Kwezindawo zemvelo eChile ezinokuvakasha okuningi zitholakala kuyo Ugwadule lwase-Atacama indawo ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi ugwadule olome kakhulu emhlabeni, nokho lokhu kubonakala kuyiphutha. Sizokhuluma ngesimo sezulu sayo ukuze sithinte lelo phuzu, izitshalo zayo, izilwane kanye nezindawo zokuvakasha ezikuzo okufanele uzivakashele.
I-Atacama desert eChile
Lolu gwadule lubhekwa “njengolomile kakhulu emhlabeni” futhi lutholakala ezweni laseLatin America: eChile, ukusuka enyakatho kuya enyakatho yeCoquimbo, i-Arica, i-Antofogasta, i-Atacama, iParinacota neTarapacá, enomngcele osentshonalanga noLwandlekazi iPacific kanye nokuya enyakatho. empumalanga neCordillera de los Andes eyaziwa kakhulu, kucatshangelwa lezi zifunda kulinganiselwa ukuthi inendawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-105.000, enwebeka ngamakhilomitha ayi-1600 ubude namakhilomitha ayi-180 ububanzi endaweni yayo ephezulu.
Eqinisweni, ezinye izifunda nazo zingacatshangelwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yalolugwadule, isibonelo indawo esogwini lwasePeru, iPuna de Atacama kanye nomthambeka osempumalanga wezintaba ze-Andes eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBolivia nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Argentina. . .
Iwugwadule olubonakala ngobukhulu balo, ugwadule, amaphuzu alo aphakeme kakhulu, ubudlelwano balo nesayensi yezinkanyezi (izinkanyezi nemilaza) kanye nezikhala ezihlukene ezitholakala njengama-oases, amaflethi kasawoti noma amachweba anombala wawo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezindaweni eziheha izivakashi ezingatholakala e-Chile, lolu gwadule lungenye yezindawo ezivame kakhulu. Ekupheleni kwalokhu okuthunyelwe, ezinye izingosi zezivakashi ezifanelekile ongazivakashela uma uya kulolu gwadule zizokwethulwa.
Lolu wugwadule lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene oluhlobene nesayensi yezinkanyezi, izindawo eziningi ngaphakathi kwalo kungamaphuzu okubhekwa kuwo izinkanyezi nemilaza. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inobude obufanele ngokuphathelene nolwandle ukuze ibukisise kahle, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwamafu futhi ngaphandle kokungcoliswa kokukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lihlala eziningana Izinhlobo zezinyoni.
Lokhu akusho nje kuphela ukuthi abavakashi babona isibhakabhaka noma yikuphi ngosizo lwemishini ethile yokubuka, kunezindawo eziningi zokubuka ogwadule ezifana neLa Silla, i-Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, iParanal Observatory, phakathi kwezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi azisebenzi nje kuphela ukuze zinikeze ulwazi lwezivakashi olumangalisayo noma ukwenza ucwaningo, ezinye zihlelelwe ukwakhiwa, njenge-Gian Magellan Telescope noma iLarge Synoptic Survey Telescope.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kuhlale kugqokwa izinkanyezi kulolu gwadule, imidlalo eyingozi ingadlalwa nalapho abasubathi abavela emhlabeni wonke beze ngezicoco ezibanjelwe kulo, isibonelo iDakar Rally Series ebibanjelwe kulolo hlane kusukela ngo-2009 2015. Ngokufanayo, i-Atacama Solar Race yahlelwa ngezimoto zelanga ezihamba ngeToconao, Calama, Iquique, Antofagasta nezinye izindawo, lokhu kuyinto eyingqayizivele kuyo yonke iLatin America.
Lakhiwa kanjani?
Ngokuphathelene nomsuka walolugwadule, kunenkolelo yokuthi ngaphambi kokuba ugwadule kwakuyimpumuzo engaphansi kwamanzi, lokho bekungaba eminyakeni eyizigidi ezintathu edlule, ngemva komphumela we-Fohn owathinta ukhahlamba lwezintaba zase-Andes ngokudedela imvula kwezinye izingxenye zentaba.
Konke lokhu kuwuhlelo olungagcini nje ngokuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwamafu adlula kule ndawo, kodwa futhi kuwumsinga wamanzi afinyelela ogwadule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo lwendawo enalo nalo ludlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwalolugwadule.
historia
Ngokuphathelene nomlando walolugwadule, kungabonakala ukuthi kuye kwaba nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zabantu, abeLungu bahlala emazweni abo isikhathi esithile, ngaphezu kwamaqembu athile ezizwe ezinjengezinkawu, amacoles, ama-auroch kwase kuba amaInca. umbuso. Khona-ke kwakungenzeka ukubona ukuthi kungaba yini umsebenzi wokumba (okwakuyiminyaka ephakathi kwe-12.000 ne-10).
