Kuburikidza neiyi inotevera positi iwe unokwanisa kuziva zvishoma zvishoma nezve nhoroondo, maitiro uye kukosha kwezvimwe zve Renaissance painters ainyanya kupesvedzera panguva iyoyo, pamwe chete neaive mabasa ake ainyanya kuratidza zviratidzo.
Renaissance painters
Muchinyorwa chedu nhasi tichave tichisvika pakuziva vamwe vakatanhamara uye vane pesvedzero yevanyori veRenaissance venguva iyoyo, pamusoro pekudzidza nezvenhoroondo uye maitiro eiyi nguva yekuvandudzwa kwetsika iyo yakaratidza chiratidzo chayo uye yakasiya zvakakosha kupasirese. the arts.
Iyo Renaissance inoonekwa senguva yekuvandudzwa kwetsika, hunyanzvi, zvinyorwa uye sainzi, izvo zvakaitika pakati pezana ramakore regumi nemana negumi neshanu mukondinendi yeEurope. Kubuda kwesangano iri kwakanga kusiri nokuda kwechimwe chiitiko, kunyange zvazvo muzana ramakore rechigumi namashanu neregumi namatanhatu akaona zviitiko zvikuru, zvakadai sokuwa kweConstantinople, kukundwa kweEurope yokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva neTurks uye kuwanwa kwenyika itsva.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti Renaissance yakavakirwa pakuvandudzwa kwemafungiro echisikigo uye esainzi, ayo mabviro anogona kuonekwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye anoenderera mberi pasi peGothic naturalism.
Zvirokwazvo hapana kwakanyatso kutsanangurwa kutanga kweRenaissance, zvisinei hazvo nyanzvi zhinji dzinobvuma kuti nguva iyi yakatanga kushanda kubva panguva iyo vanhu vanotanga kuona kuti havachagari mumazera epakati.
Zvaanofarira zvakasiyana uye anonyanya kuzviziva uye nekuita kwake kwemagariro netsika. Zvakapesana nezvakaitika kune vanhu vaigara muMiddle Ages vakanga vasina kujeka pamusoro pekuvapo kwavo munguva yakasiyana neyekare yekare yekare.
Nguva yakapfuura yaive yavo muna BC neAD: nguva ye "mutemo" inofambirana netestamende yekare uye nguva ye "Nyasha" ndiyo inofambirana nenguva yekuuya kwaJesu Kristu.
Kukosha kweRenaissance mumativi mazhinji enzanga hakugone kupokana. Yakanga iri nguva yainyanya kuzivikanwa nekushanduka. Munguva iyi shanduko huru yakaitika: hurongwa hweCopernican hwakatsiviwa nePtolemaic muAstronomy, feudalism yakadonha, kutengeserana kwakawedzera uye mapepa, kudhinda, kambasi yegungwa uye pfuti zvakagadzirwa.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kwaiva kuvonga kumuchina wokudhinda kuti mamwe matauriro akaita seunyanzvi aigona kuparadzirwa zvinobudirira munguva yeRenaissance, nokudaro zvichibatsira kubuda kweichi sangano idzva retsika.
“Pasina kupokana, kufarira kukuru muhunhu hwemunhu uye kuvandudzwa kwechiremera chemunhu, kunobvumira kuyananiswa kwemunhu neumwari pasina maitiro eruvengo, kurwiswa kana makwikwi. Inguva inoratidzwa ne syncretism yayo, inosimbiswa nechido chekutanga: munhu ".
Zviratidzo
Kuti ugadzirise zvinhu zveunyanzvi uye pendi muRenaissance, zvakakosha kuti utange kuratidza humwe hunhu hukuru hwaive chikamu cheiyi nguva:
Kucherechedzwa kwenyika uye kumiririrwa kwezvakadzama, matatu masvomhu masimboti: kuenzanisa, kuwirirana uye maonero. Iwo akakurisa akasiyana-siyana emifananidzo mikana inopihwa neiyo nyowani pendi yemafuta tekinoroji, kubatanidzwa kwehunyanzvi, kumiririra kwevasina kupfeka, mufananidzo uye siginecha yemabasa.
Yakanga iri panguva yeRenaissance apo imwe neimwe yezvishoma zvishoma zvakabatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwemufananidzo zvakatanga kuverengerwa nekukosha kukuru. Mumakore iwayo, zvese izvo zvakatanga kukosha uye kusimbiswa kuitira kuti zvizivikanwe pachavo kana sechikamu chechiratidzo chakakosha.
