Kuningi abangcwele beSanteria futhi ngayinye yazo inezici ezithile ezizihlukanisayo. Yazi Ngamandla Angokomoya yonke into ehlobene nale timu yamasiko, yendabuko neyenkolo ye-Santeria yaseCuba.
abangcwele beSanteria
Kuvamile ukuzwa amagama athile osanta bobuSanteria, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi baningi ngaphezu kwalabo ababhekwa njengabayinhloko. Ngayinye yazo ihlukaniswa ngokwezici ezithile futhi, kamuva, eziningi zalezi zici zinikezwa izingane zabo.
UbuSanteria buhlotshaniswa nokukhulekela abangcwele futhi okwamanje buqhutshwa ezindaweni eziningi zaseCaribbean naseLatin America, phakathi kwazo iCuba evelele. Enye yezici ezinkulu zaleli hlelo ukuthi lihlukaniswa kwezinye, noma ngendlela aqhuba ngayo amasiko nezinkolelo zabo.
I-Cuba ingenye yezindawo eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa nale nkolo, ngenxa yezimpawu ezihlanganisa ubuSanteria, iwukuhlonishwa kwamadlozi kanye nobuKatolika bale ndawo.
Enye indawo yaleli zwe eliyisiqhingi ingamaKatolika ngokwesiko, kanti enye ingxenye inabantu abanemvelaphi yase-Afrika abakholelwa konkulunkulu. Nakuba bekhona abanezinkolelo kuzo zombili izinkolo, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-syncretism. Noma labo abangakholelwa entweni.
Lokhu kukhiqize ingxubevange yezinhlanga kanye nokuphuma kwamasiko ahlukene aqhuba imikhuba yezenkolo, ukuhlonishwa kanye nezinkolelo. Obelokhu usabalele emazweni ahlukene futhi le mikhuba okwamanje eyenziwa amakholwa inkolo yobuSanteria.
ISanteria eCuba
Ingxube yezingxenye ezakha lo mkhuba wenkolo ihlanganisa isiko laseSpain elihlotshaniswa namaKatolika kanye nesiko lase-Afrika, elaziwa ngokuthi isiYoruba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalokhu kukhukhuleka kusukela abathunjwa baseNigeria nakwezinye izindawo zezwekazi lase-Afrika benza inkolo yesiYoruba.
Lapho baqala khona ukuhlonza onkulunkulu babo base-Afrika, ababaziwa ngokuthi orishas, nabangcwele abangamaKatolika, inkolo esemthethweni yalesi siqhingi sezwekazi laseMelika. Kwaqala ukusungulwa inhlangano ephathelene nokubukeka nezenzo, okungukuthi, ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezi zinkolo ezimbili.
Lokhu kwenza abanikazi bawo bakholwe ukuthi abathunjwa sebeguqukele ebuKristwini, kodwa okwenzeka ngempela ukuthi balandela izinkolelo zabo.
Uma abantu baseCuba sebeqalile ukuya kwamanye amazwe, basakaza lo mkhuba wenkolo futhi namuhla utholakala emazweni ahlukene aseLatin America. Lapho ukufezeka kwala mahlelo kuye kwanda ezindaweni ezithile.
Uma ungowaseLatin America, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngobuSanteria. Ezindaweni eziningi ezishiwo ngenhla, ngokuvamile kubonakala kubantu abathile abakhulekela onkulunkulu babo futhi abahlotshaniswa nezincazelo ezithile ngabo.
Inkolo yesiYoruba nama-orishas ayo
Abasanta bobuSanteria bavame ukuhlotshaniswa namagama abo aziwa kakhulu, kodwa baningi onkulunkulu ongase uke wezwa ngabo.
Maqondana nenkolo yesiYoruba, ivela eNigeria nasemazweni angomakhelwane, ikakhulukazi endaweni esentshonalanga yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Le nkolo iye yabonakala lapho iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu angu-12. Lapho izinkolelo zabo zihlanganiswe kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho we-Osha-Ifá.
Ngale ndlela, yaziwa ngokuthi i-Santeria yaseCuba, ihlelo eligcinwayo namuhla, njengoba abantu abaningi bebiza labo abakule nkolo ngokuthi ama- santeros. Ngamunye wabangcwele bobuSanteria unezici ezithile zokukhomba nokwehlukanisa. Eqinisweni, maningi, kodwa kunamazwe aseLatin America lapho ngokuvamile aziwa khona, ikakhulukazi lawo abhekwa njengawayinhloko.
