Vanyori venhoroondo dzechiArab ndivo vakatanga kutaura nezve maViking muSpain. Mugore 844, pakati pekupera kwaChikunguru uye kutanga kwaAugust, the Iberian Peninsula, yakaona kusvika kwezvikepe zvakawanda, yakanga iri imwe yenzendo dzinoshamisa zvikuru munhoroondo yevatyairi veNordic. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga kwenguva yekupambwa uye kupambwa España navanotya vikings.
The Viking Age in España
Pakati pezana remakore rechipfumbamwe neregumi, maViking akapinda muSpain. Panguva iyoyo, yaigara muIberian Peninsula Al Andalus uye umambo hwekare hwechiKristu. Pakutanga, vaNorman vakawana, munzira yavo, korona Pamplona y Asturias, uye chikamu chenharaunda ye Carolingian humambola hispanic brand.
Gare gare, munzendo dzaizotevera, vaizosvika Humambo hwaLeon. Pakati pekutanga uye kwekupedzisira kupinda kweVikings muSpain, makore anopfuura zana aizopfuura. Munguva iyi yenguva, hapana shanduko dzinozivikanwa dzakaitika muPeninsula, nekuda kwekuti Humambo hweGranada, iyo yekupedzisira bastion yechiIslam, yaizogara kusvika makore ekupedzisira ezana ramakore regumi neshanu.
Kurwiswa kwacho España
VaViking vakafamba kuti vapinde nechisimba España munguva nhatu dzenhoroondo: yekutanga, kana "kupinza zvisina kunanga" umo vakazvitsaurira vamene kutsvaka mashoko nokutengesa varanda; pashure paikoku kwakava nedenho mbiri dzinotevedzana muzana ramakore rechipfumbamwe, kuSpain yechiMuslim, uye zana ramakore rechigumi, kuChristian Spain, kuchiteverwa nenhano yechitatu yokugadzwa kunofungidzirwa.
Kuganhurana negungwa reAtlantic
Vaongorori veScandinavian vakaita rwendo rwavo rwekutanga kuenda España mugore ra 844. Kwakanga kuri kurwiswa kwe Iberian Peninsula vachisvika pamhenderekedzo yayo yeAtlantic, uye ipapo vakabva vaenda kurwizi rweGuadalquivir.
Boka guru rezvikepe zveViking, rakapinda kumaodzanyemba kweFrance paRwizi rweGaronne, rakakwanisa kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeCantabria mushure memhepo ine ngozi.
Zvikepe zana zveViking zvakaumba boka rinotyisa zvakaonekwa musi waNyamavhuvhu XNUMX kubva pamhenderekedzo yeGijón. MaVikings akawedzera mvura uye akaenda, asina kupa chero chiitiko chinosuruvarisa.
Mamwe mazuva gare gare, veScandinavians vaizozvipira kupamba munzvimbo dzakatenderedza La Coruña. Pakupedzisira, kupindira uku kunoguma nokuti uto re Ramiro I weAsturias kukunda maVikings, avo vanomanikidzwa kudzokera kuzvikepe zvavo ndokuenda.
Iyi ndiyo nyaya inoonekwa inorondedzerwa mu "Castilian Annals Sekondi", inozivikanwawo se Complutense Annals, zvinyorwa izvi muunganidzwa werondedzero, uye zvinonyora kurwiswa uku sezvavakakuona muZera reViking mu. España.
Chinangwa chekurwisa kweViking
Mushure mekurwisana kwenguva pfupi La Coruña, vaongorori vanowana zvavaida mazviri Lisboa. Iguta guru, uye vakarikomba kwemazuva gumi nematatu pakati paAugust naSeptember, izvi zvakapfuurira kutozosvikira mauto echiMuslim auya kuzovadzinga. Panguva iyoyo maVikings akaenda kunoyambuka Iberia mahombekombe akananga kumaodzanyemba, achisvika paGulf of Cádiz.
akakwanisa kukunda CádizVakakwira nerwizi Guadalquivir, vachipamba maguta ose avakawana munzira yavo, uye kuuraya vagari vemo vose kuitira kuti varege kuvazivisa kuvapo kwavo. Mushure meizvi, muhondo ye cabtalVakakunda maMuslim.
