Hauzivi here zvakavanzika zvese izvo chivezwa cheEgipita? Usanetseka, nekuti kuburikidza neichi positi iwe uchakwanisa kudzidza zvese zvakavanzika, iwo makuru mabasa uye zvimwe zvakawanda. Pamberi, hwaro hwevakuru vane hukama netsika dzemariro.
chivezwa cheEgipita
Yakava tsika kuti chivezwa cheEgipita chinoreva zvakajeka kune chimiro chezvematongerwo enyika chakakomberedza pharao, pamwe chete nenyaya dzose dzine chokuita nerufu. Kana zviri zvekuyamura, iwo mabasa anopesana zvakakwana nematemberi emariro. Uyezve, iyo mayan zvivezwa vane zvitaera zvisingaperi zvaungade kuwana.
Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvokuvaka zvakawanikwa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare mukugadzirira kwayo. Zvivezwa zvematombo ndizvo zvakanyanya, sezvakaita polychrome huni. Gare gare, maitiro akaunza nhamba nedhaka, goridhe kana ivhu. Matombo anokosha kana semi-akakosha anoumba zvimwe zvinhu zvekugadzira, kuti zvikwane zvakakwana netemberi yega yega.
Kutenda kune ruzhinji rwemakuva asina kutyorwa, kuunganidzwa kweaya mabasa kunoreva kuoma, kujekesa kuti kushorwa kuri pamusoro peavhareji. Kana ibwe racho richinyanya kupikisa, iyo polychrome huni inopa tsanga yaro yejecha kune zvakasara zvakaongororwa nevatsvakurudzi.
Mutengi uyo anoda kuraira kuvakwa kwezvivezwa zvavo achagara aine zvikonzero zvinomanikidza zvekusarudza mafaro motifs. Zvakajairika kutaura zvivezwa zvecube, kuratidza varume vakuru vakamira.
Chivezwa cheEgypt chine kumberi bulge maitiro, ndiko kuti, basa racho rinogona kungoonekwa kubva kumberi kuti ritende zvese. Iine zororo repamusoro, iro rinofarira zvikuru chiono icho vese vanoona nezvemabasa.
Kuravira kuri mumhando dzakasiyana, ndosaka mapikicha ane adialized touch aripo. Chiso chichagara chichiratidza kuomarara hue. Mukumiririra kweboka, pane mufananidzo unomira pamusoro pezvimwe. Somuenzaniso, kuna Farao ari muboka renzanga yake. Sezvo ari mukuru weEgypt ane masimba, chimiro chake chichave chakakwirira kudarika vamwe, kumanikidzira hutongi.
Iyo canon yeMiddle Ages inotaura yega nezve zviso zveEgypt svezwa: kuomarara, hieraticism uye idealization. Hapana munyori aikwanisa kubuda kunze kwemaitiro ekugadzira mifananidzo panguva iyi. Munhoroondo yese yepharaonic yeEgypt, chishuwo chekusimbisa chiso chechiremera chikuru chakachengetwa.
Kune vavezi vekuIjipita, basa rekuyamura raigara rakakosha kukwenenzvera manhamba. Kazhinji, nzira iyi yakagara iri pedyo nemuviri, nokuti inoita mutambo unoshamisa mukushongedza temberi nemakoramu. Pakati peiyo motifs inogara ichisimudzira nharaunda yeEjipitori inowanikwa muBhuku revakafa nekutamba, goho, hupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye chimiro chevamwari.
Predynastic sculpture-inki
Pamabasa aya, palette yezvizoro ine mubato wegoridhe inomira kunze. Pamusoro pazvo, mhuka dzakawanda dzine chiratidzo chakapfuura dzinoonekwa mutsika dzekuMabvazuva. Mibato yendarama yakashanda kutsigira pendi yaiiswa pazviso zvechivezwa cheEgipita, ichisimbisa meso.
palette Kutumidza mazita
Ikozvino iri muCairo Museum - Egypt. Zvichida ndiye mwanakomana waMambo wekutanga weScorpion, ane kuzivikanwa kunobata naFarao wedzinza rekutanga reMenes. Inoonekwa seyekutanga mubatanidzwa weEgypt. Mune rimwe remahwendefa chimiro ichi chinoonekwa nechena tiara, asi kune imwe nzvimbo yakatarisana ine tsvuku tsvuku sechiratidzo cheLower Egypt.
Ichi chivezwa cheEgypt muenzaniso wakajeka wekuti Lower Egypt yakakwanisa sei kukunda nzvimbo yakawanda yekutarisana neUpper Egypt. Kuburikidza nemufananidzo zvinogona kusiyaniswa kuti mumwe weMadzimambo anoisa sei muvengi wake nebvudzi. Nenzira yakafanana, Horus anoita zvimwe chetezvo nomumwe murume akabata chirimwa chenhokwe.
Dombo raMambo Nyoka
Iri muLouvre Museum muParis. Kuvapo kwechikara ichi kunopa ruremekedzo, hutongi uye njodzi. Zvichida ndiyo nhamba yaMambo Get kana Set, vatsivi vedzinza rekutanga reMenes. Kechipiri Horus anoonekwa mune rectangle kuti avhare zita repamusoro-soro pharaonic chiremera. Zvakare, imba yamambo inoonekwa kunogara Falcon huru. Kana zita racho rakaumbwa nerubatsiro rweFalcon, zvinoreva maitiro ayo farao achave nawo kune ramangwana.
Chivezwa chekare cheUmambo
Kana paine chimwe chinhu chinofanirwa kujekeswa nezve mabasa aya, ihwo hunhu hwejovial hwevamiriri vavo. Izvi zvinorevei? Kuti mufananidzo wacho waigara wakatarisa kune vechidiki, kwete kune vakwegura.
Djoser akagara chivezwa
Kana iwe uchida kuonana nebasa iri, unogona kuzviita kubva kuCairo Museum, Egypt. Kukosha kwaro kuri mukuumbwa kwedzinza rechitatu rakatamisa guta guru kuMemphis. Kuonekwa kwekutanga kwechivezwa ichi kwakaitika mupiramidhi, kuverengera chivakwa chakavakirwa paraimu ine saizi yakajairika. Sezvineiwo, ane wigi yakavhara kumeso kwake, zvichiratidza kuti Farao haana kumbotaura paruzhinji asina kuratidza kuzivikanwa kwake.
Akagara chivezwa cheKhafre
Basa racho riri mumyuziyamu imwechete sechivezwa chakapfuura. Pakutanga kuona chimiro chakasimba kwazvo, chakaitwa padombo re diorite. Chimiro chine mabvi ake pamwe chete, nemaoko ake akazorora pamabvi ake. Kumberi ndiko kurongeka kwezuva, saka kana ari muoni, uchafanirwa kunakidzwa nechivezwa cheEjipita nekona yakananga yekuona kuti uone zvese zvese.
Mikerinos, mwarikadzi Hathor uye mufananidzo wehumwari hwepurovhinzi
Pano iyo canon yekufungidzira uye hierarchy yekusimudzira manhamba akakosha pamusoro pemamwe mavara echipiri anogona kunzwisiswa. Slate dombo ndiyo yakabikwa yeichi chivezwa cheEgipita, chisina zvachose pavhiri. Basa rake rine hukama rine zita rinopindura "Mikerinos nemukadzi wake" riri muMuseum yeFine Arts muBoston, USA.
Akagara chivezwa chaRahotep naNofret
Iye zvino inowanikwa muCairo Museum, Egypt. Yakavakwa pane polychrome limestone base, chimwe chezvakanakisa zvekushandisa kupa kuramba uye kusimba kune yenhoroondo chidimbu chenharaunda yeEgypt. Inotevera kanoni imwe chete senguva dzose, ine ganda rakasviba remurume pamukadzi. Kana matauriro emunhu mune aya maatari akajeka, zvinoreva kuti kwaakabva kuMabvazuva kwakazara.
Mutariri wevanyori Raherka nemudzimai wake Meresankh
Aya mavara anotsanangurwa pakati peIV-V dzinza. Iri muLouvre Museum, Paris. Silhouette yemukadzi, zvakare, idiki pane chimiro chemurume wake. Kutenda kune izvi ruzivo, muoni anobvunza kuti kuvepo kwechirume kuchave nekusimbisa kukuru pakufungidzira.