Nokho, abangcwele bobuSanteria nabo baziwa ngokubaluleka kwabo nobudlelwano nokuthuthuka kwale nkolo.
Eqinisweni, le nkolo ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi inkolo ye-orishas, kodwa ukuze uqonde kangcono le ndaba, kubalulekile ukwazi ngemvelaphi yayo kanye nonkulunkulu abahlanganisayo. Nokho, iSonto LamaKatolika alibubheki ubuSanteria njengehlelo lobuKristu kodwa ubuqaba. Ngakho kwenziwa iqembu labantu ababa ama-santeros.
Olodumare
Phakathi kwabayinhloko, u-Olodumare ugqamile, abambheka njengonkulunkulu wendawo yonke, oyiqiniso futhi onamandla onke. Konke okukhona kuvela kuyo, ngoba iyisithombe esibonakalayo nesingokomoya sayo yonke into edaliwe. Ngakho akanakho ukumelwa, ngenxa yokuntula kwakhe izici zobuntu, ngakho akukho minikelo anikezwa yona.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iminikelo iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu esinikezwa abangcwele bobuSanteria. Okuvame ukwenziwa ngokwezimpawu zonkulunkulu ngamunye nangezikhathi ezithile.
Olofi noma Olofin
Uthathwa njengenzalo ka-Olodumare, kanye nenye yemiboniso yakhe. Ku-Santeria yaseCuba ihlotshaniswa noKristu wenkolo yamaKatolika. Igama lisuselwa ku-Yoruba Olofin, okusho ukuthi umnikazi wesigodlo.
Lapho isigodlo sakhe sisezulwini kanye nesigodlo sakhe sobukhosi i-Orishas. Okusho ukuthi, yena nesizinda sakhe nguyena owadala ama-Orisha ukuze akwazi ukuxhumana nabantu ngokungaqondile, abaqondise futhi ababheke. Emathubeni ambalwa kwehlela emhlabeni njengamandla. Ama-Orisha noma ama-Osha aziwa ngokuthi onkulunkulu abengamele amandla emvelo nakho konke okuhlobene nesintu.
AmaYoruba abheka ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uzalelwa ukufeza injongo ethile ekuphileni kwakhe. Nakuba kunezenzakalo eziningi ezishintshayo. Kulapho kungena khona ama-Orisha, afeza umsebenzi wokuyixazulula.
Baningi abangcwele bobuSanteria, eqinisweni sebebonke bangama-401. Nokho, ezwenikazi laseMelika bambalwa kakhulu abavame ukwaziwa, kubo inkolelo yale nkolo isakazwa emazweni athile aleli zwekazi.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abangcwele bobuSanteria nabo bahlukile, ngoba ngamunye unombala othile, inombolo nosuku lokuzidumisa.
U-Orishas owaziwa kakhulu waseCuban Santeria
Phakathi kwabangcwele bobuSanteria baseCuba abaziwa kakhulu nabahlonishwayo eLatin America, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
Obatala
Le orisha imelela ubulungiswa, impilo, ubumsulwa, ukuhlakanipha, ukwethembeka nokuthula. Ngakho, ingenye ehlonishwa kakhulu amakholwa ale nkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkulu kunawo wonke ama-orishas, ngakho-ke isezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu.
Uyinzalo ka-Olofin no-Oloddumare. Wathunyelwa eMhlabeni ngu-Olofin, ukuze enze okuhle futhi angamele njengombusi weplanethi. Ngakho linokuqonda futhi linikeza ukuthula nokuzwana. Usakaza ukuziphatha okuhle, ngakho-ke ama-orisha esewonke ahamba ayomfuna njengommeli.
Ubonakala ngokuba unkulunkulu ohlonishwa kakhulu, ophethe ubuhlakani nemizwa yabantu. Eqinisweni, bambheka njengowadala abantu nakho konke okusemhlabeni.
Umbala okhonjwa ngawo lo nkulunkulu umhlophe. Okufanekisa ukuthula nokuhlanzeka. Ibuye ihlotshaniswe nenombolo 8 kanye neziphindaphinda zayo. Usuku ahlonishwa ngalo lungoSepthemba 24. Izinsuku zabo zesonto uLwesine namaSonto. Indlela yowesifazane amelelwa ngayo yi-Virgen de las Mercedes.
Lona ungomunye wabangcwele bobuSanteria ophethe yonke into emhlophe, kanye nekhanda, imicabango namaphupho. Futhi uyena kuphela u-Orisha onemizila yabesilisa nabesifazane.
Inzalo yabo ihlonipha kakhulu, izolile futhi ithanda ukugodlwa. Iningi labo livamise ukuba ngongqondongqondo, ababhali noma abaculi. Akavumeli ngisho nothile ukuthi akhumule lapho ekhona noma kuphinyiselwa imishwana enamandla kakhulu noma ebonisa ukungahloniphi.
Shango noma Chango
Futhi ungomunye wabangcwele abaziwayo baseSantería, yingakho ngokuvamile engomunye wabayinhloko.
Ibonakala ngokuba ummeleli omkhulu wenjabulo yokuphila. Eqinisweni wayeyinkosi eNigeria futhi eyiqhawe elalingesabi lutho, ngakho wayenesibindi kakhulu. Naye wayethanda abantu besifazane, ethanda ukuphuza futhi ekhanga kakhulu.
Uyaziwa ukuthi wayeyinkosi yedolobha lase-Oyo, izwe laseYoruba elalisendaweni manje esentshonalanga nenyakatho yeNigeria. Phakathi kwabangcwele bakaSanteria, ungomunye wama-orisha aziwa kakhulu kunkulunkulu wamaYoruba.
Uthathwa njengonkulunkulu wempi, umnikazi wombani, ukuduma nomlilo. Nomdanso nomculo, omelelwa ngezigubhu zeBatá. Ngaphandle kokuba iqhawe, ungumbhuli nomelaphi. Inikeza ukunqoba kwabamelene nabo kanye nokuphazamiseka. Uhlotshaniswa no-Santa Bárbara, nakuba ekubuseni kuka-Ocha, umelwe njenge-orisha virile engenazo izindlela zabesifazane.
Ngale ndlela, inzalo yabo ingababhuli ngemvelaphi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banamandla amakhulu, bahlakaniphile, futhi bayazidla, bayaziqhenya futhi bayacasuka.
Amadoda ahlotshaniswa naye ngokuvamile athanda abesifazane futhi angamadoda. Nakuba abesifazane benesibindi, besebenza kanzima futhi abaxoleli uma bebengathembekile.
Umelwe nonombolo 4, imibala ebomvu nemhlophe kanti usuku ahlonishwa ngalo nguDisemba 4. Usuku lwakhe lwesonto uMgqibelo. Ngokunjalo, limele isidingo, ukushuba kwempilo, ubuhle bomuntu, intshisekelo, ubuhlakani kanye nengcebo.
Yemaya
Phakathi kwabangcwele abakhulu bobuSanteria, lo nkulunkulu naye ugqamile. Okuhlotshaniswa nezici ezibaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane.
Ubhekwa njengonina wawo wonke ama-orishas, kanye nesibonelo sikamama wendawo yonke. Kuphinde kuhlotshaniswe nokuvikelwa kwezingane nabesifazane abakhulelwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthiwa uyindlovukazi yolwandle, umthombo wokuphila, ubuhlakani, ubuthakathi kanye nengqondo. Kuhlobene nemifula nemilomo, kanye nokuzala kwabesifazane, ukuba ngumama kanye nokuqhubeka kwempilo. Ngendlela efanayo, ungumbusi wokudoba nokuvuna.
Ungudadewabo ka-Oshun kanye nomama kaShangó. Uhlotshaniswa neNcasakazi yaseRegla. Njengomgcini wayo yonke ingcebo, uma kukhona okulahlekile, kungafinyelelwa ngosizo lwakhe. Indlela yokuyibheka emvelweni idlula olwandle, phezulu kwamagagasi ashayisana nogu namadwala.
Inzalo yabo inamandla kakhulu, iqinile futhi inenhloso. Kodwa-ke, nabo bangumama kanye nobaba kakhulu, babonakala ngokuba nesimilo esihluka njengolwandle. Baphakathi kwalabo abangawakhohlwa amacala, noma ngabe sebewathethelele. Eqinisweni, ungumama wezingane eziyishumi nane zama-orishas avelele kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, bathanda yonke into ehlobene nokunethezeka nobukhazikhazi. Kunamadoda ajwayele ukuba nesimilo futhi kwesinye isikhathi aziphathe ngendlela yabesifazane. Uhlonishwa ngenombolo yesi-7 nokuphindaphinda kwayo, kanye nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Usuku ahlonishwa ngalo lungoSepthemba 7. Usuku lwakhe lwesonto uMgqibelo. Funda kabanzi mayelana Yemaya.
Oshun
Futhi omunye wabangcwele abavelele kakhulu bobuSanteria futhi omele izici eziningi abesifazane abanazo.
Ubhekwa njenge-orisha emele imizwa ejulile yabantu, uthando, ingokomoya, ubuhle, ubuhle, ubufazi kanye nokuzala. Ngakho inezimfanelo ezinhle zabesifazane. Awu, muhle kakhulu futhi uyaheha.
Ungudadewabo omncane ka-Yemayá kanye no-orisha omncane kakhulu, ngakho uyisithandwa sawo wonke umuntu. Futhi iyona kuphela engena lapho kukhona u-Olofin, ukuyoncenga izidalwa ezihlala emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke ingenye yaziswa kakhulu yizo zonke izakhi nabantu.
Kuthiwa wayehlala emgedeni osatholakala eNigeria endaweni esenyakatho ngasemfuleni iNayile, empeleni abantu abaningi abakholelwa kuye batholakala lapho umfula wakhe useNigeria. Ngokuvamile baletha iminikelo lapho futhi bacele umusa. Ukhonjwa noVirgen de la Caridad del Cobre, ongusanta ongumvikeli waseCuba.
Uhlonishwa ngokuba nothando, uju negolide. Ngakho-ke, ibusa emanzini ahlanzekile omhlaba wonke, nasezifufuleni, emithonjeni, emithonjeni nasemifuleni. Uma abesifazane befuna ukukhulelwa baya kuyena, kwazise uyakwazi ukulawula inzalo.
Inzalo yabo ilungile, ijabule futhi ithanda ukuzijabulisa. Nokho, bayathanda ukunikeza imiyalo. Futhi banelukuluku lokwazi, bayayenga, bathanda ubucwebe, izingubo namakha asezingeni eliphezulu. Baze bathambekele ekunikezeni ukubaluleka okukhulu kulokho okushiwo abanye abantu.
Inombolo eyimele ngu-5 kanye nokuphindaphinda kwayo, kanye nombala wayo uphuzi. Usuku ahlonishwa ngalo lungoSepthemba 8. Usuku lwakhe lwesonto uMgqibelo. Abaningi bavame ukuya kuye uma bedinga ukuxhaswa ngemali, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Eleggua
Omunye wabangcwele bakaSanteria abaqanjwe kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho abaziwa kakhulu. Ibonakala ngokuhlotshaniswa namaqhawe.
Eqinisweni, ubhekwa njengovelele kunawo wonke amaqhawe futhi lowo ama-orishas amesaba kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ungumnikazi wokudalelwa, ngakho angakwazi ukuletha futhi alethe okuhle nokungekuhle okwenzeka ngokungalindelekile.
Ubonakala ngokuba ngumfana ononya u-Olofi amnika ukhiye, okumenza umnikazi wekusasa, ngemva kokumelapha. Ngakho uyena ophethe ukuvula noma ukuvala imigwaqo nezindawo zokungena ukuze abantu bajabule noma cha. Ibuye ithathwe njengomqaphi weminyango, kuhlanganise neyabafileyo.
Uthathwa njengoyimpimpi kanye nokhomishani wonkulunkulu, njengoba u-Orisha ngamunye esebenza ne-Elegguá. Igama lakhe lifanekiselal isithunywa inkosana. Ngaphandle kwawo akukho okungazuzwa. Ngakho-ke ungunkulunkulu oyinhloko wokubhula.
Ukhonjwa noSaint Anthony wasePadua, Ingane yasePrague noma i-Atocha kanye noSaint Martin de Porres. Ngokufanayo, ungomunye wonkulunkulu abayisikhombisa abakhulu be-Yoruba Pantheon, ngakho ungowokuqala ukubizwa lapho kwenziwa isenzo senkolo futhi ubuye abe ngowokugcina ukuvalelisa.
Inzalo yabo ibonakala ngokukhalipha nekhono, nakuba becophelela futhi abaningi babo bathanda abantu besifazane, bathanda ukuba semgwaqweni. Bathanda nokukhuluma kakhulu futhi bahlotshaniswa nendawo yezohwebo nepolitiki.
Inombolo ehlonzwe ngayo ngu-3 kanti imibala ekhonjwa ngayo obomvu nomnyama, omhlophe nomnyama. Izinsuku lapho kuhlonishwa khona uJanuwari 6 noJuni 13. Usuku lwakhe lwesonto uMsombuluko. Funda kabanzi mayelana Khetha.
Amanye ama-orishas avelele
Ngaphezu kwabangcwele baseSanteria okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla, okulandelayo nakho kuyagqama:
Babalu Aye
Utuswa ngokuphulukisa abagulayo, ngoba u-Olofi wamkhulula ekufeni. Ngakho ucelwa ikakhulukazi izifo. Ngale ndlela, kubhekwa njengento eyisimangaliso kakhulu, ngoba iyaphilisa futhi inikeze izifiso.
Nokho, uqinisa isandla ekugcwalisekeni kwezithembiso azenza kuye futhi uma kwenzeka zingazifezi, angajezisa ngokubangela izifo zesikhumba. Uyi-orisha yochoko, ingxibongo, izifo ze-venereal, izifo kanye nosizi. Ubandakanywa noLazaru oNgcwele.
Inzalo yabo ingabantu abahlale beqaphela inhlalakahle engokomzimba, yengqondo nengokomoya yalabo abasondelene nabo. Ngale ndlela, bayaqikelela ukunikeza uthando, ubumbano, usizo, ukwesekwa nokuqonda kulabo abakudingayo, nakuba bengathandi ukukhuluma kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ngokuvamile bangabantu abanesizungu futhi abazazisayo.
Inombolo ekhonjwe ngayo ngu-17 kanye nokuphindaphinda kwayo. Umbala onsomi. Usuku ahlonishwa ngalo uDisemba 17. Usuku lwakhe lwesonto uLwesihlanu.
Oggun
Ungomunye wabangcwele bobuSanteria, naye othathwa njengeqhawe.
Ngale ndlela, kuwukumela amandla, amandla, umsebenzi kanye nokumelana. Ngakho-ke ukuzo zonke izimpi futhi uyazi ngezimfihlo uMt.
Kuthiwa ungunkulunkulu wezikhali nezinsimbi, yingakho efanekiselwa ngensimbi. Ngakho uyi-orisha yalabo abasebenza nomkhandi wensimbi. Futhi ngezimpi, ubuchwepheshe, odokotela abahlinzayo, amasosha kanye nama-agent. Itholakala ezintabeni nasemizileni yesitimela.
Ungumfowabo kaShangó no-Elegguá. Eqinisweni, akaphumuli futhi unekhono njengo-Elegguá kodwa unenhloso eyengeziwe. Imele iziqalo, ukusa nentwasahlobo. Ukhonjwa noSaint Peter, Saint Paul, Saint John the Baptist and Saint Michael the Archangel.
Inzalo yabo inesimilo esinolaka, esinenya futhi ayithetheleli kalula iziphambeko zabanye.
Nokho, ngokuvamile bangabangane abahle kakhulu, futhi bayajabulisa. Eqinisweni, kuvamile ukuba bakhangwe abobulili obuhlukile, nakuba bengathandi ukuba nomuntu oyedwa nje kuphela.
Inombolo eyimele ngu-3 kanye neziphindaphinda zayo. Imibala ekhombayo iluhlaza, nsomi kanye nomnyama. Usuku ahlonishwa ngalo ngu-Ephreli 23 kanye noJuni 29. Usuku lwakhe lwesonto uMsombuluko.
Abanye abangcwele abakhulu bakaSanteria yilaba:
- Orula noma Orunmila: U-Orisha wokubhula nokubikezela okuphakeme. Imibala yakhe iluhlaza futhi iphuzi.
- okhosi: Ingenye ye-Orishas ne-Osha yokuqala etholwa yinoma yimuphi umuntu. Okuhlobene nobulungiswa. Imibala yakhe iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi.
- Sawubona: Uthathwa njengowesifazane wothingo, i-whirlpool kanye nomufi. Imibala yakhe yonke ngaphandle komnyama.
- I-Aggayu: Imele intaba-mlilo kanye nengaphakathi lomhlaba, kanye namandla emvelo. Imibala yayo ibomvu ngokumnyama nomhlophe noma imibala engu-9 kukhishwe emnyama.
- Osuna: Umgcini nomlindi walabo abakholelwa kule nkolo. Umbala wayo umhlophe.
Uma uluthandile ulwazi olukulesi sihloko, ungase futhi ube nesithakazelo sokwazi mayelana amadodana kaShango.