Kubva pakutanga kwekusikwa kwevanhu, kwave kune zvisingaverengeki budiriro dzakakonzera tsika yenyika, muIjipita mumwe wavo. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvakakosha zvikuru kuziva nezve Mapiramidhi eEgypt uye Funerary Architecture. Gara nesu uye tose tidzidze nezvazvo pamwe chete!
Mapiramidhi eEgypt uye Funerary Architecture
Pasina kupokana, budiriro yeEgipita yakapa vamwe vanhu vose mipiro isingaperi maererano nesainzi netsika, imwe yeiyi yaive yezvivakwa. MuEgypt yekare, dhizaini yairatidzirwa nekumisa hurongwa hwekuvaka mudzimba dzayo dzakakura.
Izvi zvakaitwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwenhamba huru yeashlar yakavezwa mumatombo makuru uye makoramu akasimba. Kuti tinzwisise hukuru hwayo, zvimwe zvinhu zvinokonzeresa zvinofanirwa kutariswa, senge simba rezvematongerwo enyika rakadzika midzi uye rezvematongerwo enyika, pamwe chete nepfungwa yechitendero yakadzika midzi yekusafa kwaFarao mune izvo zvinofungidzirwa se "humwe hupenyu. ".
Nezve zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi, ndiko kuti, ruzivo rwemasvomhu uye rwemuchina, dzimwe nguva zvinoshungurudza kwenguva, kuvepo kwevanyori nemhizha vane ruzivo rwakanaka kunogona kutaurwa, pamwe nekuwanda kwematombo akavezwa nyore.
Mukati mezvivakwa zvine zviratidzo zvezvivakwa zveEgypt, tinowana mapiramidhi anoshamisa, temberi dzinoyevedza uye makuva anoyemurika, ane runako rwakasiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwemunhu aizovigwa. Muchokwadi, makuva mazhinji emafarao avo akavakwa semhando yepiramidhi.
Vanonyanya kuzivikanwa vanonzi vafarao Seneferu, Cheops naKhafre. Kana iri piramidi yeKhufu, inonziwo "The Great Pyramid of Giza", inozivikanwa seyo chete yezvishamiso zvinomwe zveNyika Yekare zvichiripo. Uyu muenzaniso wakajeka weiyo dhigirii rekuvandudza rakasvikwa nevaIjipita munzvimbo yesainzi yakashandiswa.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, dzimba dzehumambo dzakavakwawo kuitira kunyaradzwa kukuru kwaFarao aitonga, chete hupenyu hwepanyika hwaionekwa sehusina kukosha kana huchienzaniswa nehwehupenyu hwapashure. Nechikonzero ichi, dombo harina kushandiswa sechinhu chikuru mune izvi uye, nekudaro, ivo havana kuve neiyo magumo ekupedzisira.
Nekudaro, kuti unzwisise zvakatowanda nezve mapiramidhi eEjipitori uye mavakirwo emariro, zvinodikanwa kuongorora hukama hwaive nemaEgipita nerufu. Maererano nezvavaidavira, mutumbi waibatwa sechinhu chinokosha pakuvapo, saka waifanira kuchengetedzwa kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti upenyu hwomushakabvu hwaizova hwakachengeteka muupenyu hwapashure porufu.
Kubva ipapo ndipo panobva paita tsika yekuchera zvitunha. Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga zvisiri nyore maitiro pakutanga, sezvo nzvimbo yakagadzikana uye, pamusoro pezvose, yakachengeteka yaidiwa, umo mai vaigona kuchengetwa. Zvikasadaro, zvaisaita chero musoro.
Ndicho chikonzero nei zvivako zvaro zvemariro zvakagara zvichichinja nokufamba kwenguva maererano nezvinangwa zvitatu zvikuru: kurerutsa rwendo rwomushakabvu, kutaura dzimwe ngano dzechitendero uye kudzivisa kupinda kwembavha, idzo dzaiwana pfuma yevakafa ichiedza zvikuru. vanaFarao
Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti, kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti zvivakwa zveEgypt mukati memireniyumu mitatu yakareba yekuvapo kwayo yakanga ine nhungamiro yakasimba, izvo hazvirevi kuti dzimwe shanduko hadzina kufarirwa mairi mumakore. Naizvozvo, tinogona kupatsanura nhoroondo yayo zvichienderana nemhando dzayo dzekuvaka.
Kubva kune vekare, mastaba, kuburikidza neanonyanya kuzivikanwa, piramidhi, uye yekupedzisira, yakavanzika hypogeum. Tevere, isu tichagadzira imwe neimwe uye yavo inonyanya kumiririra mabasa:
mastabas
Pakutanga, pakati pe pre-dynastic uye proto-dynastic nguva (4000 BC - 3200 BC), makuva evanhu vekuIjipita aive akareruka makomba akaita oval. Kazhinji, maburi aya akaiswa ganda remhuka uye mufi anoiswa mukambani yediki trousseau yakagoverwa pakati pemidziyo yakasiyana.
Pakangopera basa racho rose, mutumbi wacho wakafukidzwa nejecha guru, zvose zvaireva chikomo chepakutanga cheEgypt cosmogony. Zvishoma nezvishoma*, murwi wemakuva uyu wakatsiviwa nezvidhinha zvinonzi “Mastabas”, kubva muchiArabic, uye zvinoreva kubhangi muchiSpanish.
Iyi modhi yeguva, yekare kwazvo muEjipitori, inotorwa sechiratidzo chekuvaka chakabatana nehumambo hwebudiriro: pharaoh, vapristi, vakuru-vakuru vehurumende, nezvimwe. Kunofanira kucherekedzwa kuti, nokuda kwokuvigwa kwaFarao Menes woMutambo Wokutanga, guva rake rakapindura uyu muenzaniso.
Mienzaniso yekutanga yakavakwa nezvidhinha zveadobe mbishi nemashanga, asi munguva pfupi yakave yakanyatsogadzirwa nematombo. Pachezvayo, ivo vakafemerwa nechimiro chedzimba dzekare dzeEgypt, dzaive mhando yezvimiro zvepamusoro zvakafanana netrapezoid ine rectangular base uye talus madziro.
Kupinda kwemastabas kwaipa mukana kune kamwe kachapel kaive nevehukama vachiisa zvipo zvakawanda kune mushakabvu wavo, kuti vagonakidzwa nazvo kune imwe nyika. Kumashure kwake kwakanga kune gonhi renhema rakanga rakashongedzwa nemifananidzo uye mifananidzo yaimiririra mukova wokufananidzira weupenyu hwapashure porufu.
Mukati meiyo superstructure, maivewo nekamuri rainzi Serdab, maigara chifananidzo chemufi, chinozivikanwa se "Ka", chaigara. Pazasi payo takawana tsime iro, kazhinji, rakavharwa nemicheto uye rakabvumidzwa kupinda mukamuri yemariro yaidzivirira sarcophagus.
Nokufamba kwemakore, chimwe nechimwe chezvivakwa izvi zvishoma nezvishoma chakava chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kuoma, ndiko kuti, makamuri epasi pevhu akawanda, machira epamusoro uye imwe kana imwe mutumbi wakagadzirwa nedombo reraimu pachinzvimbo chekushandiswa kwematombo.
Kushongedzwa kwese kwemukati kwaiwanzo kumiririrwa zvese nemisoro yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemufi, uye nemagwaro matsvene. Nenzira iyi, yakatsvaga kuve mutsigiri webudiriro yevanhu vari kunze kwendege iyi. Mastabas akaramba ari munhandare yeEgyptian funerary architecture kusvika pakagadzwa Humambo Hutsva.
Vaive mucherechedzo wakajeka wehunyanzvi weLower Egypt, sezvinoonekwa muGuta reVakafa kana Cairo Necropolis, padyo neraimbove guta guru ravo, Memphis. Chete, kubva kuMutambo wechitatu, vanafarao vakarega kuzviviga mavari, nekuti madzimambo aida kuratidza kusiyana kwehupfumi * pakati pavo nevanhu vavo.
Mapiramidhi
Kunyange zvazvo mastabas ainyatsove makuva eruzhinji rwepamusoro par excellence, mapiramidhi aive, pasina kupokana, ainyanya kumiririra chikamu chemariro emadzishe eEgypt. Mapiramidhi eEgypt uye chivakwa chekuviga zvakabuda seizvi munguva yeHumambo hwekare.
Izvi zvakakonzerwa nechishuvo chikuru chekuti budiriro yaifanira kumiririra masitepisi emudenga (kana kuti magwagwa sezvaaizivikanwa mumashure) ayo akaumbwa kubva mumwaranzi yezuva, uye kupfurikidza nawo vanafarao vaizokwira kunzvimbo yavo, denga.
Saizvozvowo, munguva yakapfuura, summit yaro yakarongwa semufananidzo wakajeka wegomo rekutanga, sezvakangoita mastabas nedzimwe nzira dzekuviga dzekare dzaifungidzirwa. Ivo vakanyatso kuumbwa serudzi rwechitendero uye pasina mubvunzo chiratidzo chezvematongerwo enyika, nechinangwa chikuru chekuti zvaizogara nekufamba kwenguva.
