Enye yempucuko enamandla kakhulu eMelika Ephakathi, esathonya amasiko aseMexico, kwakuyi Purepecha culture. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalo mphakathi wasendulo, kunolwazi oluningi kulesi sihloko ngawe!
Isiko lePurepecha
Impucuko yamaTarascan, eyaziwa nangokuthi isiko lamaPurépecha, kwakuwumphakathi owawubusa entshonalanga yeMexico, wakha umbuso omkhulu owawungqubuzana njalo nenye impucuko ebalulekile yenkathi ye-postclassic, ama-Aztec.
Umbuso we-Tarascan wawuthatha amakhilomitha-skwele ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu, owawulawula kusukela enhloko-dolobha i-Tzintzuntzan, nokho, wawusewukunwetshwa kwendawo encane kunaleyo eyayibuswa ama-Aztec.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi isiko lamaPurépecha lalithuthuke kakhulu kunezinye izizwe zamaNahuatl, ezahlala ezintabeni zaseSierra Madre.
Ngezikhathi zangaphambi kobukoloni, amaPurépechas ayebusa indawo yawo endaweni yaseMichoacán, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ama-Aztec.
Le mpucuko ayizange inqotshwe abeLungu ngendlela efanayo nangesikhathi esifanayo nama-Aztec, anqotshwa amabutho angaphandle ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1530. Ama-Purépechas ahlala ngaphandle kulezi zingxabano kwaze kwaba ngu-XNUMX, lapho ehlaselwa. iSpanishi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi azishaya indiva izicelo zosizo ezavezwa ama-Aztec amashumi eminyaka ambalwa.
Inqubo yokunqotshwa nokuba yikoloni endaweni yasePurépecha yayihluke kakhulu kuleyo eyayisebenza komakhelwane bayo abangama-Aztec, abanqotshwa abaseYurophu futhi bababusa ngokuphelele. Indawo yesiko lamaPurépecha yayibuswa abantu bakwamanye amazwe njengezwe elibusayo elalikhokha izintela.
Udlame phakathi kwezizwe ezingomakhelwane babukhona, izingxabano nempi phakathi kwalezi zizwe ezimbili zagcina zivuna amaPurépechas, lokhu ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi amaTarascans enza izikhali zawo ngezinsimbi, ikakhulukazi ithusi nethusi.
Ngo-1470, amaPurépechas ayengagcini nje ngokunqoba impi yawo nama-Aztec, kodwa futhi ashaqa nezwe lawo, azinza eTenochtitlán, indawo eshisayo yama-Aztec.
Leli siko nalo lalithuthukisiwe futhi lakhiwe, laba nenhlangano yezombangazwe nenhlalo ephakeme, njengezinye izimpucuko zakulesi sifunda. AmaPurépecha ayenabaholi benkolo, abeluleki, amaqhawe, izingcweti zezandla, futhi iningi labo lalingabantu abavamile. Abezenkolo babejwayele ukuzihlukanisa ngoba babethwala izinkozo zikagwayi ezilenga entanyeni.
Izingcweti zaziwumkhakha obaluleke kakhulu kulo mphakathi owawuncike kakhulu kwezohwebo. Lawa ayeqashelwa ngobucwebe babo abenziwe nge-obsidian, isiliva, igolide, ithusi, ithusi, ne-turquoise.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi eyisisekelo yalesi siko kwakuwukuhweba, okwavumela ama-Aztec ukuba agcinwe ngaphansi kokulawula ngemva kwezingxabano zango-1470.
Baphinde babe nekhono lokudoba, okubhekwa njengeMasters of the Fish. Ngaphezu kokulawula izimayini zesiliva negolide endaweni, okwazenza inkampani ebaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo, ikakhulukazi endaweni yaseMichoacán.
Imikhiqizo edayiswa kakhulu ezimakethe zesiko lePurépecha kwakuyizingcezu zobumba, izikhali zethusi nezethusi, ubucwebe, izinhlanzi, ugwayi, nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemifino.
Indawo
Isizwe samaPurépecha sasisendaweni yaseMichoacán eMexico eduze kwezintaba zaseSierra Madre. Ekuqaleni babaziwa ngokuthi amaTarasco futhi bazithathela indawo enkulu kakhulu, nakuba babesondelene kakhulu nama-Aztec, izizwe ezazidume ngokuthambekela ekuxabaneni nasekubuseni.
I-Purépecha yayinesiko, ulimi nesiko langempela elihluke ngokuphelele nelokuqala lesifunda, isibonelo ulimi lwesiPurépecha, aluhlobene nolimi lwase-Aztec elingumakhelwane, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi indawo yalo yayiseduze kakhulu.
Umphakathi wePurépecha waba isiko eliyinkimbinkimbi ngezinga eliphezulu le-centralization yezombangazwe kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalakahle phakathi nenkathi ye-postclassic ephakathi, isizwe esibaluleke kunazo zonke yi-Wakúsecha, yeqembu lesizwe samaChichimeca, induna yabo uTariacuri yasungula inhloko-dolobha yokuqala ePátzcuaro cishe ngo-1325. ngemva kukaKristu .
Indawo eyayilawulwa amaTarascan yakhula ngokuphindwe kabili ubukhulu baleyo eyayisetshenziswa izizukulwane ezidlule, futhi ukukhiqizwa nokuhweba kommbila, i-obsidian, i-basalt, nezitsha zobumba kwanda ngezinga elifanayo.
Ukukhuphuka kwamazinga echibi esigodini sase-Pátzcuaro nakho kwakusho ukuthi iziza eziningi eziphansi ziye zalahlwa futhi ukuncintisana ngezinsiza kwaba kushubile. Ngokufanayo, ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseZacapu, inani labantu landa kakhulu, kangangokuthi abantu abangu-20.000 bahlala ezindaweni ezingu-13 kuphela.
Lesi sikhathi saphawulwa ukwanda kwezimbangi zombuso wendawo kanye nokungazinzi okuvamile phakathi kwezikhulu ezibusayo.
Namuhla, kunabantu baseMexico abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu abathi bangabokhokho, abakhuluma isiPurépecha, futhi abakwazi ukulandelela uhlu lwabo kusukela kulesi sizwe.
Umsuka wesiko lePurépecha
Umlando wamaTarascans wakhiwe kabusha kusukela kurekhodi lemivubukulo namasiko endawo, wabeka imvelaphi yawo eNingizimu Melika, ehlotshaniswa nama-Inca. Kule ndawo bahlala kwaze kwaba yilapho bethuthela eMelika Ephakathi, lapho bafike bahlala khona ezindaweni ezifanayo nama-Aztec.
Okunye ukwaziswa okubalulekile kuchazwe kuyi- Relacion de Michoacán, incwadi ehlanganisa amasiko ahlukene ezakhamuzi zaseMichoacán, eMexico, ngaphambi kokufika kwabaseYurophu futhi eyabhalwa ikholwa likaFrancisca uJerónimo de Alcalá maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. .
Isiko lePurépecha lalinomlando weminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili, lahlala enkabeni nasenyakatho yeMichoacán, igama elisho indawo yabadobi abangochwepheshe, eduze kwamachibi eZacapu, Cuitzeo kanye nePátzcuaro.
inganekwane nenkolo
Inkolo yamaPurépecha yayinokufana okuthile komakhelwane bayo endaweni, ezinye izizwe zamaNahuatl ezazivame ukugxilisa inkolo yazo emihlatshelweni yegazi. AmaPurépechas, ngisho nalapho enza imihlatshelo yegazi, ayegxile kakhulu emihlatshelweni yomthandazo kunasegazini. Babenonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene abahlobene eduze namandla emvelo.
Inkolo yamaTarasca yayithi iPátzcuaro Basin iyisikhungo sendawo yonke namandla ayo. Kubo, indawo yonke yahlukaniswa yaba izingxenye ezintathu: Isibhakabhaka: sibuswa unkulunkulu obaluleke kakhulu noyinhloko, unkulunkulu welanga uKurikaweri, inkosi yesibhakabhaka nempi, lowo ngokwezinkolelo zikaPurépecha okwakungaxhunywanwa naye ngegazi nangokushiswa kwezulu. izinkuni zokubasa.
Umkakhe, unkulunkulukazi wePurépecha uKwerawáperi wayenguMama Womhlaba, wayebusa eceleni kwakhe kanye nendodakazi yakhe u-Xaratanga, unkulunkulukazi obaluleke kakhulu owayelawula ulwandle nenyanga.
Inkolo yamaTarasca yayiholwa umPristi Ophakeme Ophakeme owayeyinhloko yesigaba sabapristi esihlukaniswe izigaba ezihlukahlukene. Abapristi babebonakala kalula emiphakathini yasePurépecha ngoselwa lukagwayi ababelufake ezintanyeni zabo.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ama-Tarascans athatha onkulunkulu bendawo abadala futhi abahlobanisa noma abahlanganisa nonkulunkulu abasha nabangempela baseTarascan. Kungabonakala futhi ukuthi onkulunkulu abaningi bezizwe ezinqotshiwe bahlanganiswa nezithixo zabo ezisemthethweni.
Ayekhulekelwa futhi alethwe ngemihlatshelo neminikelo yokushiswa, akha nemibhoshongo yokudumisa onkulunkulu, emihlanu eTzintzúntzan nemihlanu e-Ihuátzio.
Isici senkolo yamaTarascan kwakuwukungabikho konkulunkulu abavamile kwezinye izinkolo zaseMesoamerica, njengoTlaloc unkulunkulu wemvula noma uQuetzalcóatl unkulunkulu oyinyoka enezimpaphe. Njengoba ubona, amaPurépechas ayekholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi, nokho inzalo yamanje ilandela inkolo yamaRoma Katolika.
Ama-Purépechas noma ama-Tarascans awazange asebenzise ikhalenda lezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha, kodwa ahlela unyaka welanga, ngezinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezinezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili lilinye.
Izithixo ze-pantheon yaseTarascan
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, isiko lamaPurépecha lalikhonza onkulunkulu abaningi, okungukuthi, babekhulekela onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene, ngamunye enegunya phezu kwezici ezithile nezinqunyiwe. I-pantheon ye-Tarascan yenziwe ngonkulunkulu abahlukene esithola phakathi kwabo:
-Curicaveri, unkulunkulu oyinhloko nomdala kunabo bonke, ohlotshaniswa nomlilo, futhi nguye olawula ukuqoqa, ukuzingela nezimpi. -Cuerauáperi (Kuerajperi): Uthathwa njengonina wabo bonke onkulunkulu nonkosikazi kankulunkulu oyinhloko, uCuricaveri. Kuhlotshaniswa nomhlaba, inyanga, imvula nokukhiqizwa kwamafu. Phakathi kwamadodakazi akhe ashiwo kakhulu:
Unina wefu elibomvu noma omboze ngeveli lomlilo, uMama wefu elimhlophe noma osibekele, uMama wefu eliphuzi noma osibekela ngeveli eliphuzi noMama. eyezi elimnyama noma elisibekele ngeveli elimnyama.
-Xarátanga: kubhekwa njengonkulunkulukazi wenyanga noma ukunxusa okufanayo, yaziwa nangokuthi inyanga entsha futhi ihlotshaniswa nokuzala, ezolimo, imvelo kanye nokuzalwa kwezitshalo ezihlinzeka ngokudla, njengommbila, ubhontshisi, njll.
-U-Tata Jurhiata, othathwa njengeNkosi noma uBaba iLanga, ungunkulunkulu wosuku kanye wale nkanyezi. UnePehuame njengomngane.
-Pehuame, ihlotshaniswa nomsebenzi futhi kamuva nesitshalo esithile somuthi esithola igama elifanayo -Nana Cutzi, unkulunkulu wasendulo okwamanje ohlotshaniswa nenyanga.
Purepecha ulimi
Emhlabathini waseMexico kunezilimi eziningi, iPurépecha ingesinye sazo futhi kwakuwulimi lwempucuko yasendulo yamaTarascan. I-Purépecha iwulimi olungalodwa olukhulunywa endaweni yaseMichoacan.
Umlando wayo usukela eminyakeni eyi-150 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu futhi iwulimi olunezici ezihlukile endaweni, oluqashelwa kanye nezinye izilimi zesigodi njengolimi lwesizwe ngo-2003.
Ezimbili eziyinhloko ulimi lwesigodi lwasechibini, eduze kweChibi iPátzcuaro, nolimi lwentaba-mlilo, eduze nentaba-mlilo yaseParicutín.
Ngisho nangemva kokufika kwabanqobi baseSpain nezindawo zabo zokuhlala endaweni yasePurépecha, lesi siko lalisalokhu lizimele ngokwesiko futhi lalondoloza izimpande zalo zolimi.
I-Purépecha inobudlelwane obuthile nesiQuechua, ulimi olukhulunywa isizwe samaInca aseNingizimu Melika esitholakala endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iPeru, ngakho kucatshangwa ukuthi iPurépecha kungenzeka ukuthi yadabuka eNingizimu Melika phakathi kwamaInca futhi kamuva yathuthela eMelika Ephakathi. indawo efanayo nama-Aztec ayehlala kuyo.
Amasiko nezinkulumo zobuciko
Amaphathi ahlukene imikhosi eyayenzelwe ukuqaphela isizwe sasePurépecha, ngokuvamile ethatha izinsuku ezimbalwa, ehlanganisa izenzo zenkolo, izingoma, imidanso nemisebenzi yezandla. Umculo nomdanso kwakuyizinkulumo ezibaluleke kakhulu esikweni lamaPurépecha. Imidanso yesintu efana ne-Danza de los Viejitos noma umdanso wekhehla, owaziwa ngolimi lwePurépecha ngokuthi T'arche Uarakua.
Wenziwa umnikelo kuNkulunkulu Omdala noma Tata Jurhiata ngenhloso yokujabulela isivuno esihle nokunye okuhle phakathi nonyaka, okuhunyushwa yi i-petamunis, abadala abahlakaniphile bomphakathi waseTarascan. Badansa behambisana nesigqi se-pirekuas, isitayela somculo salezi zizwe, esasungulwa kubhekiselwa ezingomeni zenkolo zezithunywa zevangeli eze ezwenikazi ukuzoshumayela ivangeli.
Usuku lokuqala luka-February ekhalendeni lethu usuku ama-Purépechas agubha ngalo ukuqala konyaka omusha noma uMlilo Omusha, umkhosi onikezelwe kunkulunkulu. I-Curicaueri umlilo omkhulu, ophawula ukuqala komunye umjikelezo omusha.
Isici esifanelekile siwukuthi naphezu kokufika kwabanqobi baseSpain nokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu basePurépecha baye balondoloza izici eziningi zamasiko ezibahlukanisa nayo yonke iMexico.
Izinganekwane kanye nezindaba Purepecha
Ngokufana kakhulu namanye amasiko aseMesoamerican, amaPurepechas ayenezinganekwane, izinganekwane kanye nezindaba zendabuko, ngokuvamile ezihlobene nonkulunkulu bawo, nokho lokhu kwakungewona umthetho. Asihlangane nezithakazelisa kakhulu:
Umhlangano eSangweni laseZulwini
Le nganekwane yasendulo yePurépecha ilandisa ngesikhathi lapho onkulunkulu bamaTarasco behlangana khona eSangweni Lezulu futhi babikezela ukuphela kwalombuso:
Amanye amadoda (abaseSpain) asevele avela futhi azofika emazweni; yilokhu abebefuna ukuthi iKueravajperi ingakuvumeli futhi abazwakalanga.
I-Camécuaro, ichibi lezinyembezi
Kunendaba yaseTarascan exoxa indaba yenkosazana yasePurépecha okuthiwa u-Huanita nothando lwayo ngoTangáxhuan, indlalifa yenkosi yaseTariácuri, umsunguli woMbuso oziqhenyayo nobanzi wePurépecha, oseMichoacán nakwezinye izindawo zaseJalisco naseGuanajuato.
Lwalukhulu kakhulu uthando lwalaba bantu ababili abasha, kodwa ubuhle benkosazana babuyisilingo kwabaningi, uCandó onesibindi, umpristi omubi nongenanhlonipho, wamthumba futhi wamgcina evalelwe ngaphakathi kweCutzé yácata. Ethukile futhi edangele, uHuanita wakhala izinsuku eziningi ngale nhlekelele. Izinyembezi zakhe zakha isiziba esikhulu, esaziwa ngokuthi yiChibi I-Camecuaro, indawo yomunyu ofihliwe.
UTangáxhuan wabikelwa ukuthi ukuphi inkosazana futhi ngaphandle kokungabaza wahamba wayoyifuna, ephethe umnsalo nomcibisholo, ehla amagquma, waze wabona uCandó buqamama. Ebonisa ubuciko bakhe baseTangáxhuan, wathatha umnsalo nomcibisholo wadubula, wabhoboza isigebengu, esasibethelwe esihlahleni sase-Ahuehuete, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-sabino.
Amandla omcibisholo nokushaya komzimba kaCandó kwahlukanisa isiqu sesihlahla, kwaphuma kuso amanzi amaningi aluhlaza akha isiphethu esingabuni.
Lwabanjalo usizi lwenkosazane lapho ikhala ngokuthi izinyembezi zayo zinamandla ayingozi. Le nganekwane yesiko lamaPurépecha ithi labo ababhukuda baye phansi echibini bangabona emanzini intokazi enhle nengaqondakali ebabamba ngezinyawo ukuze ibagcine eduze kwayo kuze kube phakade.
Ezinye izindaba
Kunezindaba eziningi ezimfushane nezijabulisa kakhulu kusiko lwePurépecha, ezithandwa ngisho nanamuhla abafundi abaningi babo bonke ubudala. Kule vidiyo ungafunda ngezinye izindaba ezinhle ze-Tarascan:
Gastronomy
Amadolobha amaningi nemiphakathi yomdabu yatshala izinhlobo ezahlukene zommbila, ithanga, ubhontshisi, upelepele, njll. Ummbila oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsomi kanye nomhlophe wawungabonakala ngokujwayelekile, okuthi ngaphezu kokunye kokudla okuyinhloko okwenziwa njengomkhiqizo othengiswayo, ngokushintshana noma ngokudayiswa, ukuze kutholwe ezinye izimpahla ezidingekayo emiphakathini.
Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlwanyela kommbila nobhontshisi kwakumelela ukudla kwemikhaya yamaPurépecha ngommbila ngakho-ke indlela yabo yokuphila.
Izigaba eziphansi zazisebenza ku-milpa, wonke umkhaya, owesifazane, indoda, kanye nezingane zabo futhi ezimweni eziningi abazukulu babo, balungisa insimu, batshala futhi banakekela izitshalo, kanjalo beqinisekisa ukudla kwabo. Kodwa ukusebenza umhlaba kwakungelula, usebenza usuku lonke futhi udle ku-milpa, bese uqhubeka nokusebenza.
Yingakho ukudla ngaphandle kosuku lokusebenza kufanele kube umzuzu okhethekile, kanye nokuhlukahluka futhi okunomsoco. Bekukhona izitsha ezifika ngesikhathi zezikhathi ezikhethekile nemikhosi empilweni yalo mphakathi.
Inhlama noma i-atole emhlophe, isiphuzo esiphundu nesishisayo esenziwe ngokusanhlamvu okuphekwe okuphekwe futhi sifakwe ngezinhlobo ezinuka kamnandi, isibonelo, sinikezwa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa komama, njengokudla okuyinhloko futhi sinikezwa njengesipho ekubhapathizweni. 
I-Atole iphinde isetshenziswe emishadweni, emcimbini wokuqamba ama-cargueros nasemingcwabeni noma emivukeni. I-Churipo isidlo sendabuko esihlanganisa umhluzi wenyama yenkomo, efakwe isilili elibomvu kanye nohlobo lwe-tamale olwaziwa ngokuthi i-corundas. Ikhonzwa emishadweni, emibhapathizweni nasemigubhweni yomunye usanta ongumvikeli.
I-Corunda yenziwe ngommbila futhi ifakwe i-jaguacatas, igama elithi Purépecha elisho ubhontshisi. Uma kuziwa emilindelweni nemingcwabo, kuyisiko ukukhonza i-atapakua kulabo abanquma ukuvela. Lesi sidlo siyimvukuzane ebomvu lapho kufakwa khona ummbila onsomi noma oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-auyama noma imbewu ye-chilacayote, futhi inokuvumelana okuminyene. Kukhona esinye isidlo esifuze lesi esinenyama efakwe kuso futhi eyaziwa nge-xanducata.
ubuciko nezakhiwo
Isici sesakhiwo se-Postclassic sekwephuzile se-Tarascans yizakhiwo ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuthi Yacata, ehlanganisa amaphiramidi anyathelayo anesimo sikanxande nesiyingi.
I-Las Yacatas zingamaphiramidi ethempeli, ekuqaleni ayenonxande, kodwa kamuva akhiwa amakhudlwana futhi anezimo ezihlukahlukene.
En Tzintzuntzan, kunezakhiwo ezinhlanu ezibekwe endaweni enkulu yamamitha angamakhulu amane namashumi amane ubude namamitha angamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu ububanzi, lapho imikhosi yenkolo yayenzelwa khona.
I-yácata ngaphakathi yayinezingqimba zamatshe alungiswa futhi abanjwa ngohlobo lwetshe lentaba-mlilo olwaziwa ngokuthi. yanamu, ezahlanganiswa futhi zaqina ngodaka. Ukumba kulezi zikhumbuzo eziyinkimbinkimbi kuye kwaveza amathuna, anezinto eziningi zobuciko, izinto zansuku zonke, nobucwebe.
eduze kakhulu Yacata kwabekwa izithombe, okwakuvame ukwethulwa kuzo iminikelo nemihlatshelo, efana kakhulu namanye amasiko aseMesoamerican.
Kunemibono ehlukahlukene ehlobanisa lezi zikhumbuzo nenganekwane yaseTarascan kanye nenkolo, ethi lesi siko sicabanga ukuthi Yacata etholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme zesifunda ezimele isibhakabhaka, indawo ehlala abantu bayo umhlaba kanye nechibi njengendawo engaphansi komhlaba engenzeka.
Njengamanje, kuma-yácatas amahlanu akhiwe esisekelweni esikhulu samatshe e-Tzintzuntzan, kusele amanxiwa kuphela, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokunganakwa futhi ngokusobala ngenxa yokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kuyisici esinamandla kakhulu ekuwohlokeni kwawo okuqhubekayo.
E-Ihuatzio, Le yindawo ka Coyote, bekuyindawo yokuhlala yasePurépecha, enokwehluka okukhulu kwamasampula ezakhiwo, okukhona phakathi kwenkundla yomdlalo webhola waseMesoamerican. Izitsha zobumba ze-Tarascan zazibonakala ngezimbiza zazo ezisesimweni sezilwane nezitshalo, ama-tripods, izitsha ezincane nezitsha zeshubhu, zonke zihlotshiswe kakhulu.
Babeyizisebenzi zensimbi ezinekhono eliphakeme, bephatha ngobuciko isiliva negolide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babengabangcweti abachwepheshile besebenzisa izinto ezifana ne-obsidian, benza ngazo ubucwebe bezindlebe nezindebe, bembozwe ngamashidi egolide futhi benamekwe nge-turquoise.
Inhloko-dolobha enkulu yesiko Purépecha
Kusukela ekupheleni kwesikhathi se-postclassical phakathi kuka-1350 no-1520 AD, owaziwa nangokuthi isigaba seTariacuri, inhloko-dolobha yombuso kanye nedolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke laseTarascan lalaziwa ngokuthi yiTzintzúntzan el. indawo ye-hummingbird. endaweni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeLake Pátzcuaro.
AbakwaPurépecha ababesuka lapho babelawula amadolobha acishe abe yikhulu azungeze leli chibi, esebenzisa isimiso sezombangazwe esineziqu eziphakeme nesigxile endaweni eyodwa.
Towards 1522 inani labantu basin zanqwabelana abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, Tzintzúntzan iyodwa yayinabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu nanhlanu. Le nhloko-dolobha yayiyisikhungo sokuphatha, ezentengiselwano nezenkolo zombuso waseTarascan kanye nekhaya lenkosi noma iKasonsí.
Kwenziwa amaphrojekthi amakhulu okunisela ngenkasa nokufaka imisele ukuze kusekelwe inani elikhulu kangaka labantu ngemikhiqizo yezolimo yendawo, nokho ukungeniswa kwempahla nezinto zokwakha kwamanye amazwe kwakubalulekile futhi kudingekile.
Uchungechunge lwezimakethe zendawo kanye nohlelo lokukhokha intela lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpahla eziyisisekelo ezanele kubantu bendawo, nokho, iqoqo elihle lezingcezu ze-ceramic, amagobolondo nezinsimbi nazo zagcinwa, ikakhulukazi igolide nesiliva ingots, ngaphezu kwabasebenzi, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabokufika.
Izithelo, imifino, izimbali, ugwayi, ukudla okuphekiwe, imisebenzi yezandla, nezinto ezingavuthiwe njenge-obsidian, ithusi, nezingxube zethusi zathengwa futhi zathengiswa kulezi zimakethe ezimatasa.
Isigaba esibusayo sasiphethe ukulawula yonke into ehlobene nokumbiwa kwezinsimbi ezibalulekile nezinto zensimbi, ngaphezu kwakho konke izingcweti ezingochwepheshe ezazizochaza kabanzi ngazo, okungenzeka ukuthi zazihlala esigodlweni saseTzintzúntzan.
Kunobufakazi bokukhiqiza okuzimele kwegolide nesiliva ezindaweni eziseningizimu-mpumalanga nentshonalanga, okuhambisana nobufakazi namasampula avela ezikhungweni zokuphatha zesibili neziphakeme.
Abakwa-Tarascans bahwebe ngemikhiqizo yabo kunethiwekhi yezimakethe ukuze bathole noma bangenise izinsiza nezinto ezinjengalezi:
- I-Turquoise
- Ikristalu yedwala
- amatshe ayigugu njenge-jade
- Ukotini
- Ukhokho
- Sal
- izimpaphe ezingavamile.
Baphinde bakhiqiza izinsimbi zethusi ezenziwe nge-tin, ithusi, nama-alloys ethusi ayevamise ukusetshenziswa emicikilishweni nemidanso yemikhosi kulo lonke elase-Mesoamerica, emele imali engenayo enkulu. Umbuso uphinde wagcina ukulawula futhi wanquma ezindabeni eziphathelene nokuphatha kanye nokwabiwa:
- imihlaba namahlathi
- Izimayini zethusi kanye ne-obsidian
- Imboni yokudoba
- Imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi.
Kodwa-ke, akucaci kahle ukuthi bekungakanani izinga lokulawula imiphakathi kanye nabaholi bezizwe ababengasondeli kangako enhloko-dolobha futhi uma imiyalelo elandelwayo mayelana nokufinyelela kulezi zinsiza bekuyiqiniso.
Lezi zizwe ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kombuso, nakuba ngokwezombangazwe zingaphansi kweTzintzúntzan, nazo zazigcina ulimi lwazo kanye nobunikazi bendawo, kodwa ngezikhathi zempi intela yazo evamile emakhosini abo aseTarascan yandiswa ukuhlinzekwa kwamaqhawe.
Ngokusho kwe-Relacion de Michoacán, izikhulu zaseTarascan zahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu: abasebukhosini, abaphakeme nabaphansi. Abasebukhosini babehlala enhloko-dolobha nasendaweni engcwele yase-Ihuátzio, okwakukade kuyinhloko-dolobha yaseTarascan yangaphambili.
Umngcwabo wenkosi yaseTarascan uchazwa ku-Relation, njengomkhosi omkhulu wesiko le-Purépecha, lapho yonke insalela yombusi oshonile yenziwa umhlatshelo, ukuze bahambe naye ezweni lomufi.
Leli qembu elalizobhekana nesiphetho esibulalayo ngokuvamile lalinezigqila ezingaba ngamashumi amane, izigqila eziyintandokazi eziyisikhombisa, umpheki, umuntu ogezayo kanye nodokotela, kungaba ngokungavimbeli ukufa kwakhe.
Sikumema ukuthi uthintane nezinye izixhumanisi kule bhulogi ongase ube nesithakazelo kuzo:
- Inhlangano yezenhlalo yama-Olmecs
- Inhlangano Yezenhlalakahle YamaZapotec
- Inhlangano Yezombangazwe Yama-Aztec