Ngokuqondene nengxabano ngale ndawo, eminye imibhalo iyibeka njengendawo yaseBolivia ngo-1866 no-1874, nokho kwaba nezingxabano ezizungezile lolugwadule lapho kuthathwa izinyathelo zamasosha ngokumelene neBolivia, kamuva (ngo-1873) iChile yamemezela impi ePeru naseBolivia, ingxabano. ebizwa ngokuthi iMpi YasePacific eyadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1884 ngemva kokunqoba kweChile.
Ngemva kwalokho, lesi sizwe sagcinwa sinezindawo eziningi ezifana nalezo ngaleso sikhathi ezazibizwa ngokuthi "uMnyango waseBolivia weLitoral, umnyango wasePeruvia waseTarapacá kanye nesifundazwe sasePeruvia sase-Árica" phakathi kwazo kwakukhona lolu gwadule. Kusukela lapho iChile igcina isizinda sayo phezu kwala mazwe.
Isimo sezulu
Ukucatshangelwa njengogwadule olome kakhulu emhlabeni akulungile, esikhundleni salokho izigodi ezomile ezise-Antarctica zikhona, kulolu gwadule kungenzeka ukubona imvula njalo eminyakeni eyi-15 noma njalo eminyakeni engama-40, ngisho nesikhathi esiphezulu silotshwe iminyaka engama-400 ngaphandle imvula endaweni yayo yonke. Okuxakayo wukuthi ezinyangeni zikaJanuwari noFebhuwari le ngxenye emaphakathi yogwadule ithinteka kulokho okwaziwa ngele-"altiplano winter" lapho kunezimvula eziba nezivunguvungu zikagesi.
Izinga lokushisa ebusuku lingafinyelela -25 degrees C futhi emini bangafinyelela ku-25 ngisho no-50 C ° emthunzini. Izinga lokushisa ngezinkathi zonyaka libonisa ukuthi ehlobo lisuka ku-4 kuya ku-10 C°. Kokunye ungabona imimoya ngesimo senkanyamba noma iziphepho zeqhwa ezifinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-100 ngehora, emini.
Flora
Ngokuqondene nezitshalo ezingabonakala kulesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo, kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-cacti. Njengoba kunezindawo ezithile ezinamanzi amakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa, ungabona izinhlobo ezinjenge-pike, i-matilla noma i-emerald. Izimbali ezikhula ngenxa yamachweba atholakala kulolugwadule i-llareta, utshani basendle, i-tamarugo, isihlahla se-carob esimhlophe, utshani be-salda, izihlahlana ezifana ne-cahiyuyo, i-breas nezinye ezingakaqinisekiswa.
Fauna
Ngokuphathelene Izilwane zasogwadule, uyakwazi ukubona izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezinjengalezi: amahummingbird, amajuba namajuba, ama-culpeo foxes, ama-Patagonian grey foxes, ama-guanacos, izikhova, ama-paulina lizards, i-tamarugo comeebo, i-diuca, iselesele elisontekile, ezine -ixoxo elinamehlo, phakathi kwabanye. Kunoma yikuphi, ukuphakama kwalolugwadule nezimo zalo zezulu kunciphisa amathuba okuthola izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala kulo.
Izindawo zabavakashi ongazivakashela ogwadule
Lolu gwadule luyindawo enkulu ehlanganisa izindawo ezimbalwa ezikahle zezivakashi ongazivakashela ohambweni lwe-adventure, ezinye zezindawo ongazivakashela yilezi ezilandelayo:
I-Tatio Geyser
Enyakatho yeSan Pedro de Ataca ungathola insimu yamagiza athathwa njengamakhulu emhlabeni, ungabona ukuthi ama-fumaroles awo avela kanjani emhlabeni lapho sekudlule ama-80 degrees C, ngokuvamile lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-6 noma 7. am, kuwumbukiso oyenza ibe enye yezindawo ezivakashelwa kakhulu izivakashi.
Kuyadingeka ukugcina ibanga eliphephile ukusuka kulawa magiza, ukuze ama-emanations awakhiphayo angahogeki, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugqoka izingubo ezinikeza indawo yokukhosela kulungele ukumelana nezinga lokushisa futhi futhi njengesinyathelo sokuphepha. Lezi ngezinye zezindlela zokuphepha ezituswa ukuthi zithathwe uma uvakashela leli giza, kanye nalapho uvakashela i-geyser emhlophe ongafinyelelwa kuyo ngemva kokuhamba amakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka eTatio.
i-cejar lagoon
Amachweba akuleli ogwadule ayisici esingangeni ngaphansi kwetafula lapho kuhlelwa ukuvakashelwa kwezivakashi endaweni, khona-ke kunconywa i-cejar lagoon, eseningizimu yeSan Pedro de. Atacama cishe amakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka.
Lawa machweba anesici sokuthi ungakwazi ukuntanta emanzini awo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esimaragidi ezingeni eliphakeme kunalawo angazuzwa oLwandle Olufile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izungezwe ukhahlamba lwezintaba ze-Andes, ngakho umbono ukhanga ngempela kubavakashi. Ukuqapha kuleli phuzu lokuvakasha ukugqoka izicathulo zokugeza noma ama-flip-flop ukuze ugweme ukusikeka emaphethelweni echweba.