Vachienderera mberi nenzira yavo vachidzika nerwizi, zviuru zvina zveVikings zvinosvika Isbiliya, Sevilla, kwemazuva okupedzisira aSeptember. Vagari ve SevillaVakabva vatiza vachivhunduka carmona, rondedzero iyi imhaka yemunyori weAndalusian Ibn al-Qutiyya, iyo inoaratidzira mumanyoro ake "Nhoroondo yekukundwa kweAl-Andalus".
Mushure memavhiki mashoma, mauto akasvika kubva Córdoba, zvevarume vanenge zviuru gumi nezvitanhatu, vakatumwa Abderraman II. Uyu aive emir wa Córdoba, uye akarayira hondo iyi Musa ibn Musa al-Qasi, uyo akanga ane mukurumbira zvikuru uye airemekedzwa panguva iyoyo.
Kuita kwe Al Andalus
ma vikings mu España Vakagara mumusasa platform, uye vakakamurwa kuita mapoka mana. Boka, rinoumbwa nevarume 200, rakarwisa Hummock; wechipiri, akarohwa Benilaiz; akatevera akarohwa Tsime Rinoimba; wokupedzisira akarwisa Córdoba.
Hondo huru ye Musa ibn Musa, akaparadza boka rekutanga mukurwisa kwe Hummock ndokutora nhare platform, vanhu vokuScandinavia vane chiuru vakafira ikoko. MaMuslim vakabata uye vakauraya mamwe mazana mana eViking mushure mekurwa uku.
Vazhinji vakagurwa misoro, uye "misoro yavo yakarembera pamichindwe yeSeville". Rimwe boka rakavigwa riri vapenyu, misoro yaro iri pachena, kuti itsikwe nemabhiza kusvikira yafa. Kune rumwe rutivi, vakapisa zvikepe zveViking makumi matatu.
VeScandinavians vakakwanisa kutiza, vakabvuma zvipfeko, chikafu uye kuti vakwanise kudzokera kumahombekombe, mukutsinhana nekudzorera nhapwa uye zvakapambwa zvavakatora. Vachibatwa zvisina kufanira sezvavakanga vakaitwa, ava vakapukunyuka vakatiza vachiyambuka Mediterranean, vachiparadza nyika dzeByzantine kutozosvikira vasvika kuAlexandria.
Vamwe vasungwa havana kuurayiwa, avo vakatendeuka ChiIslram, uye maViking aya mukati España vainzi vakagara mumapurazi. Mushure mekurwisa, Abderraman II, yakaongororazve uye yakasimbisa Seville, kuvandudza dziviriro yayo, uye kuvaka ngarava kudzivirira mahombekombe egungwa. Al Andalus.
Nzira yekufambisa mashoko iri pamabhiza yakaiswawo kuti ikwanise kuchenjerera nokukurumidza kana vapambi vasvika. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza pamusoro pezvinotendwa nengano dzedzimwe tsika, tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge huni nymphs.
Björn Ragnarsson's Expedition
Kechipiri maViking akaonekwa mukati España, rwendo rwakarairwa Bjorn Ragnarsson, iyo yaizivikanwa se Iron Side. Mwanakomana wa Ragnar Lothbrok, akatora ngarava dzinenge zana, uye neizvi zvikepe zvakananga kuIberia Peninsula.
Raiva gore ra858, boka rezvikepe zve Bjorn akafamba achidzika napahova Akasimuka, kuenda ku Santiago de Compostela, pakusvika vakakomba guta iri rine masvingo. Pasinei nokuti vaKristu vaibhadhara mutero kwavari kuti vaende, maViking akaramba akakomba.
Kubva Asturias, mambo Ordono I, akatumira mauto, achitungamirirwa nekuverenga Peter Theon, izvi zvinokunda vapambi, uye ngarava dzeViking dzakaumbwa nezana ngarava, 62 chete dzakakwanisa kutiza.