Senebhi mudiki nemhuri yake
MuCairo Museum, Egypt, rimwe re “mapfekero” akawanda erudzi urwu aripo, anoratidza varume nevakadzi vane tsika dzemumusha. Zvakare rinosimbisa basa romunhu somudziviriri nechiremera chikuru.
Munyori Morgan
MuLouvre Museum, Paris, pane chimwe chivezwa chakakosha chinosvika kudzinza rechishanu kuve chairo. Yakagadzirwa nedombo repolychrome, Morgan ari kuterera kune zvese zvaari kuteerera kuendesa mazano kune papyrus.
Pachiitiko ichi, Morgan anoratidza hunhu hwemeso, pasina kupatsanura tsika yeEjipitori nekusimbisa macontours avo. Pamusoro pekuratidza chikamu chekushama kwake, maziso ake anochengetedza chitarisiko chakaita searimondi, achisiya kuita kumwe chete kumhuno yake.
Ushabti, muranda ane hunhu hwakafanana naMorgan ari pachinzvimbo chakafanana, ari kuvakwa nevhu kana madhaka. Mabhuku ese ari maviri anotora kurerutsa maitiro akanaka ebasa ane vatambi vese, mumamiriro emariro.
Zvivezwa zveMiddle Kingdom
Kubva panguva ino, chivezwa cheIjipita chinochinja, sekuvakwa kwemamwe mashopu muThebes, pasi pesimba shoma kubva kuMemphis. Basa rinotevera chete rinoonekwa kubva pano.
Musoro waFarao Sesostris III
MuCairo Museum, mufananidzo waFarao wakaratidza kuzvarwa kweXII dzinza unowanikwa. Nhoroondo yeEgypt inotaura kuti uyu hunhu atove neruzivo rwepfungwa kana nehunhu hushoma. Zvisinei, Farao uyu haana zvimiro zvinofadza kana kuti mutongi, anoziva zvivezwa zveEgipita nenheyo dzazvo izvo zvakafarikanya kutungamirirwa kwakanaka. Chiso chake chinoratidza kushushikana, nekuda kwematambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika akamuka kubva mudzinza iri.
Vanodzokera kuzvivezwa zvechiEgipita muchimiro checube, nemakumbo akabatwa nemaoko kuva muviri mumwe. Ichi chikamu chinosvika pane chinosimbisa makumbo chete, chinowedzera maoko kana kungoratidza zviso zvakadzama. Unoziva zvese nezve Kinetic art? Kana zvisina kudaro, ipfungwa yakanaka kuverenga zvese zvetsanangudzo.
Chivezwa cheUmambo Hutsva
Iro maruva matsva mune izvo zvinomiririrwa zvechivezwa cheEgipita chave chine, iro guta guru rave riri Thebes. Iwo maumbirwo akamira kukwizwazve mukuyamura kuti ataridzike zvakanyanya. Nekuda kweichi chinongedzo chakagadzwa neAsia tsika munguva pfupi yapfuura, ivo vakanzwisisa kuti mune zvakasikwa ndimo mune pfungwa yekunaka kana kuwirirana.
Rudzi rweganda rezvidzidzo rwakarega kuva nebasa. Nyaya iyi inofungidzirwa nekuda kwekukanganisa. Nokudaro, varume nevakadzi vachataridzika zvakanyanya. Imwe maitiro anowedzerwa saizi yemabasa, akakura kupfuura emazuva ese, nekuda kwekuravira kwepamusoro kwevafarao.
Mufananidzo weAmenophis III
Inofanirwa kushongedza chero tembere kwainoenda, kunyangwe parizvino iripo muEgyptian Museum muCairo. Kuda kuziva kunobatanidza chivezwa ichi cheEgipita ivara rekuzvidemba iro chiso chake chinowanzoratidza kana chiedza chezuva chawira pachiri. Zvisinei, kushata nekufamba kwemakore kwakaita kuti chimiro ichi chirasikike zvachose.
Mambokadzi Hatshepsut
Pink granite ndiyo mbishi zvinhu izvo chikamu cheichi chivezwa chinowanikwa muEgyptian Museum muCairo. Ndiye ega mwanasikana weTutmosis I naAhmosis. Mudzimai uyu aive chikamu chedzinza reXVIII, achiva iye ega mugari wenhaka kupfuma yese inotungamirwa nemurume wake akafa.
Chinhu chinokwezva kutarisisa kwakawanda kugona kwaiitwa nevanyori vepurasitiki kutendeudzira chiso chake kuita chinhu chemurume (kunyangwe aine ndebvu diki pachirebvu chake) Pamusoro pezvo, ane akati wandei akafanana muchimiro chesphinx.
Chiso chaAkhenaten
Akhenaten inoreva Mambokadzi Amenophis IV. Munguva yehutongi hwake, hunyanzvi hwekufananidzira hunotora kusvetuka kwakakosha mukushandurwa kwemiviri, sezvazviri mumienzaniso yapfuura yezvivezwa zveEgipita. Ikozvino guta rayo guru iArmaniac art. Kana izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa zviri muenzaniso wezvakasikwa, maartist enguva iyoyo aitonyanya kunetseka nekuwana mibairo mikuru.
Zvitendero zvetsika zvakanga zvakanangidzirwa pakunamata Mwari mumwe, nemufananidzo waAmun kana kuti Aton ari iye oga ainamata pakati pevose vaivapo. Nekuda kweiyi nzvimbo yechinguvana, Mambokadzi Amenophis IV akarega kuve munhu wechitendero chekutarisa Aten, tateguru mutsva.
Kana chiri chiso chake, anochengetedza hunhu hweNegroid hwevafarao venguva dzakapfuura. Yakatanga kuonekwa mune imwe yetemberi dzakawanda dzakavakwa naAton. MuIjipita Museum muCairo pane mufananidzo wamambokadzi, padyo nemuviri wakaremara waFarao.
Musoro weNefertiti
Aive wedzinza reXVIII, ari mukadzi wekutanga kuzivikanwa weAkhenaten. Kuvapo kwemukadzi uyu kwakashandura mamwe maparadigms kumutsa runako uye kubatana kwevaviri kuti vave vadikani. Aigara achitaridzika sechimanjemanje mukutonga kwake, aine nyemwerero shoma pachiso chake. Pasina kupokana, zvimiro zvake zvinotora hunhu hwakatetepa, hwakapfava, hune chimiro chinoshamisira.
Nhoroondo yeNefertiti inoramba iri chirahwe kune vese vanoongorora tsika dzeEgypt. Vahosi vakabva vangonyangarika pasina chavanoziva. Kuti aenderere mberi, akanyangarika mumapepa enhokwe enhoroondo nezvemabasa ake panguva yake yekuraira. Zvichida akafa rufu rwechisimba, zvichiita kuti murume wake arambidze nharaunda kushevedzera zita rake.
Kuti ataure nezvechivezwa chake cheEgipita, munyori wacho anogona kunge aine hukama hwepachivande naye. Nechikonzero ichi, mabatirwo anoshamisa ayo silhouette yake yakagamuchira kubva kwaari. Nguva dzose yakanaka, kunyemwerera uye neruremekedzo rukuru kune wese. Ukuwo, chiso chomurume wake chinogara chichiita sechakaremara kusvika pakuwedzeredza.
Pane chimwe chivezwa cheNefertiti chisina musoro, asi nekuzorora kwakanaka pamuviri kukwidziridza symmetry yemuviri wake aesthetics. Hapana mubvunzo kuti mambokadzi akashanda sechikurudzira kune vakadzi vakawanda vakazotevera kuti vanunure kunaka kwemuviri wake pamwe chete nechiso chakanaka, kana uchida.
Kumiririrwa kwaMeritatón mwanasikana waAmenophis IV
Kana chimwe chinhu chichifanira kutaurwa pamusoro pechivezwa cheEgipita ichi, ndiko kuwedzeredza kunoratidzwa nechiso ichi, kwete chete nekuda kwekushanduka kwedehenya rayo, asiwo nekuda kwechirebvu chakaiswa. Rusununguko rwava zvakare protagonist mumhando iyi yebasa, kuratidza zuva nezuva zvinhu zvakasangana nedare raFarao kubva pakuvambwa kwayo.
Kutaura, iyo anatomical chimiro chemiviri chakaremara. Iyo yekuumba unit inosvika neimwe nzira: kurebesa mitsipa kugadzira zviso. Chikamu chemhuri chinosimbiswa munyaya dzekuyamura, kuratidzira mhuri yose yaAmenophis IV nevana vose veNefertiti.
Tutankhamen
Iye ndiye wekupedzisira Farao wedzinza reXVIII, nguva imwechete yakararama Mambokadzi Nefertiti. Humwe hwouzivi hwake hukuru hwaiva hwokuchengeta tsika yokudavira Mwari mumwe yokunamata mwari mumwe (muchiitiko chake, iye pachake sechiremera chokuremekedza). Dzakawanda dzepfungwa dzake dzakatorwa neruzhinji rwemaJuda maererano nehurongwa hwechitendero chavo nhasi.
Nekusvika kwaMosesi munharaunda yeEgipita, pakanga pane kusawirirana kukuru maererano nezvitendero. Kudzvinyirirwa kwakadaro kwakashandura kufambira mberi kwechivezwa cheEgypt kuenda kuchikoro chekare cheTheban. Tutankhamun akasangana nemagumo anosuruvarisa ari mumaoko evapristi vaitsigira kunamata vanamwari vakawanda kunamata vamwari vakasiyana-siyana. Guva rake rave riri rimwe remashoma akawanikwa ari ega, nekuda kweichi chikonzero pane zvakawanda zvekutsvagisa zvine chekuita naFarao.
Pakupedzisira aigara achida kuva pasi pemativi ose, nekuvakwazve kwemakuva akawanda akaparadzwa muchikoro cheThebes chevatendi vakatendeka vechitendero chokunamata Mwari mumwe. Vapristi vakauraya Farao vaive nesimba rakakwana rekudzoreredza kunamatwa nemwenje yavo yose.
Kubva pakuzvarwa kwake aive nehurema hwemuviri kana kuti kuremara kwetsoka yake yekuruboshwe nekuda kweosteoporosis. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho nguva dzose aifamba achitsigirwa namadondoro, ari mumwe wavaFarao vadukusa vomudzinza rake.
1922 igore rakakosha nerubatsiro rwemunhu ane mbiri airatidza nhoroondo yazvino yeTutankhamun nekuda kwekuwanikwa kweguva rake rinenge rakasimba. Howard Carter chikamu chemabhuku makuru enhorondo yepasi rose nekuzadzikisa basa iri raakaronzeswa naLord Carnarvon.
Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvakawanikwa muguva rake zvinosvika makore 5000 XNUMX. Mask yake parizvino iri muEgyptian Museum muCairo, ichimutsa kufarira kwevaoni vese kuti vaone chishamiso chakadaro.
Nekuda kwekuwanikwa uku, vazhinji vaive muchiitiko ichi vakafa nekuda kwemamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa. Kune vatendi vekarma, vanobatanidza rufu nekutukwa kwaFarao nekusvibisa guva rake muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Chikamu chezvishandiso zvese zvine chekuita neTutankhamun zvakafamba kure nekure pasirese. Nokuti iyo Farao ane nhoroondo yakareba, kunyange avo vasingazivi nezvechivezwa cheEgypt (chikamu chikuru chayo chakagadzirwa nemapuranga e polychrome) vanorumbidza kuvapo kwenguvo imwe neimwe inobatanidza nechimiro ichi.
Egypt yakapa mvumo yekufumura zviratidzo zvese zvine chekuita neTutankhamun. Iyo Louvre Museum ndiyo yekutanga saiti yekukoshesa zvakanyanya midziyo yese yakauya nayo kubva kuna pharaoh.
Kubva 1979 kusvika 2005 hapana kuratidzwa kutsva kwakaitwa muzvivakwa zvakadaro. Chinhu chakanyanya hunhu mamirioni evashanyi akaunzwa neMuseum mumakore ekutanga echiratidziro.
Chifukidzo chaFarao ichi chatenderera pasirese mukupa kwayo goridhe rakanamwa, nekuvakwa kwesirivha nematombo anokosha.
Yakanga iri muguva rechitatu ramambo. Icho chikamu chenhoroondo yenhaka pamwe chete nechayo chivezwa cheEgypt icho munhu wese anorumbidza zvikuru. Unoziva here kuti wakagadzira sei Nhoroondo yeArt kusvika zvino? Usarega kuzviwana.