaMasipala.
Kodwa-ke, akukhona nje ukufunda okwahlanganiswa kulesi sikhala, ukudweba, ukudansa kanye nemivubukulo nakho kuhlanganiswe kulo mbono. Njengamanje, i-Community Museum ikhombisa izitsha nezingcezu ezenziwe ngezitsha zobumba, ezindala impela, okucatshangwa ukuthi zivela ku-4000 BC. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eduze kakhulu nedolobha, elicashe emazweni anohlaza oluminyene, cishe emahlathini, kunezindawo ezimbili abathandi abaningi bempilo yangaphandle nabathandi bamasiko omdabu abangahluleki ukuzivakashela:
- I-Rastro Creek Petroglyphs
Abaningi benza umzila ngezinyawo usuka endaweni yokungena eyaziwa ngokuthi iConejitos neighbourhood, okusho ukuthi ukuhamba kancane ngaphezu kwamahora amabili, kulabo abangaluthandi lolu hambo lwemoto lungathatha imizuzu engamashumi amabili, kuye ngesimo sezulu. usuku Indawo imakwe ngezimpawu zensimbi nemidwebo yemisebenzi yezandla enegama elithi I-Petroglyphs, i-Arroyo Rastro.
Ngemva kokuhamba ibanga elide nokushiya ipulazi elibizwa ngokuthi iLa Nasa, uzothola indawo enomfudlana okumelwe uwele kuyo ukuze ufinyelele endaweni lapho kuphakama khona amatshe amakhulu, eqoshwe amaZenúes asendulo.
E-Arroyo Rastro, ungabona ama-megaliths, izikhumbuzo ezenziwe ngamatshe amakhulu, angasikiwe, amanye efihliwe emehlweni enyama.
Kulokhu ungabona amanye ama-petroglyphs aqoshwe phezulu, amanye asephelile ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Le midwebo ibonisa izithombe ze-caciques zomdabu, nemihlobiso yazo namakhanda, kanye nobunye ubuso.
- I-Jaguar Leap
Le ndawo yengcebo yemivubukulo itholakala cishe imizuzu engamashumi amabili ukusuka eSan Jacinto, kumasipala waseSan Juan Nepomuceno. Yaziwa ngokuthi i-El Salto del Jaguar, njengoba amatshe amakhulu enamamaki afana kakhulu nemizila yezinzipho ze-jaguar.
Amatshe amakhulu nabushelelezi afana nezindonga eziphakeme ezithweswe umqhele wezithombe ezilingisa ukuma kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane futhi ezihambisana neminye imidwebo yamaZenúes omdabu, kubo bonke ubude betshe.
Ziyizindawo ezingahlolisiswanga kakhulu, ngakho-ke, ukuzola kwendawo ezungezile, eboniswa kuphela imisindo ejabulisayo yezinyoni nezinambuzane, akusona isimanga. Yizindawo ezingajwayelekile ezihlinzeka ngomsebenzi oncomekayo noncomekayo walabo abathanda amasiko asekuqaleni nezingcezu zabo zemivubukulo.
I-Zenu Gold Museum
I-Banco de la República Cultural Centre eCartagena inezikhala ezintathu: i-Bartolemé Calvo Library, i-Zenú Gold Museum kanye nesakhiwo sase-Banco República.
I-Zenú Gold Museum, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Regional Museum of Zenú Culture, yavulwa ngo-March 1982, ibonisa ekuvulweni kwayo umbukiso wezingcezu ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa, lapho abangaphezu kwamakhulu amahlanu bengabakhandi begolide.
Ukulungiswa kwayo kwakamuva kwaba ngo-2006, okwamanje inezingcezu zemivubukulo engu-902, ezifakwe ku:
- Izinto zensimbi: 747
- Izinto zeCeramic: 105
- Izinto zethambo: 11
- Izinto zeShell: 34
- Izingcezu ze-ceramic: 5
Izinto zegolide ezikhandwe ngesando kumapuleti, izinsimbi, izigqoko zekhanda kanye nezibalo zemikhosi zihlobisa izindonga zamatshe zamakoloni zalesi sikhala eCartagena.
Sikumema ukuthi uthintane nezinye izixhumanisi kubhulogi yethu ezingakuthakasela:
Ngithande ulwazi lwesayithi, lungisizile, ngiyaluncoma uma ufuna ukwazi mayelana ne-petroglyphs