Pamusoro pekusimudza zvivezwa uye mabasa anoshamisa ezvivakwa, vaionekwa sevasiki vebudiriro uye kusikwa kwavo huwandu hwekukwana, pano tichadzidza zvishoma nezve tsika iyi uye Sangano remagariro eToltecs.
Sangano remagariro eToltecs
MaToltec aive pre-Columbian tsika yeMesoamerica yakagadziridzwa kuchamhembe kwakakwirira kweMexico panguva yePostclassic Period pakati pezana ramakore rechigumi nembiri renguva yedu. Nzvimbo huru dzetsika dzeToltec dzaive Huapalcalco muguta reTulancingo uye guta reTollan Xicocotitlan, riri muguta razvino reTula de Allende, riri mudunhu reHidalgo. Guta iri rine mukurumbira nekuda kwezvidhori zvaro zvematombo, zvinonzi Atlanteans.
Kwakabva maToltecs
Izwi rokuti "Toltec" rinobva mumutauro weNahuatl uye rinoshandurwa se "master builders", zita iri rinokonzerwa nekuti mungano dzetsika dzechiNahuatl zvinonzi maToltec ndiwo mavambo emarudzi ose, maAztec. kuti vasimbise hukuru hwavo, vanoti vazukuru veToltec.
VaToltec vazukuru vevanhu vanotama-tama uko vaChichimecas vanoburukawo. Mugore mazana manomwe nemakumi mashanu guta iri rakapamba Teotihuacán. Gare gare vakagara pakati penzvimbo yepakati munzvimbo inogarwa nenyika dzemazuvano dzeMexico dzeTlaxcala, Hidalgo, Mexico, Morelos nePuebla. Tula, guta guru rayo rakakundwa neChichimecas mugore re1168.
Zvinotendwa kuti chitendero chevanhu veToltec chaive cherudzi rweshamanic uye kuti chaisada temberi kana nzvimbo dzechigarire dzekunamatira kwavo. Vamwari veToltecs vaive cosmic uye vaimiririra denga, mvura, pasi, nezvimwe. Nekudaro, kubva muchiratidzo chake chechitendero kunouya chimiro chikuru cheQuetzalcóatl, kuumbwa kwenyoka ine minhenga uye mumwe wevamwari vepamusoro-soro veMesoamerican pantheon.
VaToltec vakanga vatanga dzidziso yedzidziso mbiri. Quetzalcoatl yakatarisana yaiva Tezcatlipoca, uyo anofungidzirwa kuti akaendesa Quetzalcoatl kuutapwa. Imwe shanduro yengano iyi yaiti akaenda achizvidira ari pamusoro penyoka, achivimbisa kudzoka kwake munguva pfupi.
VaAztec, vanove vetsika inoteerana neiyo yeToltec, vanoramba kuti ivo vagari venhaka yetsika uye yehungwaru yeToltec, uye vanosimbisazve kuti tsika inobuda muguta reTollan (zita muchiNahuatl reguta reTula. ) ihwo hwerengedzo yekukwana mubudiriro. Iyo yeAztec yemuromo uye pictographic tsika yakatsanangurawo nhoroondo yehumambo hweToltec nekunyora vatongi vayo nemabasa avo.
Pakati penyanzvi dzenguva yedu, mubvunzo unounza gakava ndewekuti kukwereta nhoroondo dzeAztec dzenhoroondo yeToltec setsananguro yezviitiko chaizvo zvenhoroondo. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzose dzichibvuma kuti kune ngano dzakawanda kurondedzero, vamwe vanopikisa kuti kushandisa nzira yekuenzanisa yakaoma, imwe nhanho yechokwadi chezvakaitika kare inogona kutorwa kubva mumanyuko, nepo vamwe vachipikisa kuti kuongorora rondedzero semanyuko enhoroondo chaiyo kunoita kuti zviome. kuwana ruzivo rwechokwadi rwetsika dzeTula.
Art and Culture
Hunyanzvi hwenyika hweToltecs, kuwedzera pakugadzirwa kwedhakamiki dzekushandisa, kugadzirwa kwematombo ematombo uye kugadzirwa kwemachira, kwaive kuuraya zvinhu zvakashongedzwa neminhenga ine mavara mazhinji. MaToltec aigadzira machira, mifananidzo, uye zvipfeko kubva kuminhenga yeshiri dzakasiyana-siyana dzemaumbirwo nemakuru asina kujairika. Maererano nezvinodavirwa naToltec, mwari wavo mukuru akanga ari Quetzalcoatl, nyoka yakapfava. Quetzalcóatl izita rakapihwa mutongi mukuru weguta guru reToltec, guta reTula, pakati peXNUMXth century.
Temberi dzakatsaurirwa kuna mwari wepamusoro dzakagara dzakashongedzwa zvakanyanya: negoridhe, sirivha, turquoise, emerald. Mune imwe yetemberi zvinhu zvose zvakanga zvakashongedzwa neminhenga; makamuri mana etemberi akatarisana nenyika dzakasiyana-siyana: ane minhenga yero kumabvazuva, neminhenga yebhuruu kumavirira, neminhenga michena kumaodzanyemba, neminhenga mitsvuku kuchamhembe.
