Nhoroondo, matombo anokosha anga ari nyaya yekufarira kubva kune akawanda maonero, kunaka kwavo, zvivakwa uye zviratidzo zvakavaisa munzvimbo yekukudzwa pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvechisikigo mumunda wesainzi uye kuporesa. Zvadaro, tichataura nezve turquoise.
iyo turquoise
Kazhinji, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti turquoise ibwe rinokosha risingazivikanwi mavambo, ane zita, kunyange zvazvo rinoratidzika serisina kujairika, harina chokuita nechokwadi chokuti gem iyi inobva kuTurkey. Muchokwadi, hapana turquoise deposits munzvimbo ino yepasi, kuita chirevo ichi. Kana iwe uchifarira nyaya dzine chekuita nezvisikwa, tinokurudzira chinyorwa chinotevera: 10 Mishonga yemishonga nezvainoshandiswa
The turquoise nomenclature ine imwe mavambo; Zvinotendwa kuti zita iri rakapihwa nekuti Turkey yaive nharaunda yaitengeswa kubva kare, kuburikidza neSirika Road. Kubatana nenyika ino kwakabva ipapo, nekubatanidza izwi rekuti turquoise neTurkey, iro muchiFrench rinoreva "dombo reTurkey", kana "turquoise crystal".
Zvinonzi gem iyi yakafamba kubva kuTurkey ichienda kuWestern Europe, ichive yakakurumbira uye ikava dombo rinokosha zvikuru, kusvika pakuti yakashandiswa kushongedza korona yaMarie Louise, uyo akagamuchira chishongo ichi kubva kuna Napoleon pachake sechipo chemuchato.
Parizvino zvinokwanisika kuwana kutevedzera kweichi gem mumunda wezvishongo zvezvipfeko, nekupa kwematombo akavakwa nezvimwe zvinhu, kana pamwe nekupindira kwakakosha kurapwa kwepakutanga, kazhinji kwakaoma kusiyanisa kubva kune yechokwadi, kunyangwe nenyanzvi.
Chero zvazvingava, turquoise kubva mumunda wesainzi, sezvakasimbiswa neStrunz classification, haisi chimwe chinhu kunze kwebluish-green mineral, inoenderana nekirasi 8 ye phosphates, kureva, aluminium phosphate uye mhangura (CuAl).6(ZU4)4(o)8·4H2O), iyo kana yakapetwa, inoguma mune dombo rinoyemurika remhando yepamusoro uye runako, rinoyemurika kubva kare.
Turquoise Properties
Turquoise iminerari ine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvatinogona kuwana muzvisikwa se cryptocrystalline masses kana makristasi maduku. Pasinei nekuti maturquoise ese ane chimiro chakafanana, zvinokwanisika kuwana misiyano pakati pezvidimbu zvakasiyana zveichi gem, zvichienderana nehumwe hunhu hune chekuita nazvo, fragility, uremu, kupenya uye ruvara.
Turquoise ibwe remamiriro asina kusimba, kuoma kwaro kwakaderera kunyange kune girazi rehwindo rakajairwa; Zvisinei nekuti ingave yakanaka sei, mukana wayo wekukwenywa neimwe mineral, ndiko kuti, kuramba kwayo chiitiko ichi, maererano nechiyero cheMohs, ishoma pane 6.
Nezvezviri pamusoro apa, zvakakosha kujekesa zvinotevera: iyo yakawanda porous uye yakapfava turquoise iri, iyo yakaderera uremu hwayo huchave huchave, iyo kazhinji inogona kubva pakati pe2,9 uye 2,3 g / cm3. Iyi mineral inowanzo ine porosity yakasiyana, iyo inokanganisa huremu hwayo uye kuoma kwayo.
Brilliance chimwe chehunhu kana chivakwa chinowanzo kwezva kutarisa kana uchitaura nezvematombo anokosha. Pano zvakakosha kujekesa zvinotevera, hakusi kungopenya kunopa tsanangudzo iyi. Ndiko kuoma kwemaminerari uye kuoma kwekuiwana mumasikirwo, izvo zvinounza pedyo nekufunga uku. Izvo zvinodikanwa zvimisikidzo zvemineral segemu zvine chekuita nemikana yaro yekushanda mumunda wekugadzira goridhe uye zvechokwadi kunaka kwayo.