Pashure pokunge uku kukundwa kwakaitwa maViking munyika dzechiKristu, ngarava dzeScandinavia dzakananga kumaodzanyemba. Vakaedza kumhara pamhenderekedzo yePortugal, asi vakakundikana, vakarasikirwa nengarava mbiri ipapo, dzimwe makumi matanhatu dzakasvika Algeciras. Muguta iri vakapamba, uye vakaparadza mosque.
Vakabva vabuda ndokupinda Maodzanyemba e Africa, izvi zvisati zvaitika zvitsuwa Balearics y Orihuela,vachisvika pedyo nerwizi Segura. Vakadzokera kumahombekombe eFrance munguva yechando, ndokubva vaenda Italia.
Kutorwa kwamambo we Pamplona
Imwe nguva gare gare, mwanakomana wa Ragnar vaizodzokera kunyika dzeSpain. Zvikepe zve bjon ragnarsson vakakwira norwizi Ebro,kusvika ku Pamplona. Vasvika ikoko vakabata mambo Garcia Iniguez wePamplona, uyo aifanira kubhadhara rudzikinuro rwemari yegoridhe 70000 XNUMX kuti asununguke.
ma vikings mu España, kashoma kushandisa wainzi mutero wokuDanish, waisanganisira kubhadharisa chibharo kuti munhu apfuure nepaasina kupamba mutaundi. Imwe yenyaya dzakanyorwa kununurwa kwamambo wePamplona. Iyi tsika nekufamba kwenguva yakave yakajairika mune humwe humambo hwakaparadzwawo nemauto eViking.
Mushure mekubudirira uku, iyi yechipiri wave yeVikings mukati Spain, akatambura kukanganisa kukuru. Kuyambuka Strait yeGibraltar kudzokera kumusha, Bjorn akasangana neboka rezvikepe zveCordovan emir.
Mukurwisana uku, maVikings anorasikirwa nengarava dzinosvika makumi mana. Zvikepe zvakapukunyuka zvakauya kumba muna 40, nehupfumi hwakakura. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve dzimwe dzinonakidza varwi tsika, tevera chinongedzo chiri pazasi mayan legends.
danho rekupedzisira
Kupinda kunotevera uye kwekupedzisira kweVikings mukati España, inovamba mugore ra966. Izvi zvakanga zvakasiyana nedzakapfuura, mune iyi kuedza kunoverengeka kwechisimba kwakaitwa. Chikepe chidiki cheViking chinoonekwa mukati Alcacer do Sal, kumativi e Lisboa, chaingova nezvikepe makumi maviri nezvisere.
Vakarwisana nemauto emunharaunda uye veScandinavians vakakunda, vakabata nhamba huru yevasungwa. Pakarepo, vakavhimwa negungwa kubva kuSeville uye vamwe vasungwa vakadzorerwa. Kubudirira uku kwakarova zvakanyanya kuhunhu hweViking.
Makore maviri gare gare, mutungamiri Gundraed inokwira panoyerera mvura ine zvikepe zana kuti zvipinde nechisimba Santiago de Compostela. Mauto edefence aitungamirirwa naBishop sisnando, vanokundwa mukati fornels uye vanorasikirwa nemukuru wavo. Makore matatu akatevera akapedzwa achipamba, nemaViking, pasina chishoro chipi nechipi.
Muna 971, humambo hwe Asturias akatarisana navo. Mauto aitungamirirwa naBishop rudesindo uye nokuda kwekuverenga Gonzalo Sanchez, Uto iri rinokunda maViking muhondo huru, kuuraya Gundraed.
Pashure pemwedzi mishomanana, boka guru rengarava rakananga Lisboa, nechinangwa chokupinda nechisimba vachitsvaka pfuma. Chavasina kuvimba nacho ndechekuti makore ekupamba nechisimba akange asiya kudzidzira kwakanaka muvaAndalusia, vakabatana nezvikepe zve Atlantic and the Mediterranean ndokubuda kundosangana namaVikings.
Nenzira iyi kuedza kwekupedzisira kweVikings kuramba kuchiparadza iyo Iberian Peninsula, nokudaro kupedza nguva yechisimba chisingadzorwi uye kupambwa kwakasiya zviratidzo zvikuru patsika dzose dziri mbiri.