Kana zviri zvechiratidzo charo chechitendero, tinonongedzera kuna mwari wezuva “Ra” murunako rwayo rwose. Ra iri pamusoro peiyi uye inosvika pasi nemumativi ayo, ichifukidzawo nharaunda yese yeEgipita. Kune rumwe rutivi, wezvematongerwo enyika angave hukama hwatinowana pakati pevamwari vakasiyana naFarao.
Imo pachayo, mapiramidhi acho akanga asina façade, uye mukati taitadza kuwana mikoto yerectilinear yaiyambuka zvivako zvakakura zvematombo, izvo zvaingozaruka mudzimba dzemariro dzakamanikana. Kuvigwa kwacho kwangoitwa, zvose zviri zviviri mikoto iyi nemikova yazvo zvakanga zvakavharwa chose uye zvakavanzwa.
Vanamazvikokota vazhinji nhasi vanozviona semisara yakavharwa zvachose, zvivakwa zvisina chero mhando yemagonhi kana kuratidzwa kunze. Pazasi pezvizhinji zvemapiramidhi ekare, zvivakwa kana temberi zvakavakwa uko nzvimbo dzakatarwa dzakagadzirwa.
Mumwe nemumwe aive nebasa chairo, rakadai se: kuenda kune mushakabvu pharaoh, kuita zvitendero netsika dzechitendero, nekuchengeta hupfumi hwake nemvura kuti "anwe". Panguva iyoyo, muEgypt maiva nemudungwe wakavharwa waibatanidza zvinhu zvose izvi kuburikidza nepaboo, pedyo neRwizi rwaNire.
Mapiramidhi ekutanga akaitwa munhoroondo yeEgypt ndeaya aFarao Djoser wechitatu dzinza, uye aya aSeneferu weIV wedzinza. Zoser, anozivikanwawo seDyeser, anga ari mumwe wemadzishe anofananidzira eAkare Egypt. Izvi, panguva yekutonga kwake, zvakaraira kuvakwa kwePiramidhi yeSaqqara kune akadzidza mugadziri, Imhotep.
Yakanga iri nguva yokutanga kuti zvidhinha zvevhu zvitsiviwa nematombo eraimu. Izvi zvine matanho matanhatu ekukwira, uye hurefu hunotenderera 60 metres. Pamusoro pezvo, zita remugadzirirwo mumunda wemapiramidhi akatsikwa-rudzi rinoverengerwa kwariri, iro rinokwereta chimiro chavo kune superposition yemastabas.
Kuchinja kune inozivikanwa sepiramidhi yechokwadi, sezvakambotaurwa, yakaitika munguva yaFarao Seneferu, muDahshur necropolis. Iyi yaive yakakurumbira Bent Piramidhi, inozivikanwa pasi rose seimwe yekutanga geometric mapiramidhi akasikwa.
Zvisinei, zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti hazvina kumbova zvakadaro, sezvo zvishoma kudarika hafu yekuvaka, kona yaro yekurerekera yakaderedzwa. Rimwe piramidhi rakagadzirwa nafaro uyu mubasa rake raive reMeidum, riri muchimiro chakadimburwa chete nekuti jira raro rakatsetseka rakabviswa kare.
Iyo Red Pyramid yakapihwa zita rekutanga rakavakwa geometrically yakakwana uye pane rampu, rakagadzirwawo naSeneferu. Iye chikamu chakakosha chese funerary architectural complex, ane pfungwa yakava tsika muEgypt zvivakwa.
Yakanga ine zvikamu zvina zvakakosha: Temberi yeMupata, nzvimbo iyo mvura yemafashamo yeRwizi rwaNire yakasvika, Causeway, kunova ndiko kunowanikwa kuvakwa, Funerary Tembere, chivako chiri padyo nemakuva ehumambo uye, pakupedzisira, iyo Piramidhi yakadaro.
Iyi tsika yekugadzira sublime geometric mapiramidhi, yakasvika pachinangwa chayo zvakanyanya nekusvika munyika yePiramidhi yeCheops, inosanganisirwa pakati pe7 zvinoshamisa zvenyika yekare. Parizvino, iyi ndiyo yega yevanomwe yakagara nekufamba kwenguva.
Kana tichitaura nezvazvo, tinoreva iyo inonyanya kukosha pane zvese, ine chiyero che 146 metres pakureba. Mukova waro uri pakakwirira mamita gumi nemasere. Pamusoro pezvo, padivi payo pane mamwe matatu mapiramidhi evafarao vatatu vakasiyana veIV dzinza: Cheops, Khafre naMicerino.
Kana riri divi rekumabvazuva, kune zvisaririra zvetemberi neguta remariro, rakagadzirirwa chaizvo vashandi, vapristi, pakati pevamwe. Chinenge chose hapana chazvo chakachengetedzwa nekufamba kwemakore. Kugadzira dombo guru iri, matombo anosvika miriyoni maviri nechidimbu aifanira kutamiswa, anorema pakati pe2.3 ne2.5 tons.
Saizvozvowo, zvakakosha kuti zvijekese kuti irudzi rwechitatu rwepiramidhi, uye yakajairika pane ese, iyo ine mutsetse wakatwasuka. Pakati pevamiriri vayo vane mukurumbira tinogona kutaura nezve mapiramidhi anoyevedza eGizeh mapiramidhi, anonziwo Giza Necropolis, iri makiromita makumi maviri kubva kuguta reCairo.
Gare gare, nekuda kwekudiwa kwekukurumidzira kuderedza mari, mapiramidhi akavakwa nenzira yakafanana negomba reraimu rine mukati rakagadzirwa zvachose nezvidhinha zveadobe. Zvakanga zvashandiswa kuita, semuenzaniso, ukuru hukuru hwezvivakwa zvavo, zvaifanira kuderedzwa panguva imwe chete iyo matombo emadziro akasiyana-siyana akaagadzira akawedzera.
Panguva iyoyo, ndipo pakamuka zvinyorwa zvakawanda mumapiramidhi. Nenzira imwecheteyo, makororo emakuva akaenderera mberi achisvibisa mukati mavo, saka, muMiddle Kingdom, yakafara uye yakaoma sisitimu yelabyrinths, misungo uye makamuri akavanzika anounzwa muzvirongwa zvavo zvekuvaka.
Zvishandiso zvakashandiswa hazvina kuwanikwa muzvivako izvi, imwe pashure peimwe yakasvika mumaoko evashandi nevagadziri vezvivako kuburikidza nechiteshi chezvikepe chemunharaunda, chiri kuitira kuti kusvika kwavo kwave kwakabudirira uye kwakakurumidza sezvinobvira kune wese.
Muchokwadi, tichitarisa kukosha kwezvivakwa zvayo zvemariro, Farao nemhuri dzake vaimboshanya kana kutogara munzvimbo dzakatenderedza, saka kuvepo kwedzimba dzehumambo kana dzimba dzehumambo zvaive zvisiri zvechienzi. Uye, pasinei nekuedza kwakawanda kweinjiniya nevavaki, mapiramidhi akanga achiri kushamisa.
Ndosaka makororo akakura achiramba achiisa kugadzikana kwemushakabvu wavo panjodzi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vana pharaohs veHumambo Hutsva vakasarudza kutangazve kwekuvigwa kwemitumbi. Nenzira iyi, kugadzwa kweMupata weMadzimambo kwakatanga.
iyo hypogea
Sezvakatsanangurwa muchikamu chakapfuura, nekuda kwekuramba kupambwa kwemakuva ekare epharaonic, uye kuti marii yakashandiswa pakuvaka kwavo, sarudzo dzekukurumidza uye dzine simba dzaifanira kuitwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo hypogea yakabuda uye yakakunda zviri nyore.
Kuvigwa kworudzi urwu kwaisanganisira guva rakanga rakacherwa mumatombo. Kunyangwe yakange yatoshandiswa panguva yeMiddle Kingdom muBeni Hassan necropolis, yakanga isati yasvika Humambo Hutsva pazvaikwanisika kuita kuvigwa kwemarudzi akasiyana siyana mudunhu reThebes, chaizvo mhiri kweRwizi rwaNile.
Nzvimbo yambotaurwa, iyo nzvimbo yerenje inoyevedza, yaizivikanwa se Mupata weMadzimambo neQueens. Pakutanga, yekutanga hypogea yakanga iri nyore, ivo vaingove nekoridho uye ingori imba yemariro. Kamwe vaya vemukurumbira pharaohs and pharaohs of the New Kingdom, idzi dzaive dzakanyanya kuomarara uye dzakatoshongedzwa nekusingaperi dzeumbozha uye dzinoshamisa mifananidzo.
Pamusoro peizvi, ivo vaivewo nedzimba dzavo dzemariro, dzaingowanikwa mhiri kwemakomo, padyo nerwizi rwaNire rune mukurumbira uye rwakakura. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, zvisinei nechakavanzika chenzvimbo iyi, pamwe chete ne Kuongororwa kuti vanafarao vakanga vaiswa necropolis yeThebes, kunyangwe makuva ese akapambwa muNguva Yakare.
Kungowanikwa kunenge kwakasimba muna 1922 kweguva KV62, yaFarao weXVIII dzinza, Tutankhamun, neChirungu archaeologist uye Egyptologist, Howard Carter, ndiyo yakabvumira nyika kuziva hupfumi husingaverengeki hwaive nebudiriro iyi, uye izvo. vakavigwa mumakuva avo.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chaunoda, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: