Tsika yeZapotec ndeimwe yekare uye yakakosha muMesoamerica. Vaigara munharaunda yakakosha kwezviuru zvemakore, vachisiya humbowo hwetsika yavo yepamusoro uye danho repamusoro retekinoroji. Kuti unzwisise kuti kugara kwake kwenguva refu kwaive kwakadini, zvakakosha kuziva Zapotec Economy
Zapotec Economy
Kubudirira kweZapotec ndeimwe yemagariro ekare mupre-Columbian Mesoamerica, yakagadzirwa nevanhu veZapotec. Humbowo hwekutanga hwetsika dzechiZapotec hwakatanga kusvika kumazana manomwe emakore Kristu asati auya.
Budiriro yeZapotec yaigara munzvimbo yave kutorwa nenyika dzeMexico dzeOaxaca, Guerrero, Puebla neMexico. Nzvimbo huru kwazvo inozivikanwa yebudiriro yeZapotec iri paMonte Albán. Nzvimbo huru yehupfumi hweZapotec yaive yekurima, chibage, bhinzi, nezvimwe.
Mavambo ebudiriro yeZapotec
Izwi rekuti "Zapotec" rinobva pashoko reNahuatl rekuti tzapotecatl rinoreva vanhu veZapote. Zvinoenderana nehumbowo hwekuchera matongo hwakaunganidzwa, nzvimbo dzekutanga dzekugara mudunhu reOaxaca dzakaonekwa munenge muzana ramakore rechigumi neshanu BC. C. Pakati pegore 1150 ne850 Kristu asati auya. Nzvimbo huru yekugara muOaxaca yaive San José Mogote, ine dzimba makumi masere kusvika zana nemakumi maviri, panzvimbo pakawanikwa michero yechibage, chili, uye avocado.
Mushure me850 BC, kuumbwa kwemaguta ekutanga kunoitika, aive echitendero, mhemberero uye nzvimbo dzekutonga. Munguva iri pakati peXNUMX neXNUMX BC inozivikanwa seRosario phase complex settlements yeZapotec yakaumbwa uye kune kuwedzera kukuru kwevanhu.
Pakati pechikamu cheRosario, pakati pemakumi manomwe nemakumi masere neshanu misha inoumbwa. Mukati meiyi nhambo, sezviri pachena, hondo dzakawanda dzakarwisana nedzimwe budiriro dzakavamanikidza kugara vachivaka madziro nokusimbisa misha mikuru. Mukuwedzera, munguva ino, nheyo dzetsika dzeZapotec dzakaumbwa, semuenzaniso, kunyora kwayo, yekare kudarika yeMayans neMixtecs, uye karenda.
Pakupera kwechikamu cheRosario pakati peXNUMX neXNUMX BC, nzvimbo huru yekugara mumupata, San José Mogote, uye nzvimbo iri pedyo muEtla Valley, yakarasikirwa nehuwandu hwevanhu. Panguva imwe cheteyo musha mutsva wakaumbwa pamusoro pegomo apo mipata yose yakapoteredza inodzorwa, iyi musha gare gare yakagamuchira zita rokuti Monte Albán.
Uchapupu hwekuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti misha mitsva yeMonte Albán yaigara nevanhu vanobva kuSan José de Mogote.
Monte Albán yakava guta guru rekutanga renyika yeZapotec (izvi zvakaitika mumatanho akati wandei: inodaidzwa kuti Monte Albán I, Monte Albán II, Monte Albán III, Monte Albán IV, Monte Albán V). Raiva rimwe remaguta makuru mupre-Columbian America, richifukidza nzvimbo inosvika makumi mana emakiromita ane huwandu hwevanhu vari pakati peXNUMX neXNUMX vanhu panguva yeMonte Albán IV chikamu. Nyika yeZapotec yakaumbwa, iyo yakakunda inenge yose Oaxaca Valley.
Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo kwakakura kwakawanikwa mukati mechikamu cheMonte Albán II, uye nhamba yepamusoro yekuwedzera yakaitika muzana ramakore rekutanga shure kwaKristu. Nzvimbo yekuchamhembe yaive nhare yeCoyotepec. Masayendisiti akawana mazana matatu ezvinyorwa zveZapotec pamusoro penyaya dzemauto, uye nekutonga nekuonekwa kwevasungwa, vazhinji vacho vanogona kubva kuTeotihuacan.
Munguva yeMonte Albán III chikamu (gore raXNUMX risati rasvika), zhinji dzeidzi nyika dzakarasika nekuda kwekumukira kwevanhu vakakundwa, asi hukama hwehukama hwakavambwa neTeotihuacán, nekuda kwenzvimbo yakagadzirwa mune yekupedzisira. Nhume nevatengesi vevaZapotec vaigara.
Panguva imwecheteyo, vavakidzani vekuchamhembe kweisthmus, vaMixtecs, vakava vavengi vane hasha. Pakutanga, mukana mukurwisana kwezvombo wakasara, sekutonga, neZapotec. Asi pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechipfumbamwe neregumi hukuru hweMixtec hwakawedzera kuoneka uye Monte Albán yakawira pasi pekurwiswa kweMixtec. Monte Albán yakasiiwa nevagari vemo uye vaMixtec vakashandura matongo ayo kuva makuva akasvibira evatongi vavo, vachidana nzvimbo iyi Yukukuyu.
Asi maZapotec haana kukanda mapfumo pasi kana kuzviisa pasi peMixtec kupinda nechisimba, kunyangwe vaive vasiya Monte Albán. Vachitungamirirwa nomukuru wavo mukuru worudzidziso, vakazvisimbisa vamene vakapoteredza nzvimbo yavo yorudzidziso Mitla (mumutauro weZapotec Mitla zvinoreva “Imba Yorufu” kana kuti “Nzvimbo Yezororo Risingagumi”).
Kwemazana emakore akawanda, vakachengeta Mitla nenyika dzakapoteredza pasi pesimba ravo uye vakatokwanisa kumutsiridza hupfumi hweZapotec. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekubwinya kweguta guru pacharo nedzimba dzaro netemberi, pamwe nekutangazve kwekuvandudzwa kwemaguta, sechikonzero chekuti, pamusoro peguta guru, nzvimbo itsva dzevanhu dzakabuda munyika idzi.
Mumakore ekumaXNUMX, Mitla yakakundwa nevaMixtec, avo vakapedzisa kukundwa kwemaitiro akazvimiririra eZapotec uye vakachengetedza zvachose nyika dzeIsthmus yeTehuantepec, kunyange zvazvo kwete kwenguva refu, kubvira mushure memakumi mashoma emakore maAztec akatora nzvimbo iyi.
Nhanho yekupedzisira yebudiriro huru yekare yeZapotec yaive Zapotecapan (nyika yeZapotecs) ine dzimbahwe rayo muguta reZaachila (rakavambwa kutenderera 1390-1400) munzvimbo yemazuva ano Oaxaca Guta. Hutsinye hweAztec hwakavhiringidza mauto eMixtec uye nokudaro zvakaita kuti vaZapotec vararame kusvika vakunda veSpain, zvisinei, basa revaZapotec mune zvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi uye tsika dzeMesoamerica panguva iyoyo rakanga ratove shoma.
Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX vaZapotec vakakwanisa kudzivirira rusununguko rwavo kubva kumaAztec, kwechinguva vakamanikidzwa kusiya Zaachila ndokutamisa muzinda wavo kugomo rakavakirirwa pedyo negungwa rePacific. Vakabva vaita mubatanidzwa nevaMixtec kuchamhembe kweMupata weOaxaca, kurwisa uto reAztec munzvimbo dzinopisa dzeTehuantepec.
Mushure mekuvhara kwemwedzi minomwe, maAztec nemaZapotec vakabvumirana kurwisana, mamwe emamiriro ezvinhu ari ekuti maAztec anotumira boka revarwi muMupata weOaxaca uye vanogamuchirawo "ruremekedzo" mutero gore negore. Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri, vaZapotec vakaramba vaine rusununguko rwavo uye vakawedzera zvinhu zvavo vachibatsirwa nevaAztec.
VaZapotec vakatsigira Hernán Cortés mukukunda utongi hweAztec uye kukunda Tenochtitlán muna 1519. Zvisinei, pakuvamba sa1521 vakamanikidzwa kuzviisa pasi pevapambi veSpain.
Economy
MaZapotec akasiya humbowo hwakakwana hwekuchera matongo muguta reMonte Albán muchimiro chezvivakwa, nhandare paitambwa bhora, makuva anoyevedza uye anoyevedza, pamwe nemasample akakosha ebasa regoridhe. Monte Albán rakanga riri guta rakakosha zvikuru muWestern Hemisphere uye pakati penyika yeZapotec yaitonga zvakawanda zvatava kuziva senyika yeOaxaca.
Maererano nouchapupu hune chokuita noupfumi hwevaZapotec, vakatanga kurima nezvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira marudzi akasiyana-siyana echili, sitirobheri, dzungu, cocoa uye, chinonyanya kukosha pane zvose, chibage, icho pakutanga kwenguva yekare chaiva nheyo huru yezvokudya zvemisha yakawanda. Kuti vawane goho rakanaka vainamata zuva, mvura, pasi uye chibage.
Vese vagari vemumataundi, kusanganisira vakadzi, vaisungirwa kuendesa zvigadzirwa kubva pagoho ravo semutero: chibage, matoki, uchi nebhinzi. Kunze kwevarimi, vaZapotec vakabudirirawo sevaruki nevaumbi. Mazapotec funerary urns anemukurumbira, aive mapoto evhu akaiswa mumakuva.
Chimiro chetsika chakasvikwa nevaZapotec chaive chakakwirira kwazvo, kunze kwevaMaya, vaZapotec ndivo chete vakabudirira venguva yavo kugadzira hurongwa hwekunyora hwakazara. Kuburikidza ne<em>hieroglyphics nezvimwe zviratidzo zvakavezwa mumatombo kana kuti kupendwa pazvivako nemakuva, zvinobatanidza kumiririrwa kwemifungo nemitinhiro.
MuTenochtitlán, guta guru revaAztec, maiva nenyanzvi dzeZapotec nevanyori vaigadzira zvishongo zvevatongi vakuru veAztec kusanganisira Moctezuma II. Zvisinei, kune humbowo hwezvokuchera matongo hunoratidza kuti kutengeserana uku kunodzokera shure kwenguva refu.
Upfumi hwevaZapotec hwakanga hwakavakirwa zvakanyanya pakurima, kunyangwe vaidzidzirawo, kusvika pamwero mudiki, kuvhima, zvese kuti vawane chekurarama nacho uye chekuchinjana kwekutengeserana. Kuti vabudirire zvikuru mukurima kwavo, vaZapotec vakashandisa ruzivo rwavo rwakakura mukuvaka nouinjiniya kuti vavake maturu ekugadzira pamateru emakomo aishanda semigero yekudiridza yevhu rinorimika.
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