Kugara kweViking mukati España
Pasinei nezvose, maVikings akakundikana kurova España muhukuru hwakafanana ne England o France. Vakakundikana kutanga nyika, uye havana kukwanisa kupinda mutsika dzechiSpain.
Pane dzidziso dzinovimbisa kuti pakanga pasina nzvimbo dzekugara dzeViking mukati España. Zvisinei, pane imwe nzvimbo Galicia, vakawana zvisaririra zvekuchera matongo zvakafanana nemisasa yaipfuura, iyo maScandinavians akaisa panguva yekupinda kwavo kune dzimwe nyika.
Iyi inogoneka yekugara kweScandinavia iri mukati The Mountillos, pedyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa Mutsvene weRoma, in Vicedo Lugo. Vatsvakurudzi vachiri kuchera uye kuongorora nzvimbo yacho. Kusvikira ikozvino ndiyo chete yakawanikwa, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti kune zvakawanda.
Pakutanga kwekuwanikwa uku, zvaifungidzirwa kuti saiti iyi inogona kunge iri nhare, asi zvese zvinoita sezvinoratidza kuti ichigaro chenguva pfupi cheNorman, chakafanana neakawanikwa muEngland. Iyo ine murwi wakasimudzwa une mudhuri nemugero.
Chinangwa chikuru cherwendo rweViking kwaive kupamba nekutapa varanda, pavakafamba kwaisava nechinangwa chekugara, ndoda kuva varimi. Ichi pamwe ndicho chikonzero nei pasina masampuli makuru akawanikwa ekufamba kwekugara kweVikings mukati España.
Sezvo tsika yaive yekusvika, kupisa uye kupamba, zvaive zvisingaite kuti maVikings apinde España, vachange vakabatikana vachivaka zvivakwa zvakaoma kunzwisisa uye zvinogara kwenguva refu.
Humbowo hwekugara VIkings muSpain
Izvo zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti kuvapo kwedzimwe nzvimbo dzeViking mukati España. Mune yakasara peninsula, hongu, panogona kunge paine akawanda avo.
Kune nhau dzedzimwe nzvimbo uko sezvingabvira dzakagara, asi sezvo dzakanga dziri zvivako zvakarongedzerwa kugara kwenguva pfupi, kugarisa kwavo nokuchengetedza nokufamba kwenguva hazvibviri, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vaimbovaka musha mumazuva mana kana kuti mashanu.
Chimwe chinhu chekufunga nezve geographical onomastics, zvakakodzera kudzidza etymology yemazita chaiwo enzvimbo. Mudunhu redunhu re Lugo, kune mirwi yakawanda pasi, uye inodanwa "specks", izwi iri rinozivikanwa kubva mumutauro weNordic, mariri unogona kuona kufanana neshoko Motte & Bailey, iyo inoshandiswa kureva masvingo ari pazvikomo.
Kazhinji, ese mareferenzi ebhaibheri aripo paVikings mu España, uye zvimwe chaizvo mukati Galicia, inoumbwa nemabasa ekare zvikuru, ane nzira isina kukwana, yakazara nekupokanidza, pamwe chete neinongedzero kumasimba makuru.
Izvi zvinoita kuti zvinyanye kuomera kuona mafambiro evaScandinavian kuburikidza neIberian Peninsula, sezvo data racho risina tsigiro yakakwana yenhoroondo yekusimbisa kwayo. Iwo mabasa kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, ayo nenzira yechinyakare anopa chokwadi nechiratidzo chinopesana nepfungwa dzakapihwa netsvagurudzo ichangoburwa pamusoro penyika yeViking kuchamhembe kwe. Europe.
Chero zvazvingava, vanopa data rekufarira kukuru uye kukosha kuti vakwanise kutenderera nyaya, kuvepo kweVikings mu España, uye vaigona kuzobatsira kutsvaga dzimwe nzvimbo dzekugara. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezveVikings, tinokukoka iwe kuti uverenge viking zviratidzo.