I-Chaxa Lagoon
Leli chweba liphakathi kwezihamba phambili ezivakashelwa kakhulu ngoba liyikhaya lezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni, okuhlanganisa ama-flamingo, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zemvelo zalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo.Umqondisi wezivakashi kuleli chweba angaphendula umbuzo othi ¿kungani ama-flamingo ebomvu? . Itholakala eSalar de Atacama cishe amakhilomitha angama-50 ukusuka eSan Pedro de Atacama, inezingxenye ezinodaka kodwa amanzi ayo awashoni ngempela.
Ungabona izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo zezinyoni, nokho-ke ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane azivamile ukubonwa ngoba akuyona indawo enemvula ngezikhathi ezifana nehlobo, ubungabona i-parina encane, enkulu, impungushe. i-culpeo, igundane lomnqumo, ezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye ne-flamingo yaseChile. Okutuswayo wukuvakashela leli lagoon nenkampani yomhlahlandlela ongachaza izici zohlobo ngalunye.
Amanye amachweba atuswa ukuthi avakashelwe iMiñique neMiscanti, engekho ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-4000 ukukhuphuka, lapho ungabona khona indawo enama-vicuña namanzi aluhlaza anikeza umuzwa okhangayo.
San Pedro de Atacama
Lona umkhandlu otholakala esifundazweni sase-El Loa, uzungezwe umfula i-San Pedro de Atacama futhi waziwa ngokuthi isango eliya ogwadule lwase-Atacama, lesi isiza esikhulu sabavakashi kule ndawo, ukusuka lapho uya amanye amadolobha asogwadule, nakuba umzila osuka kwenye indawo yokuqala awunqunyelwe. Isibalo sabantu abahlala eSan Pedro de Atacama asizange sifinyelele ku-260 ngonyaka ka-2018, ngakho-ke umnotho wayo awunzima noma awuthuthukisiwe.
Phakathi kwezindawo zokuvakasha ungabona iSonto LaseSan Pedro, okuwumbukwane wamakholwa owakhiwa ngo-1744 nakuba alungiswa ngo-1839. Ungabona ne-Archaeological Museum equkethe izinto zomdabu ezivela ezizweni zaseChile. Bese kuba khona amagiza aseTatio angamakhilomitha angu-0 ukuya enyakatho, kanye nokhahlamba lwezintaba zikaSawoti, iSigodi Senyanga, iPuritama Hot Springs, idolobhana laseTulor, ifulethi likasawoti le-Atacama kanye ne-ALMA yokuhlola izinkanyezi.
I-Catarpe Valley
Lesi sigodi singatholakala ngokuhamba amakhilomitha amahlanu ukusuka enyakatho yeSan Pedro de Atacama, okuthakazelisayo ngale ndawo ukuthi ama-Inca ake akha isikhungo sokuphatha. I-acatameño mayelana nalesi sigodi inikeza incazelo elandelayo:
«I-Catarpe iwumhosha ophakathi kwephutha e-San Pedro de Atacama, ukusuka lapha singabona izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezinjengezihlahla ze-carob, ama-chañare, upelepele, imisila ye-fox, i-Moray Eagle, i-kite yasenyakatho phakathi kwezinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-fluvial terrace ihlukaniswe lapho umfula "i-San Pedro" udlula khona.
Isigodi senyanga
Lesi sigodi sesibili esimenyezelwe ngokuthi "indawo engcwele yemvelo" sisogwadule olungamakhilomitha angu-13 entshonalanga yeSan Pedro de Atacama. Ngaphezu kwalelo gama, lesi sigodi siyingxenye ye-National Flamingo Reserve. Kucatshangwa ukuthi phambilini (ngeNkathi Ephakeme) kwatholakala ichibi elikhulu kakhulu noma okungaba ulwandle olumaphakathi nezwe kuleyo ndawo.
Ikhanga kakhulu kubavakashi ngenxa yamagquma ayo anamaphuzu phansi kanye nezindunduma ezimpunga ne-ocher ezifana neNyanga. Ngeke uthole okungaphezu kwezibankwa zikaFabián kanye nendawo ethulile, okwenza kube indawo ekahle yokubuka izinkanyezi noma ukushona kwelanga uma uvakasha ntambama.
IDeath Valley
Eduze kancane neSigodi Senyanga kuneSigodi Se-Mars noma Sokufa, esibonakala ngokubunjwa kwamadwala nokufana kwayo nentaba, izivakashi zivame ukuzijwayeza ukwenza i-sandboarding lapho zifika e-Great Dune, ngakho-ke lokho kuyizincomo kule ndawo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ayinayo imigwaqo ezimotweni ngenxa yobuningi besihlabathi esinaso.
Ngaphandle kwesigodi sokufa, kunconywa ukuvakashela isigodi sothingo kanye nentaba-mlilo yaseLasar, owokuqala walabo okukhulunywe ngawo unalelo gama ngenxa yenani lemibala engatholakala emagqumeni alo, ukuthola imibala efana ne-ocher, emnyama. , kanye ne-violet. , ikhofi, phakathi kokunye.