Nezvekupenya kweturquoise, iine opaque kana yakachenuruka maminerari, chivakwa chisingakanganise kunaka kwayo kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe matombo anokosha, uye kunyangwe ruvara rwayo ruchinyanya kubatanidzwa nebhuruu, gem iri rinogona kuonekwa mune mamwe mimvuri, kubva chena kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvebhuruu, uye kubva pabhuruu-girinhi kusvika kune yellowish-girinhi.
Iyo yebhuruu kana yegirinhi ruvara iyo iyi mineral inopa, chero zvakadaro, zvinoenderana nekubatanidzwa kwezvimwe zvinhu mukuumbwa kwayo; kusvibiswa kwesimbi kana kupera kwemvura, kana iri ruvara rwegirini, kuvapo kwemhangura, kana iri ruvara rwebhuruu. Iyi mineral haiwanzo kuwanikwa yakakamurwa kuita makristasi akanaka, zvisikwa zvinowanzopa kwatiri nenzira yakamanikana.
Deposits uye kushandiswa
Yekuumbwa kwechipiri, ndiko kuti, yakagadziriswa kubva mukuora kwemamwe maminerari (ayo ekutanga), turquoise ibwe risinganzwisisike iro rinogona kuwanikwa panyika, kunyanya munzvimbo dzerenje. Kunyange zvazvo zvichinzi iyi ndiyo imwe yematombo anokosha akatanga kutorwa, kutengeserana kwayo hakuna kuwedzera nenzira iyo nhasi munhu anogona kutaura nezvekushandiswa kukuru kwechicherwa ichi.
Nharaunda pakati peiyo turquoise deposits uye nzvimbo dzekurapa kwayo uye kutengeserana, zvirokwazvo dzakasarudza zviri pamusoro; kunze kwekuti, nekufamba kwenguva, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzezvakaitika kare, dzakatsaurirwa kumabasa aya, dzakaderedzwa. Zvisinei, pasinei nemamiriro ezvinhu, nzira yedombo rinokosha iri inochengetwa nhasi, nokuda kwekushanda kwechinguvana kwedzimwe nzvimbo dzakapukunyuka mamiriro ezvinhu aya.
Ne rudimentary maitiro, kunyanya nemaoko, turquoise iminerari iyo inotorwa inoitwa munyika dzinotevera: Spain, Iran, Syria, neUnited States, nyika iyo inowanikwa sechigadzirwa chekushandiswa kwakakura. yeimwe mineral: Copper. Ona pazasi, nzvimbo uko turquoise deposits dziri munyika idzi.
España
Kune nzvimbo dzakati wandei muSpain kwaunogona kuwana iyi yakakosha mineral, kunyangwe isiri yakawanda. Saka, semuenzaniso, tinogona kuwana turquoise, mune prehistoric deposits yemaminerari anonzi "variscitas" (aluminium phosphate), mutaundi rinonzi Palazuelos de las Cuevas, rinoenderana neguta reSan Vicente de la Cabeza mudunhu reZamora. , uye zvakare mune prehistoric migodhi yeGavá Can Tintorer, mudunhu reBarcelona.
Dzimwe nzvimbo dzinogona kuwanikwa, dzakabatana nemamwe mamineral, semuenzaniso, iyo San Finx tungsten migodhi, mudhorobha reLousame mudunhu reLa Coruña, uye muSan José kana Valdeflores mine, iri muSierra of. iyo Fly, Cáceres Municipality; mune ino saiti, yakabatana nequartz uye amblygonite, inopa yakanakisa girinhi yebhuruu ruvara. Kusvika padiki, zvinokwanisika kuwana zvisaririra zvidiki zveiyi mineral, maodzanyemba eLeón, Castrocalbón maneja.
Iran
Iran, yaimbova Persia, ndiyo nyika ine yakakura uye yakakosha chengetedzo yeturquoise, kweanopfuura kana mashoma makore 2000, kureva. Nyika inomira kunze kwete kune hunhu uhu chete asiwo nekutarisa maturquoises anobva mudunhu rino sematombo akanakisa nekuda kwekukwana kweruvara rwavo.
Iyo turquoise inotaurwa nezvayo inogona kuwanikwa chete pamusoro pegomo reAli-mersai, chikomo chakareba mamita 2012, chiri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwenyika, makiromita makumi maviri nemashanu kubva kuguta guru repurovhinzi yeKhorasan, guta reMashad. Kana iwe uchifarira nyaya dzine chekuita netsika dzemadzitateguru, tinokurudzira chinyorwa chinotevera: Zviratidzo zveBuddhist
Sinai
Zvinonzi Sinai Peninsula ndiyo nzvimbo iri pasi pano panowanikwa yekare turquoise deposits. Nenguva yakatarwa kubva mugore re3000 BC (dzinza rekutanga), sezviri pachena panguva iyoyo, iyi mineral inokosha yakanga yatotorwa kare, ndicho chikonzero vagari venzvimbo iyi vakapa dunhu iri zita, nyika yeturquoises.
Iyi peninsula ine 6 migodhi yeturquoise, yese iri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwemahombekombe edunhu, inofukidza nzvimbo yakakura yenyika; zvisinei, kubva munhoroondo yekuona, vaviri vavo vanomira kunze kwechinyakare chavo, izvi zvingava izvo zviri muSerabit el Jadim uye Wadi Maghara. Sechokwadi chinoda kuziva, nzvimbo idzi dziri pamamita mashoma kubva kutembere yakatsaurirwa kunamatwa kwamwarikadzi Hathor.
United States
United States ndiyo nyika iri muAmerica ine nhamba yakakura kwazvo yemigodhi yeturquoise, mimwe yemigodhi iyi yakaremara nekuda kweizvi, vamwe, vachiita kuchera kwayo; madhipoziti anotaurwa nezvawo anowanikwa kunyanya mumatunhu mashanu ari kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwenyika ino (New Mexico, California, Nevada, Arizona neColorado).
Mukati megadziriro yekuongorora kupfupi kwenhoroondo panyaya iyi, tinoona, semuenzaniso, kuti nguva refu isati yawanikwa America, vagari veko vakatotora iyi mineral, vachishandisa maturusi ematombo ematombo, ndizvo zvakaita madhipoziti eCalifornia neNew Mexico. . , mugodhi weCerrillos, mugodhi wekaresa munharaunda yacho.
Panyaya iyi, zvinonzi 1920 isati yasvika, dunhu iri raive rimwe rezvakabudirira zvakanyanya maererano nekushandiswa kweturquoise, zvinosuruvarisa nhasi kuti basa iri rakaderera zvakanyanya. Kakawanda, mugodhi mumwe uri muCalifornia, iyo Apache Canyon dhipoziti, parizvino iri kushanda uye ine hunyanzvi hwekushambadzira.
Mamwe madhipoziti
Zvinofadza, uye zvisinei nekuti iyi mineral ndeyekare kare munhoroondo yevanhu, kune zvirevo zvekushandiswa kwayo kwekushongedza mutsika dzekare dzakadai seEgypt (yaishandiswa nevatongi vayo), Inca neAztec muAmerica uye kunyange China. ( Chang Dynasty), kushandiswa kwayo sezvakadudzwa mundima dzapfuura, hakuna kuwedzera mukuwirirana nokuyemura uko iri dombo rakanyandura.
Nezvezviri pamusoro, zvakaoma kumisa nechokwadi zvikonzero zveichi chokwadi, sezvo mukuwedzera kune izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa, uko kutorwa kweiyo mineral kunoitwa, kune dzimwe nzvimbo, uko migodhi yeturquoise ingangowanikwa, izvi, panguva. Tichifunga nezvekukosha uye kushandiswa kunopiwa sechishongo kana chidimbu chekuchinjana, muIndia, mumakaravhani eAsia uye pakati pemapoka evanhu vanotama-tama, seMughals.
