I-Los ama-reactors enuzi e-Argentina baphethe ukuhlinzeka leso sizwe ngamandla kagesi adingekayo ukuze sibe nogesi emizini nasezimbonini zezwe, sihlanganyele nathi ukuze sifunde zingaki izitshalo zamandla ezikhona e-Argentina.
Izitshalo Zamandla Enuzi e-Argentina
Namuhla kukhona okungenani izizinda zamandla enyukliya ezi-3 zamandla amakhulu ezitholakala endaweni yase-Argentina, lezi yizitshalo zenuzi ezaziwa nge-Atucha I no-II kanye ne-Embalse plant. Cishe eminyakeni engu-66 edlule, imboni yenuzi e-Argentina yaqiniswa ngokushaywa kweSimemezelo No.
Mayelana neSikhungo Samandla Senuzi i-Atucha I, kufanele sixhunywe ngendlela efanele emthonjeni kagesi osinika amandla anele ukuze sisebenze, esakhiwe kusukela ngo-1974. Njengamanje, lesi sizinda samandla enuzi siyakwazi ukukhiqiza kufika ku-362 MW. Itholakala esifundeni sase-Argentina esaziwa ngokuthi i-Lima, lesi kuyisikhungo sokuqala samandla enuzi esakhiwe eLatin America.
Ukuze lesi sizinda samandla enuzi sisebenze kahle, sidinga uphethiloli ohlanganisa ingxube ye-uranium yemvelo kanye ne-uranium ecebile. I-reactor esetshenziswa isikhungo samandla enyukliya i-Atucha I sicindezelwa ngamanzi asindayo aziwa ngokuthi I-PHWR.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyaziwa ukuthi i-Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant, enamandla okuhlinzeka amandla angu-745 MW e-Argentina, iyisandiso se-Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, ngakho-ke itholakala endaweni efanayo ne kuqala. Ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo sesibili samandla enuzi kwaqala ngo-1982, nokho umsebenzi wamiswa kusukela ngo-1994 kuya ku-2006, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ukwakhiwa kwaqalwa kabusha njengengxenye yoHlelo Lwenuzi lwase-Argentina.
Ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo olufanayo lwemibono, owesithathu nowokugcina i-Embalse Nuclear Power Plant, itholakala ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Río Tercero Reservoir, eyingxenye yesandiso sesifundazwe sase-Córdoba. Lesi sitshalo sitholakala cishe ku-110 km ukuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeDolobha laseCórdoba. I-reactor yenuzi esetshenziswa yilesi sitshalo ukukhiqiza amandla yaziwa ngokuthi i-CANDU (Canadian Uranium Deuterium); iyi-reactor esebenza nge-uranium yemvelo futhi isebenzisa amanzi asindayo ukumisa izinga lokushisa.
Bangaki abakhona e-Argentina?
Okungenani aba-3 bayaziwa namuhla. Izitshalo Zamandla Enuzi e-ArgentinaNgokunjalo, kunezikhungo ze-athomu ezi-5, ezingaphethe amandla okukhiqiza kodwa ezizonikezelwa ekwenzeni izifundo nocwaningo lwesayensi.
Izitshalo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamandla enuzi e-Argentina zingeza I-Atucha Nuclear Complex, esemngceleni womfula iParaná de las Palmas, otholakala cishe amakhilomitha ayi-100 ukusuka edolobheni laseBuenos Aires kanye nesifunda saseLima. Lezi yizikhungo zamandla enuzi i-Atucha I kanye ne-II.
Mayelana ne-Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant, kukhona ulwazi lokuthi yaqala ukusebenza ku-National Electric System kusukela ngo-March 19, 1974 futhi yaqala ukukhiqiza amandla ngo-June 24, 1974. Lokhu kubhekwa njengesikhungo sokuqala samandla enuzi esakhiwa. eLatin America.