VaToltec vakatenda Quetzalcoatl nekugadzira chinwiwa chaMwari, chinotungamira kumufaro uye chinounza mufaro, kunze kwekunwa kubva kucocoa bhinzi. Ngano dzinoti Quetzalcoatl nguva dzose yaipesana netsika dzechiToltec dzine zvibayiro zvavanhu zvine ropa, asi mumwe mwari, Tezcatlipoca, mudzimu wousiku, akataura nokuda kwavo. Vanochera matongo vakawana miitiro yetsika munharaunda yeguta rekare reChichen Itza, vaprista veMayan vakanyora pamusoro peizvi mumabhuku enguva yevakundi veSpain.
Mutsika dzavo, vaToltec vakagadzira tsika dzeTeotihuacán neXochicalco. Tsika dzeToltec dzakave nemhedzisiro yakasimba pakuumbwa kwevaAztec. Izvo zviyeuchidzo zvakasara zveToltec zvivakwa uye zvivezwa zviri kurova muhukuru hwavo uye hukuru hwakanyanya.
Iyo piramidhi yakashongedzwa yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo (varwi, makondo, jaguar), uye denga retemberi pamusoro rakatsigirwa nemifananidzo ina yakakura zvikuru yevarwi vematombo mamita mana makumi matanhatu masendimita pakureba imwe neimwe. Madingindira emauto akanyanya muToltec art. Mifananidzo yamwari akatsenhama ane ndiro yechibairo inowanikwawo.
Varwi veToltec vaivewo vagadziri vehunyanzvi uye zvivezwa. Dhigirii rekukosha iro maToltec akabatanidzwa kuhondo rinoonekwa kana uchitarisa zvakasara zvezvivakwa zvavo zvakanakisa. Makoramu mana anotakura mitoro aitsigira denga repiramidhi (rinozivikanwa sePiramidhi B) uye mbiru yega yega chivezwa chemurwi weToltec.
Imwe neimwe yemakoramu ane chimiro chemurwi ane chipfeko chehondo cheToltec chakagadzirwa ne-multi-colored headdresses uye akabata atlatl, rudzi rwepfumo reToltec. Koramu yega yega yakangofanana, zvichiratidza kuti maToltec aiziva manejimendi esainzi uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda. Ese mapiramidhi akawanikwa muguta reTula ane zvidimbu zveunyanzvi zvinonzi friezes zvinosanganisira zvikamu zvemadziro zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo uye zvivezwa mukuyamura pamusoro pavo.
Imwe yeiyi friezes, inowanikwa mupiramidhi inozivikanwa sePiramidhi B, yakanga yakareba mamita anopfuura makumi mana uye yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo yejaguar uye coyotes, zviratidzo zvehondo mutsika dzeToltec.
Minhenga mikuru uye ine ruvara yakashandiswa nemaToltec nemaAztec mukushongedza kwavo yaive minhenga yequetzal uye yaive mutero kune kukosha kwaipihwa netsika idzi kuminhenga ine mavara mazhinji. Makushe eQuetzal ndiwo aivewo aishongedza misoro yevarwi veToltec uye kunyanya misoro yevakuru veToltec. Kunyange vamwari vavo kana kuti vakashongedzwa neminhenga yequetzal, sezvakaita mwari anonzi Quetzalcóatl anogara achimirirwa neminhenga yequetzal ine zita rake.
Sangano remagariro
Kufanana netsika dzakawanda dzeMesoamerican, sangano rezvemagariro evanhu reToltecs rakapa kukosha kukuru kubudirira kwemauto. Vakuru vesangano revanhu veToltec vakaumbwa nevarwi avo, nokuda kwekukunda kwavo muhondo, vakanga vakwira zvinzvimbo kuti vave vakakodzera chinzvimbo ichocho. Pamwe chete nevarwi vaiva varume vaitya Mwari vaigonawo kuva varwi.
Kune tsika dzeToltec, zvibayiro kune vanamwari zvaive zvakakosha. Uchapupu hweizvi iTzompantli, iyo isherufu yakagadzirwa nedehenya revavengi uye neiyo yezvibayiro zvevanhu. Vakuru vemauto nevatungamiriri vezvitendero vaifanira kukumbira mvumo kuna vanamwari vasati vaedza kurwisa. Nezvikonzero izvi, boka repamusoro reToltec raizofanira kusanganisira vatungamiriri vemauto nevechitendero vanoshanda pamwechete pamusoro pehurumende, mauto, uye tsika dzechitendero.
Artisans uye mamwe maartist vaive chikamu chepakati muboka remagariro eToltecs. Varimi, vane basa rekurimwa kwechibage chine mavara akawanda nedonje, vangadai vakavewo veboka repakati. Vazivi venyeredzi vakagovana chinzvimbo ichi, vachiwedzera kukarenda yeToltec kuchengetedza nguva yekudyara nekukohwa, uye kupembererwa kwemitambo yechitendero nemhemberero.
Heano mamwe malink aunofarira: