Zitholele isiko le-Muisca, elibizwa nangokuthi ama-Chibchas

Ezinkangala nasezigodini zezintaba ezisempumalanga yeColombia, kwazala impucuko ebizwa ngokuthi i-Muisca noma i-Chibchas, eyaziwa nangokuthi abasunguli benganekwane ka-El Dorado. Okulandelayo, sikumema ukuthi ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana Isiko Muisca, amasiko abo, inkolo, indawo nokunye.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

Isiko Muisca

Isiko lama-Muisca noma ama-Chibcha abantu bomdabu ababehlala ethafeni laseCundiboyacense kanye nendawo eseningizimu ye-Santander (endaweni yamanje yase-Colombia), phakathi kwekhulu lesithupha ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Nokho, phakathi nonyaka ka-1600 ukunqotshwa kweSpain kwabusa leli dolobha; Njengamanje, inzalo yabo eseduze ihlala emadolobheni asesifundeni saseBogotá njengeSuba neBosa, nakwabanye omakhelwane abanjengoCota, uChía noSesquilé.

Igama elithi muyska limelela "abantu" noma "abantu" ngolimi lwesiMuisca. Isiko leMuisca lixhunywe nenani labantu besiko lamaChibcha, elasungula i-Muisca commonwealth. I-Muisca yenza izinhlamvu zemali zegolide isebenzisa ikhono le-tumbaga, elihlanganisa ukusebenzisa ingxenye ephezulu yethusi kungxube yegolide.

I-eksisi yesifunda namuhla esimele iRiphabhulikhi yaseColombia, futhi ebikade ibizwa ngokuthi uMbuso Omusha WaseGranada, yayigcwele abantu bomdabu abanokuthula nabasungulwe, izazi zezolimo nasemhlabeni kanye nabakhiqizi bezindwangu, izindlalifa zozalo lwezilimi zamaChibcha olusuka eMelika Ephakathi. abazibiza ngokuthi “ama-muiscas” noma “izimpukane”. Izwe lakubo lalingamathafa achumayo:

  • UZipaquira
  • I-Nemocón
  • Ubaba,
  • I-Chiquinquirá
  • UTunja
  • Sog future

Kufakwe phakathi kwemithombo yeminye imigudu efana nalena: i-Upía, eyehlela e-Orinoco; iChicamocha, iSuárez, i-Opón neCarare, eya enyakatho; yeNegro Cundinamarques kanye nemifula iFunza esukela enyakatho-mpumalanga kuya eningizimu-mpumalanga ilandela iMagdalena.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

historia

I-epic yangaphambi kweColumbian ye-Muisca empeleni ayitholakali, ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwenani elikhulu lezinto ezivumela ukwakhiwa kabusha okucacisiwe, ngenxa yokuvinjezelwa kweSpain ngekhulu le-XNUMX. Okwaziwayo ngalaba bomdabu base-pre-Columbian ukugcinwa kwendaba yomlomo, izindaba zamakholoni kanye nemisebenzi yemivubukulo eyenziwa ikakhulukazi ngemva kwenkululeko.

Ama-muiscas, awaziwa nangokuthi ama-muixcas noma ama-moxcas ama-colonialist aseSpain, ayehlala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi ne-Colombia yanamuhla; nokho-ke, izimbazo zabantu bakhona zazisezigodini eziphakeme zaseSierra Oriental eduze kwaseBogotá naseTunja.

Ukumba okwenziwa endaweni ephakeme yaseCundiboyacense kushiya ubufakazi bokunyakaza okukhulu kwabantu kule ndawo kusukela esikhathini se-Archaic, okungukuthi, eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-10.000 edlule ekuqaleni kweHolocene; lokhu kwaphetha ngombono owawubhekwa njengosebenzayo ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ngokusho kwawo amaMuiscas ayeyizakhamuzi zokuqala zase-Altiplano.

I-Colombia futhi inenye yezindawo ezindala kakhulu zokuvubukula ezwenikazi, i-El Abra, ezingabhalwa kusukela kudala eminyakeni eyi-11.000 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Ezinye izinsalela zemivubukulo ezixhunyaniswe ne-El Abra zinquma isiko lezolimo elibizwa ngokuthi i-Abriense. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Tibitó Abriense izinto zobuciko ezisukela eminyakeni engu-9740 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu ziye zatholwa, futhi eSabana de Bogotá esiphephelweni saseTequendama, amanye amathuluzi amatshe asukela eminyakeni eyinkulungwane, kamuva enziwa abazingeli abakhethekile.

Phakathi kokutholwe okuthandwa kakhulu kukhona amathambo abantu aphelele, ahlehlela emuva eminyakeni eyizi-5000 XNUMX ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Ukuhlaziya kwabonisa ukuthi ama-Abrienses angolunye uhlanga oluhlukile kumaMuiscas, okuqeda umbono wokuthi ahlala endaweni eyincithakalo.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

Lapho amaSpanishi efika ngonyaka ka-1536, isiko lamaMuisca lalinabantu abangaba yingxenye yesigidi. Abomdabu baseCota babeseBogotá, enye yezindawo ezine ezivamile ezakha inhlangano yezombangazwe ye-Muisca. Abomdabu batshala ummbila futhi bezingela izinyamazane; Lezi zenzo zaphelezelwa ukwenziwa kwezindwangu. Inhlangano yayo evamile yezenhlalakahle yayibuswa isibonelo sokuhlala kwe-matrilocal; Babenza i-consanguinity kanye ne-matrilineality.

Ngo-1538 ngemva kwezimpi zokuqala ezihlomile, uGonzalo Jiménez de Quesada wakwazi ukuhlukanisa umbimbi olwalukhona phakathi kwabaholi baseMuisca, ngaleyo ndlela abanqobe kalula. Ukuhlasela kweSpain kulo lonke ikhulu le-XNUMX kwaholela ekuweni kwezinhlangano zezenhlalo nezombusazwe zesiko le-Muisca. Ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ulimi lwesigodi lwaleli dolobha lwalahlekelwa isimilo salo esisodwa futhi lwasuswa iSpanishi; Nokho, ezinye izilimi zendawo ziye zasinda ezindaweni ezisezintabeni.

Empeleni, abanqobi babeka amakhosi akwaMuisca ohlelweni lwe-encomienda futhi kamuva, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1841, ohlelweni lokubhuka. Indawo yokulondoloza iCota yahlakazwa ngo-1876, yaphinde yasungulwa ngo-2001 ngokuthengwa komhlaba. Namuhla, iningi labantu base-Muisca ligxile kumasipala wase-Cota, okubekelwe igama elifanayo kwaqedwa yi-Incora ngo-XNUMX.

Njengamanje, kunezinsalela ezihlakazekile zale miphakathi kuso sonke isifunda ezithi imvelaphi yazo. Izisekelo ezahlukahlukene zamasiko zesiko le-Muisca ziyagcinwa emiphakathini yabalimi baseBoyaca naseCundinamarca.

Indawo yendawo

Indawo yendawo yabantu bomdabu baseMuisca ihlanganisa amadolobha aseCundinamarca, iBoyaca kanye nengxenye eseningizimu yeSantander; isimo sezulu siyashintsha kusukela emakhazeni abi we-paramo enesiphepho saseSumapaz enqamula emathafeni apholile, kuya emagqumeni okuqala eSierra Nevada del Cocuy.

Indawo emaphakathi yendawo iyithafa laseCundiboyacense, elakhiwe uchungechunge lwamathafa, izigodi namagquma, ahlanganiswe amanzi agcwele amanzi awela imifula nemihosha noma abekwe kumakhulu amachweba, amaxhaphozi kanye namaxhaphozi.

Njengoba ukuphakama kusuka kumamitha angu-2.500 2800 kuya kwangu-4000 1000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, nezintaba ezingadlula amamitha angu-XNUMX XNUMX kwezinye izindawo, isimo sezulu siyabanda futhi sipholile isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Izimvula azivamile ukwedlula amamilimitha ayi-XNUMX ngokwesilinganiso sonyaka. Njengoba zingenazo izintaba-mlilo noma izintaba ezimbozwe yiqhwa, amanzi abe yisici esinqumayo ekulolongeni indawo.

Wonke amathafa amakhulu ayizihlalo zamachibi ama-archaic enkathi ye-Pleistocene ahlelwe ngokukhululeka kwe-sedimentation phakathi namashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Ithafa elikhulu kunawo wonke ngeleSabana de Bogotá, elinamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-1200 ayisicaba ngokuphelele futhi awela umfula iBogotá (owaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi “uMfula iFunza”).

Njengamanje, lesi sifunda yisona esinabantu abaningi kakhulu eColombia, futhi yonke into ibonakala ikhombisa ukuthi nayo yayingesinye ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kweSpain. Amadolobha amabili amakhulu kule ndawo iBogotá, inhloko-dolobha yaseColombia, neTunja, inhloko-dolobha yesifunda saseBoyaca; Zombili lezi zindawo zaqale zadalwa yi-Muiscas.

Impumuzo yendawo ehlala i-Muiscas yayinezintaba, ngisho naphakathi nendawo elawulwa yizifunda eziphakeme zaseSimijaca, Ubaté naseBogotá. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zobuso bawo zenziwa izindawo eziphakeme nezingumqansa, kanti olunye uhlangothi luyindawo ebushelelezi futhi engavamile. I-landscape ihlelwe ngokuphakama okukhulu okuxhumene ngokumangalisayo komunye nomunye ukwakha izigodi, izintaba, ama-slope athambile noma ukusikeka okucijile emadwaleni; ukuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu kuncike ekuphakameni.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

Sekuyiminyaka eyinkulungwane amanzi edlula emihosheni emincane lapho uketshezi lugeleza khona ngokushesha. Kwesinye isikhathi iyabhidlika yenze izimpophoma ezinkulu futhi kwesinye isikhathi ishelela kancane ezigodini, ikwazi ukudla amachweba noma ngezinye izikhathi ishanele usebe olungomakhelwane; likwazi ngisho ukuqukatha bese liyachichima, licekela phansi yonke into esendleleni yalo.

Izici

Abantu bomdabu besiko le-Muisca babengumphakathi we-agro-ceramic kanye nokukhiqiza, mayelana nendawo yase-Andean enyakatho yeNingizimu Melika. Imodeli yokusatshalaliswa kwabo kwezombangazwe yabaguqula baba iqembu lamasiko elimelana neliqeqeshiwe. Iminikelo yesiko le-Muisca ekuzihlonzeni kwe-Colombian okwamanje ayinakuphikiswa, ngokuyisisekelo ngoba i-Muisca commonwealth ibingeyona into engaphezu kokumelela okuphezulu kwezepolitiki nenhlangano kwesiko kanye nomndeni omkhulu wezilimi.

Ngeshwa, inani labantu baseMuisca labhekana nenqubo esheshayo yokukhula, ebonakaliswa ukwehla kwezici ezisemthethweni zesiko; namuhla, abanye bomdabu balwela ukuhlenga eminye yamasiko nemibono yomhlaba, ngenqubo efuna ukubuyisela umphakathi ebukhazikhazini besikhathi esedlule.

Inhlangano yomphakathi

Isisekelo senhlangano yamaMuiscas, kwakuwumndeni. Imishado yayivame ukugujwa phakathi kwabantu besizwe sakubo; abaholi babenekhethelo lokuba nabashade abaningi. Umphakathi wahlukaniswa waba izigaba ezahlukene:

  • Okuphezulu noma okusebenzisekayo.
  • Abefundisi noma amaSheikh.
  • AmaQuechua noma amaqhawe.
  • Abathengisi nabantu abaxhumene nemisebenzi efana nabalimi, abavukuzi kanye nama-artisan.

Abefundisi noma oSheikh babengodokotela nabathakathi; ukuze afinyelele lesi sikhundla, owomdabu kwadingeka afunde iminyaka eminingi.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

Inhlangano yezombangazwe-zokuphatha

Ngokukhula kwesibalo sabantu, isiko le-Muisca lasebenzisa indlela yokuphatha ebizwa ngokuthi i-Muisca Confederation, eyakhiwe amadolobha amaningana azimele e-Muisca futhi elawulwa yi-cacique. Ngokulandelayo, umfelandawonye wahlanganiswa waba yizifunda ezimbili:

Zipazgo

Yakha iNhlangano YaseNingizimu esendaweni emaphakathi neCundinamarca inhloko-dolobha yayo kwakuyiBacatá, okwamanje iBogotá, eholwa nguZipa. Wabuye wakhiwa izinduna ezinhlanu: iBatacá, iGuatavita, i-Ubaque, iFusunga, i-Ubate, namadolobha amaningana ngaphansi komthwalo wawo; Ngokunqoba, iningi lalezi zindawo lihlanganisa i-Santa Fe de Bogotá.

zacango

INorthern Confederation ibitholakala komasipala bamanje i-Lenguazaque neVillapinzón nenhloko-dolobha yayo e-Hunza, okumanje eyiTunja, nomholi wayo iZaque. Ngaphezu kwalezi zikhala zomfelandawonye, ​​kwakukhona okaputeni ababili abakhulu, ababenenjongo yezenkolo nengcwele kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi uZybin, yilaba:

  • I-Iraq: Inhloko-dolobha yakhona iSuamox, okwamanje iSogamoso, yayinganyelwe umpristi noma i-Iraca, ebhekwa njengendlalifa yeBochica.
  • I-Tundama: Isungulwe eDuitama, futhi iholwa umpristi noma uTundama, okwakunguyena yedwa owaphikisa ngokuqinile abanqobi baseSpain.

Kwakukhona abantu abazimele baseMuisca noma base-Uta, ababemelwe yiTybaraüge, ababengafakwanga endaweni eyodwa ngaphansi kwenkosi efanayo:

  • Soboya,
  • Charala,
  • Chipata,
  • Ukulandelanisa,
  • i-tacasquira,
  • I-Tinjaca.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

Indlela yokuphila

Phakathi nokuthuthuka kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, abomdabu baseMuisca bamukela indlela yokuphila yezwe; Kwanyamalala kanjena okwakufanele nokwamasiko, njengalokhu: ulimi lwesigodi, izingubo zokugqoka kanye namasiko amaningi omdabu. Ngokubekwa kobuKatolika, inkolo yamaMuisca yashabalala; nokho, ezinye zezici zayo ezingavamile zisalokhu zilandelana futhi zihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinkolelo-ze.

Igumbi lokhiya

Umkhiqizi wezindwangu we-Muisca wasebenzisa izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemicu; ikakhulukazi lezo zikakotini kanye ne-fique. Ngokwesiko lamaChibcha, uBochita, unkulunkulu wempucuko kaMuisca, wayala amakholwa akhe ukuba aphenye futhi asonte imicu. Ezindlini zabo bonke abantu bomdabu kwakungasweli uhlaka lokweluka indwangu, isondo nentambo yokwenza ezabo izindwangu.

Ngokusho kwabanye abahlali, amadolobhana abomdabu ayegqoke izingubo zemibala ehlukahlukene ngezikhathi ezikhethekile. Izingubo zazihlanganisa uhlobo lwejazi nengubo yokulala eboshwe emaphethelweni ehlombe, eyenziwe ngezindwangu eziwugqinsi zikakotini, ezihlotshiswe ngemigqa enemibala.

Abantu ababaluleke kakhulu babegqoka izingqimba ezincane ze-shades ehlukene, izindwangu zagxivizwa ngama-nuances wemvelo yemifino kanye namaminerali, basebenzisa amasilinda nezitembu ze-porcelain; babengazigqoki izicathulo. Bapenda imizimba yabo nge-achiote, basebenzise nezimpaphe zezinyoni ezimibalabala emakhanda abo; babefake namasongo egolide aklanywe kahle, imigexo, izindandatho zamakhala, nama-pectorals.

Umsebenzi wezomnotho 

Ekuqaleni, leli qembu lesizwe lakwazi ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi yezolimo, abakhandi begolide nezindwangu. Batshala ummbila, amazambane, iquinoa, ukotini futhi benza izitsha zobumba nezingubo zokulala, ababezithengisa emadolobheni aseduze; kamuva, ne-Muisca Confederation, basebenzisa imithombo yamaminerali efana: igolide, isimaragidu, ithusi, amalahle nosawoti.

Imakethe kwakuyiphuzu lomnotho we-Muisca, indawo yokuhweba noma ukushintshaniswa kwezimpahla namadolobhana. Phakathi kwabokuqala kwakukhona: i-Coyima, i-Zorocota ne-Turmequé.

Elinye iphuzu elibalulekile lalaba bantu bomdabu ukuthi basebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesiliva olubunjwe ngegolide, isiliva noma ithusi; inani lemali lalokhu, lanikezwa ngobukhulu bayo, likalwa ngeminwe noma ngentambo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, basungula uhlelo lwezolimo olubizwa nge-micro-vertical model, olwalunezindlu zesikhashana endaweni ngayinye futhi lusebenza umhlaba ngokwesimo sezulu; lokhu bekumele isixazululo sokutshala ngokumelene nezimo zezulu ezikhawulelayo zesifunda.

Inkolo nezinkolelo

Isici esingokwenkolo saleli qembu lobuhlanga ukuthi kwakubhekwa ukuthi imimoya yayixhumene nemvelo, yingakho yazingcwelisa izindawo eziningi ezingcwele, ukuthi, ngokwezimfundiso zabo, zaphawulwa unkulunkulu, phakathi kwazo sinazo:

  • I-Sacred Woods: ayengcwele ngakho-ke akufanele asetshenziswe nganoma iyiphi indlela, eshukunyiswa ukukholelwa kwawo ekubusisweni konkulunkulu.
  • Izitshalo nezihlahla ezingcwele: njenge-tijiqui, ugwayi, i-blueberry, i-walnut ne-guayacán.
  • amachweba angcwele: Ichweba lase-Iguaque neChibi Tota, kanye nalezo ezaziyingxenye yesifunda somkhosi wenkolo wokwenza indawo isebenze, njengalezi: Ubaque, Teusacá, Guaiaquiti, Tibatiquica, Siecha, Guasca kanye neGuatavita, bahanjelwa abahlanganyeli bohambo olungcwele.
  • Izwe elingcwele laseSuamox: Ilinganiselwa njengendawo ebusisekile, ngoba u-Bochica wafela lapho.
  • izindlela ezingcwele: yilezo zindlela uBochica ayehamba kuzo, akekho owayengahamba kuzo, ngaphandle kwemikhosi ethile yenkolo.
  • Amathempeli: Isisekelo esiyindilinga esifulelwe ngotshani nezindonga zamacansi. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zamathempeli, omunye wahlukanisa i-tchunsua yemvelo yelanga, i-qusmhuy ye-lunar essence kanye ne-cuca lapho kufundiswa khona i-chyquy yesikhathi esizayo.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

Indawo engcwele yeLanga, isikhungo senkolo esikhulu kunazo zonke, yamiswa eSogamoso, indawo eyakhethwa uBochica ukuze kukhulekelwe futhi kuhlonipheke unkulunkulu welanga; abanika izidumbu zalabo abanikelwa khona.

Baphinde bakhulekela uchungechunge lwezithixo zezinganekwane ezinjengoBachué (izibulo ledolobha), uBochica (indodana yezulu), uChaquén (ogadiwe yizitshalo), uChibchacum (unkulunkulu wabakhandi begolide nabahwebi), uChiminigagua (unkulunkulu odala), UChía (unkulunkulu wenyanga) noSua (unkulunkulu welanga).

Abapristi be-Muisca noma ama-chiky bahola impilo yenkolo yokungashadi, ubumsulwa kanye nokuhlukaniswa ezindaweni ezingcwele ngokuzila ukudla okuvamile; laba babenenqubo enzima yokufundisa kusukela ebuntwaneni babo, ukuthi lapho sebeqediwe bafakwa namacici egolide nezindandatho zasekhaleni. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi idolobha ngalinye lalinobukhazikhazi balo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-mohane kwakungabapristi abangahlelekile ababehogela impushana ye-iodine futhi bamboze izinwele zabo ngomlotha.

Amasiko nemikhosi

Njengawo wonke amasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian, ama-Muiscas enza iminikelo ehlukene konkulunkulu bawo, phakathi kwawo ama-tunjo agqamile. Kwakuyizibalo ze-anthropoid noma izilwane zegolide, isiliva noma ithusi; ezinye izinhlobo zokunikela konkulunkulu kwakuyizinti zempepho, iminikelo yezilwane neyomuntu, njengaleyo yabesifazane abasebasha ababezidela, bagcobe igazi labo ematsheni ukuze banikele elangeni.

Ngokuyinhloko, imikhosi yesiko le-Muisca yayihlobene nemijikelezo yezolimo nokuphila; lezi zaziqukethe imikhosi yokulima nokuvuna, ama-caiques, ukwakhiwa kanye nokuvulwa kocingo.

Ukuthutha

Ngoxhaxha lwemigwaqo yase-Andean yamadolobhana omdabu aseColombia, abantu ngabanye, izimpahla, nemikhiqizo kwakuhanjiswa ngezinyawo nokuhlehla, kusetshenziswa imigwaqo emikhulu, amabhuloho ezintambo, nezikebhe zokhuni noma izihlenga.

AMASIKO E-MUISC

Ukuxhumana

Ngezikhathi zangaphambi kwe-Columbian, abantu bomdabu bamemezela ukwaziswa okuthile okwenziwa ngama- chasquis, ayexhumana futhi ahambe amabanga amade ngezinyawo, athuthe ukwaziswa phakathi kwemiphakathi noma amasistimu okusayina asetshenziswayo ayekwazi ukuxhumana nawo ekude.

Imithi

Isimo sempilo sithola ukumelwa komlingo futhi izimbangela zaso kufanele zilwe nodokotela womdabu wompristi, ngamasu omlingo; Umlingiswa omlingo ophonswe ku-shaman noma i-sheikh ubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-hallucinogenic kanye nokuphathwa okulungile kwe-coca powder noma i-iodine, ephathwa kakhulu yi-Muiscas.

Isikhathi nendawo

Abomdabu besiko le-Muisca babala isikhathi nge-almanaka efana naleyo esiyijwayele namuhla; Nokho, izinsuku zazibuswa kanjena:

  • Lolu suku lwalubizwa ngokuthi i-sua.
  • Iqembu lezinsuku ezintathu lalibizwa ngokuthi ama-suna.
  • AmaSuna ayishumi enza inyanga, ayeyimelela njenge-sunata.
  • Unyaka wakhiwe yizinyanga eziyishumi nambili zamasuna ayishumi iyinye.

Izakhiwo

AbakwaMuisca bakhulisa amakhaya abo besebenzisa izinduku nodaka njengezingxenye eziyinhloko, ekugcineni benza izindonga ze-bahareque. Izindlu ezijwayelekile zazinamamodeli amabili, i-conical kanye ne-rectangular. Anemininingwane ngezansi:

  • izindlu ze-conical: yayihlanganisa udonga oluyisiyingi olwakhiwe ngezigxobo ezigqitshwe njengezinsika eziqinile lapho okuphindwe kabili kwakusekelwe ngapha nangapha phakathi kwendwangu yomhlanga okwakugcwele udaka; uphahla lwaluyi-conic futhi lumbozwe ngotshani obugxishwe ezigxotsheni, ukuningi kwezakhiwo ezinjalo eziyindilinga endaweni eyi-savannah yaseBogotá, kwazala uGonzalo Jiménez de Quezada enika leli thafa igama elithi Valles de los Alcázares.
  • izindlu eziwunxande: zazisekelwe ezindongeni ezihambisanayo futhi e-bahareque, njengeyangaphambili, enophahla olunamaphiko amabili angama-rectangular.

Izakhiwo eziwunxande neziwunxande zinezicabha nezikhala ezincane, ngaphakathi kwefenisha yayilula futhi ihlala ngokuyinhloko emibhedeni futhi eyenziwe ngomhlanga noma izinti ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-barbecues, lapho kwakhiwa khona inqwaba yezingubo zokulala; izihlalo zokulala zazinganele njengoba abomdabu bejwayele ukuqothuka phansi.

Ngaphandle kwezindawo zokuhlala ezivamile, kwakukhona ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zezindawo zokuhlala: enye ingeyezikhulu ezibalulekile, ngokunokwenzeka induna yesizwe nomndeni wayo, kanti enye ingeyezinduna zemifelandawonye yamaMuisca, njengamazacque namaZipa.

I-Cerámica

Kwakunezakhiwo ezazihloselwe ukwenza izitsha zobumba, njengeTunja, iTinjacá, iTocancipá, iSoacha neRáquira. Benza isitsha sezipho ezindaweni ezingcwele, imifanekiso ye-anthropoid emelela onkulunkulu babo abangababheki nezibalo ezibalulekile, nemikhumbi emikhulu yokuhweba.

Benza izitsha zabo ngokubumba ubumba ngokuqondile noma ngokusebenzisa imigoqo yobumba ezungezayo; umhlobiso osetshenzisiwe wawupende obomvu nomhlophe emithunzi ehlukahlukene, le mibala yayitholakala kuma-mineral oxides.

Eminye imikhumbi yayihlotshiswe nge-pastillage kanye ne-incisions, inqubo eyayikhiqiza ngayo imiklamo ye-anthropoid ne-geometric. Umhlobiso we-Ceramic wawumpofu, ngaphandle kwalapho umklamo wawunomfanekiso wemilingo-ngokwenkolo nezinyoka nezibalo zabantu.

izindwangu

Ukwenziwa kwezindwangu kwakunenani elikhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme nezibandayo zaseCundinamarca naseBoyaca. Umlobi uFray Pedro Simón, uchaza iqiniso lokuthi amaMuiscas ayesebenzisa izingubo zokulala ezinemibala ebomvu njengenkomba yokulila, amaNdiya aseLenguazaque ayezisebenzisa ngemibala ehlukahlukene kanye namagceke aseTunja ejabula kakhulu futhi ehlotshisiwe; Ama-Sugamoxies azungeza izidumbu zokhokho babo ngezingubo zokulala zikakotini.

Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamaphethini wejometri, ngokusobala zingokomfanekiso, zapendwe kulezi zingubo zokulala, futhi ngenxa yokuhlolwa kuka-Eliécer Silva Celis, kuyaziwa ukuthi izingubo zomama ziyizindwangu zikakotini, izindwangu ze-mesh nezikhumba zezilwane.

Imboni yokuluka yayibaluleke ngendlela engavamile kumaNdiya; yonke imicimbi yempilo ibibungazwa ngezingubo zokulala. Ukuze bazihlobise, basebenzisa izitshalo eziningi njengama-colorants, baphinde basebenzisa odayi bemvelaphi yamaminerali noma izinhlobo zobumba ezinombala owenziwe emhlabeni.

umkhandi wegolide

I-Goldsmithing ipheleliswe ngamasu ensimbi ahlukahlukene futhi ayinkimbinkimbi, afana nokusebenza nge-tumbaga kanye nokusakazwa kwe-wax elahlekile.

Singakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuvezwa okuhle kwe-anthropoid kanye ne-zoomorphic yama-tunjos noma iminikelo yokubuyisana konkulunkulu.

Izinhlobonhlobo zemihlobiso yegolide yezinduna nezikhulu, nemihlobiso yezindawo zokuhlala yayiyimibukiso yobuhle obukhulu; Baphinde basebenzisa ithusi, ukuze bacacise izibalo ze-anthropomorphic kanye nezinduku zemikhosi, futhi benza izingwegwe, amacici, ama-pectoral nezinye izinto zethusi.

Inganekwane ka-El Dorado

Umzila Wegolide wawuyisizathu esiyinhloko esenza ukuthi osohambeni baseSpain bafinyelele emazweni ayengakahlolwa futhi acishe angenakunqotshwa, basungula amadolobha asendleleni lawo aseyizindawo zokuhlala eziqinile namanje ezinomlando ongamakhulu amahlanu.

U-El Dorado wayengesona nje isithombe esihle kakhulu, kodwa futhi kwakuyinjini eyaholela ekutholakaleni kwamazwe amasha kanye nesikhali sokubulala esaqothula amasosha omdabu kanye nabangane bawo.

Balandisa ukuthi inganekwane ka-El Dorado yashiwo ekuqaleni ohambweni lukaVasco Núñez de Balboa futhi yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokutholwa koLwandlekazi iPacific, ikakhulukazi kulokho okwamanje okuthinta indawo yasePanama.

Kungaleso sikhathi, lapho abantu bomdabu balawo mazwe bekhuluma ngabakhi bamakoloni baseSpain ngendawo enegolide eliningi, ubukhulu bayo bukhulu kangangokuthi bafakazela ukuthi yayingenakuqedwa futhi yayingasentshonalanga, kulokho esiyikho manje. shayela iColombia.

U-El Dorado ugqugquzele ukugqugquzelwa kwamasosha aseSpain avela ezindaweni manje ezaziwa ngokuthi yiPeru neVenezuela, futhi lokho kwaba nenhlanganisela yomhlangano wabaphathi bezempi umcimbi wabo owasungula isisekelo samadolobha abalulekile aseColombia iCali neBogotá.

Yonke le ndalo emangalisayo yabantu bomdabu kanye nabaseSpain ngokwabo yayibizwa ngokuthi "iDorado" futhi eyokuqala yokubuyekezwa yileyo yesigodi samaTayronas omdabu emagqumeni edolobha laseSanta Marta ogwini lwaseColombia lwaseCaribbean; nokho, yayingenazo izindawo ezibanzi zalokho okubizwa ngokuthi indawo yegolide okwaphuphuthekisa abantu abaningi macala onke.

Indawo lapho inganekwane ka-El Dorado yakhiwa khona njengengxenye ebalulekile yesiko ingeye-Cundinamarca, indawo ephathelene nozalo olukhulu lomdabu lwama-Muiscas noma ama-Chibcha, endaweni yamanje yeRiphabhulikhi yase-Colombia. Kuleyo ndawo, eCundinamarca, lapho isiko labhapathizwa khona abantu baseSpain njengalelo leNdiya eliyigolide, okwakuwumsuka wokukholelwa embusweni wegolide.

Ngokungapheli, abantu bomdabu baye bakhulekela uhlobo lwenyoka engcwele eyavela emanzini echwebeni laseGuatavita, futhi ngokwesiko lomlomo iCacica nendodakazi yakhe yaphonswa kuleli chweba ngemva kokuba uCacique ammangalele ngokungathembeki futhi wayala ukuba abanye bomdabu ukuthi bacule izingoma zokudakwa ezihambisana nokuphinga kwakhe, inkosi ayibange isakwazi ukubekezelela lolu sizi yanquma ukuyiqeda ngaphansi kwamanzi ayo.

I-cacique yawela ekuphelelweni yithemba okumnyama futhi abapristi, ukuze bapholise usizi lwakhe, bamqinisekisa ukuthi akholelwe ukuthi ekujuleni kwechweba laseGuatavita umkakhe nendodakazi yakhe basekhona nokuthi bahlala esigodlweni esinezinyosi. Ngakho lokhu egezwe ngokuphelele othulini lwegolide, kwathwalwa ngesihlenga futhi phakathi nechweba, wajikijela izinto zegolide elicwengekileyo njengeminikelo yomkhaya wakhe.

Abaningi bebelokhu bekungabaza ukunemba kwanoma yini ehlobene nale nkolelo, kodwa ngisho nalapho kubatshazwa ubuqiniso bayo, lezi zenzakalo zihlanganisa enye yezinganekwane ezijulile zesintu futhi zibhebhethekisa umoya wokuzidela wabantu baseYurophu abacebile.

Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa Isiko Muisca, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:


Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya umbono wakho

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

*

*

  1. Ubhekele idatha: I-Actualidad Blog
  2. Inhloso yedatha: Lawula Ugaxekile, ukuphathwa kwamazwana.
  3. Ukusemthethweni: Imvume yakho
  4. Ukuxhumana kwemininingwane: Imininingwane ngeke idluliselwe kubantu besithathu ngaphandle kwesibopho esisemthethweni.
  5. Isitoreji sedatha: Idatabase ebanjwe yi-Occentus Networks (EU)
  6. Amalungelo: Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ungakhawulela, uthole futhi ususe imininingwane yakho.