Zvechokwadi, zvinozivikanwa kuti gem iyi inonyanya kukoshesa munzvimbo dzemakomo dzinoenderana neHimalaya neAltai, iyo inoshandiswa kushongedza vhudzi revarume nevakadzi. Saizvozvo, muChina munharaunda yeYunxian neZhushan, mudunhu reHubei, zvidimbu zvakakosha zve compacted turquoise zvakawanikwa, muchimiro chemanodule. Kwemakore 3000, nyika ino ine dhipoziti yeturquoise.
Panyaya iyi, Marco Polo, achitaura nezvenzendo dzake kunyika iyi, akati akawana turquoise kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweChina, mudunhu rine guta guru reChengdu, rinonzi Sichuan. Pano zvakakosha kuziva kuti iyo yakawanda ye turquoises yakatorwa munyika ino inonyanya kutengeswa kunze, uye zvishoma, boka reizvi rakavezwa munharaunda, ine teknolojia imwechete inoshandiswa kushanda jade.
Nzvimbo inonzi inomira zvakanaka pamhando yematombo ayo anokosha iTibet, uko kunze kwekukoshesa chaizvo green turquoise, vane dhipoziti yakakosha mumakomo eDerge, ari pedyo neguta rine zita rimwe chetero. muTibetan yakazvimirira prefecture yeGanzi, inoenderana neChinese mudunhu reSichuan neNagari Khorsum.
Nezve kuvapo kwemadhipoziti ambotaurwa, kune avo vanobvunza nekuda kwekushaikwa kwechokwadi, zvisinei, chiri chokwadi ndechekuti nyika dzakaita seRussia, Mongolia, Nepal, Bhutan, Afghanistan, Turkestan, India uye peninsula Indochina, vatengi venguva dzose veiyi gem, iyo inoshandiswa kushongedza zvipfeko zvavo muzviitiko zvechitendero uye zvechinyakare.
Mexico ndiyo nyika yeCentral America iyo yakashuma kuvapo kweturquoise, kunyanya mumigodhi yemhangura yeCananea neNacozari mudunhu reSonora, zvisinei, munyaya iyi kubviswa kwayo hakuitirwi kana kurapwa, sezvo kambani ine dhipoziti. haina pakati pezvinangwa zvayo zvebasa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa chicherwa ichi iAustralia nekuchamhembe kweChile.
nhoroondo yekushandisa
Kubva panguva dzekare, kune ruzivo rwekushandiswa kwemaminerari aya, kune mienzaniso yakawanda, yakadai semuEgypt ine mask yeTutankhamun, tsika dzepre-Columbian muAmerica (Aztec, Incas, Moches, Chimu), uyewo maPersia. , Mesopotamia uye budiriro kubva kuChina neIndia.
MuEurope inozivikanwa, yakaunzwa kuburikidza neSirika Road kuburikidza neTurkey, asi haina kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX apo yakave yakakurumbira sedombo rekushongedza; muJapan inozivikanwa kuti yaive muzana ramakore regumi nemasere, kwayakaiswa mune yakakurumbira tsika. Zvainzi zvakare turquoise ine simba rekuporesa, uye kuti yakachinja ruvara zvichienderana nehutano hweakaipfeka, nekuwedzera kudzivirira kubva kumasimba akaipa.
MuchiAztec tsika, inozivikanwa kuti turquoise yakabatanidzwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana (huni, dombo, simbi, goridhe, pakati pevamwe), kugadzira zvinhu zvekushandisa mumitambo yakasiyana. Parizvino, iyi mineral inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira zvishongo uye zvishongo zvekupfeka.
kukosha uye kutarisira
Kukosha kweturquoise kunoenderana nekuchena kwemuvara wayo, ine rima bhuruu ndiyo inonyanya kutsvakwa uye yakakosha; Kusvika painopera ruvara rwayo, kuwana mamwe mimvuri (yakasvibirira), inoderedzwa, uye kana ikava calcareous (yakapfava), ichiita kuti kushandiswa kwayo muzvishongo kusingabviri.
Kuravira kwechimiro chekuratidzwa kwebwe iri kunosiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda, semuenzaniso, muUnited States, vanovada nematsinga, nepo muAsia vanosarudza matombo akachena. Mune basa ne turquoise, humwe hunhu hunokosheswa, sekupenya, kufananidzwa kwemavara uye symmetry yebwe, zvisinei, kunaka kwebasa rakaitwa ne turquoise ndiyo inokwezva kutarisa kwevanhu.
Mutengo weturquoise unotarwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwayo mumamirimita; Kana iri kurapwa kwayo, kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, asi inonyanya kukurudzirwa ndiyo inoshandiswa uchishandisa mafuta kana wakisi kuvandudza ruvara rwayo uye kupenya; zvisinei, zvichange zvichidhura, izvo zvisingadi kurapwa, zvichipiwa kuchena kwayo.
Turquoise ibwe risina kusimba, rinonzwa kune zvimwe zvinokurudzira zvinogona kukanganisa hunhu hwayo, senge: chiedza chezuva, mapefiyumu, zvizorwa, ganda rine mafuta, suntan lotions, hairspray, pakati pezvimwe zvinonyungudutsa. Mushure mekushandiswa, inofanira kucheneswa nemucheka wakachena uye kuchengetwa munzvimbo inotonhorera, kunze kwezvimwe zvikamu, kuti usapinda.
turquoise engraving
Kushaikwa kwekusagadzikana mukuoma kweturquoise zvechokwadi kunomiririra, nekufamba kwenguva, kuomerwa mukuita zvinyorwa pairi; mamiriro aya pamwe nekushaikwa kwezvishandiso zvakakodzera. Vanofanira kunge vakamiririra matambudziko makuru kana zvasvika pakushanda gem nehunyanzvi hwakakodzera uye nehunyanzvi. Ichi ndicho chikonzero, mune zvakasikwa zvezvishongo uye zvishongo zvekupfeka, kune zvishoma zvishoma zvinyorwa zveturquoise zvinogona kutaurwa zvakakosha.
Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvidimbu zvehutano hukuru, izvo zvinomiririra mienzaniso yemabasa mubwe iri, iyo inofanirwa kuratidzwa, yakadai se: amulet kubva kuGenovesio collection, inomiririra mwarikadzi Diana; Dare remakurukota eDuke reOrleans, rine maviri eturquoise akanyorwa nezviso zvaDiana naFaustina; uye muFlorence gallery, turquoise yakaita sebhora, ine chinyorwa chamambo weRoma, sezviri pachena Kesari kana kuti Tibherio.
Symbology
Tichifunga nezvetsika dzemadzitateguru, tinogona kuona kuti kushandiswa kweturquoise sechinhu chekushongedza chembatya chinomiririrwa, pakutanga, kukosha kwekunaka, kupihwa kunaka kwayo, iyo mukuchena kwayo kweruvara rwebhuruu. simba remvura. Chechipiri, gem raimiririra kukosha kwakabatana kune zvakakosha zvivakwa zvekuporesa.
Panyaya iyi, masimba ekuporesa anonzi ane gem iri anoshamisa sechinhu chinokurudzira kuporeswa kwese, uye mune zvimwe zvirwere zvine chekuita nekufema turakiti. Inopfekwa seduri, inonzi turquoise inokurudzira rudo, rombo rakanaka, uye dziviriro yemunhu pamasimba akaipa.
Kubva pakuona nyeredzi, ibwe iri rinozivikanwa nechiratidzo cheTaurus, sezvo rinomiririra rugare, runyararo uye kugadzikana, chimiro chechiratidzo chenzombe. Kuva nechidimbu cheturquoise semufambidzani, iwe uchaona kuti kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma iwe unogara uine chiyero uye kushivirira kwakakosha kuti ubude mukuzvipira.
Kana iwe wakafarira chinyorwa chedu, tinokukoka iwe kuti uongorore zvimwe zvinonakidza misoro mukati meblog redu, senge Dziviriro Amulets