Kuyisikhungo sokuphehla amandla enuzi njengamanje esikwazi ukukhiqiza amamegawathi angu-362 kagesi kanti uphethiloli waso omkhulu ungu-0,85% we-uranium ecetshiswe kancane. Ukusebenza kwalesi sikhungo kunezinhlelo zokuphepha ezithuthuke kakhulu futhi kuphephile maqondana nezidingo ezethulwa izinhlangano zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe, okuyenza ibe ngesinye sezikhungo zokuphehla amandla enuzi ezinokwethenjelwa nezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Uma kukhulunywa nge-Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant, kufanele kwaziwe ukuthi kwaba nokubaluleke kakhulu kwaso okokuqala ngoJuni 3, 2014 futhi kusukela ngoJuni 27, saqala ukuvumelanisa kanye nejeneretha yohlelo lukazwelonke lukagesi.
Isizinda samandla enyukliya i-Atucha II sahlolwa ngaphansi kwamazinga ekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu, ukuze sibe yingxenye yesandiso esikhulu sesizinda se-Atucha I. Sivikelwe izinhlelo zokuphepha ezithuthukisiwe ezihlanganisa izici zokuzivikela ezifana nokuqukatha kwaso okuphindwe kabili kwensimbi nokhonkolo, indawo yayo ebonakalayo. ukuhlukaniswa kwesistimu ngayinye yezokuphepha kanye nesevisi yokugada ethuthukisiwe.
Njengoba ijwayelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuze ivumelane nezidingo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe, i-Atucha nuclear complex ineLayisense Yokusebenza ekhishwe yi-Nuclear Regulatory Authority. Sengikushilo konke lokhu, kubalulekile ukwazi lokho Izindleko zamasheya Nucleoelectrica Argentina S.A. igama lenkampani esebenza kulezi zitshalo kanye ne-Central Nuclear Embalse, isitshalo esisogwini oluseningizimu ye-Río Tercero reservoir, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni sase-Córdoba.
I-Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant
Umlando walesi sikhungo sesibili sokuphehla amandla enuzi uqala ngo-1973 lapho uhulumeni kazwelonke wase-Argentina enikeza inkontilaki yenhlangano yase-Italy neCanada ukuthi iphathe ukwakhiwa kwesikhungo esizoba isizinda saso sesibili samandla enuzi. Umsebenzi wokwakha wawuzoqala ngo-1974, kodwa kwathatha iminyaka eyi-10 ukuze kwenziwe ukuxhunywa kwezentengiso kugridi kazwelonke kagesi.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, i-National Atomic Energy Commission ngesifinyezo sayo I-CNEA wayefuna ukulawula ngokugcwele ukukhiqizwa kukagesi futhi azimele emsebenzini wakhe, ngakho baqala ukusebenzela umklamo, ukwakhiwa, ukwakheka kanye nophethiloli wezitshalo zamandla e-athomu ezazizoba ingxenye yesizwe sase-Argentina.
Ngonyaka ka-1977, i-CNEA yakwazi ukunquma ukuthi ngekhulu lama-XNUMX izimboni zikagesi zamanzi zezwe zizobe sezisebenza ngokugcwele ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla, kodwa into ababemelene nayo kwakuwukuthi uphethiloli wezinsalela zaziphela futhi ukuxhashazwa kwakuzoba nzima nakakhulu. yona, into eyenza ababusi bakhe inethiwekhi ephehla ugesi engabhekana nale nkinga ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ngalesi sizathu, uMongameli Jorge Rafael Videla uzogunyaza UHlelo Lwenuzi lwase-Argentina ngo-1979, oluhumusha ngokuyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kwezikhungo ezine ezintsha zamandla enuzi, okwakudingeka zisebenze kusukela ngowe-1987, 1991, 1994 kanye no-1997 ngokulandelana. Ngokufanayo, le phrojekthi yayidinga ukufaka imboni yezimboni ekwazi ukukhiqiza amanzi amakhulu, kanye nezinye izinhlaka ezingase zilawule umjikelezo wangaphakathi wamafutha enuzi.
Lo msebenzi waba ngowobukhazikhazi kakhulu eLatin America ngisho nasemhlabeni, njengoba isikhungo senuzi sasinomkhumbi omkhulu kunayo yonke imboni yenuzi engaba nawo emhlabeni. Le phrojekthi yaqale yagunyazwa ngenani elibekwe ku-$1600 billion. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuzimela kwayo ekukhiqizeni izinhlanganisela ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza amandla njengamanzi asindayo nezinye izakhi zikaphethiloli, zikhiqizwa e-Argentina.
Ngo-1998, kwaqedwa ukufakwa kwalokho okuzoba umkhumbi wokucindezela, okwakuzoba yisitsha sensimbi lapho ukuqhekeka kwe-uranium kuphethiloli kuphakamisa izinga lokushisa lamanzi asindayo ukuze kukhiqizwe umusi odingekayo ku-turbine. .
Indawo yokugcina Amandla Enuzi
Lesi yisizinda sesibili senuzi esakhiwe e-Argentina, nakuba sinamandla okukhiqiza i-683 MW, okungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho okungakhiqizwa yi-Atucha I no-II. Itholakala ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Río Tercero reservoir, umfula ongaphansi kwesifunda sase-Córdoba. Lesi sikhungo siqala ukwakhiwa ngoMeyi 7, 1974; kodwa kwaze kwaba uJanuwari 20, 1984 lapho iqala ukusebenza ngokuthengisa, iphetha umjikelezo wokuqala wokusebenza ngoDisemba 31, 2015.
Uma ingxenye yokuqala yephrojekthi isiqediwe Life Extension, isigaba esilandelayo siyaqala, esisekelwe ekuqalisweni komjikelezo wokusebenza wesibili ongathatha iminyaka engaba ngu-30. I-reactor esetshenziswa yilesi sizinda samandla enuzi iwuhlobo lwe-CANDU (Canadian Deuterium Uranium) futhi iyingxenye yobunjiniyela obakhelwe phezu kwamashubhu okucindezela asebenzisa i-uranium yemvelo njengophethiloli omodareyithwa ngamanzi anzima bese epholiswa ngamanzi emvelo. .
I-Embalse Nuclear Power Plant kanye nemvelo
Lesi sikhungo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi saziwa ngokwenza inqubomgomo yezemvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphathwa kwe Ukuqwashisa kwemvelo, ehlanganisa uchungechunge lwemithetho yezinhlaka ezinekhono, ukuze abasebenzi benkampani basebenze ngaphansi kohlaka lwezokuthutha oluvumela ukulondolozwa kwemvelo kwezikhala.
Phakathi kwezinhlelo zokongiwa kwemvelo ezihlanganiswa isikhungo samandla enuzi, kusungulwe uhlelo lokuxhumana olumayelana nezinqubomgomo zemvelo, ukuhlolwa kobungozi bemvelo kanye nomsebenzi wokunciphisa umthelela wendawo ekusebenzeni kwemisebenzi yokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamanzi. Izinqubo zenkampani zokukhiqiza amandla enuzi zihambisana nokuhambisana nomthetho I-Kyoto Protocol, njengoba beqinisekisa ukuthi benza i-CO2 encane ngangokunokwenzeka.
Kudingekile ukuveza ukuthi le ndlela yokukhiqiza amandla ayikhiqizi amagesi, futhi ayikhiqizi izinhlayiya ezikhiqiza umphumela we-greenhouse, isizathu esiyinhloko esenza kube khona ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke namuhla. Ezindaweni eziseduze ne Indawo yokugcina Amandla Enuzi, kunengxenye yomhlaba ecishe ibe ngamahektha ayi-6, ehlanganisa umfudlana ogelezela echibini elincane, kule ndawo iNuclear Power Plant, inikezwe umsebenzi wokonga. Izilwane zasendle futhi ubanikeze isivikelo esidingekayo.