Iyo pendi yaive neshanduko yakakosha pamberi uye mushure menguva yeRenaissance. Mumakore asati atanga Renaissance, imwe yenzira dzakanyanya kushandiswa pakupenda yaive tempera pendi, iyo yainyanya kusanganisira kushandisa mavara emavara akasanganiswa nezai yolk, achigadzira yakanaka, inopikisa, isingaite homogeneous uye inokurumidza kuomesa musanganiswa.
Zvinotendwa kuti mumwe wevanhu vekutanga kusimudzira maitiro ekupenda mafuta aive Jan Van Eyck, zvisinei zvakakosha kuziva kuti pendi yemafuta yakanga yatove yakakurumbira kubva kuMiddle Ages, kunyanya pamatombo kana simbi. Mufananidzo uri pacanvas waipenya, uchishandiswa nenzira yakakwana nevaFlemish.
"Musanganiswa unowanikwa kubva kuruvara pigment mune viscous medium inobvumira musanganiswa une homogeneous ine mukana wakakura wematoni, mafirimu anopenya uye mimvuri yevelvety isingazivikanwe kusvika panguva iyoyo, nekudaro kuwana hukuru hwematatu-dimensional mhedzisiro."
Munguva iyi, mabasa anokosha eunyanzvi akaitwa pakubata micheka uye zvipfeko zvakanga zvisina kuitika mumatanho apfuura. Nyanzvi yakapihwawo mukana wekuvandudza hunyanzvi pasina zvipingamupinyi pakururamisa uye kukwenenzvera. Saizvozvowo, kudzika mumhepo yepasi kunowanikwa nehungwaru hukuru.
Renaissance yakasvika pakuratidza chiitiko chisina kumboitika munhoroondo yeunyanzvi hwepasi rose. Yakanga iri chaiyo panguva ino iyo mhando dzakasiyana dzehunyanzvi dzakadai sekupenda, zvivakwa uye zvivezwa zvakabatanidzwa kekutanga. Huwandu hukuru hwevanyori vakakwanisa kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwavo mune imwe neimwe yeaya matavi ehunyanzvi.
Kusvika panguva iyoyo, kumiririrwa kwemuviri wemunhu kwakaumbwa sechirevo chekutadza, zvisinei kubva pakasvika Renaissance, yakawana kunzwisisa kutsva, kudzamara yave iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kuratidzwa kwemuimbi. Contours, kufamba, simba, maumbirwo, vhoriyamu uye ese iwo hunhu hunobvumira ane simba uye zvisikwa zvinomiririra zvinodzidzwa.
Nenzira iyi, inotarisirwa kudzorera kumunhu kukosha kwayo kwepamutemo, yakarasika mukati meMiddle Ages nechiKristu, kudzokera kune kufarira kwakaratidzwa nevaGiriki mukusimudzira uye kukoshesa kwechimwe nechimwe chezvinyorwa zvemunhu. Aya ndiwo maitiro akaita kuti munhu aite axis yemataurirwo ehunyanzvi.
Nemuviri wemunhu chaive chinangwa chakajeka chekuparadzira hunyanzvi, mufananidzo wacho wakatangawo kuve nekukosha kukuru mubasa remunyori. Kare, chiso chete chakanga chakapendwa pasina kujeka, pasina kutaura, pasina kufarira, asi ikozvino chokwadi chakanga chakasiyana zvachose uye nekusununguka kukuru.
Munguva yeRenaissance, kutangazve kwehunyanzvi hutsva hune chekuita nemifananidzo kunogona kuoneka zvakajeka. Iye zvino mifananidzo yakagadzirwa munzvimbo iyi yakaratidzwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, nekujekesa zvinhu zvikuru mumuenzaniso, unhu hwavo, nharaunda yavo uye kudarika kwechinzvimbo chemagariro evanhu ivavo vepamusoro-soro.
Asi kwete chete mufananidzo waive nekukosha kukuru mushure meRenaissance, asiwo iyo yekuzvimiririra zvakare yakave chinhu chepamusoro muhupenyu hwemuimbi, zvichipihwa kuti muimbi pachake anoziva kukosha kwayo, iyo inoronga nzanga yaanomiririra. Kukosha kunowanikwa nenyanzvi kwakakura zvekuti mabasa anotanga kusainwa. Ngatiyeukei kuti muMiddle Ages vagadziri vemabasa vakanga vasingazivikanwi.
Early Renaissance painters
Sezvimwe mune dzimwe nguva, Renaissance yakaratidzawo danho re "incubation", apo vanyori vekutanga vane maitiro eRenaissance vakatanga kutamba basa rinotungamirira. Munyaya iyi chaiyo, mutangiri weRenaissance anozivikanwa nevanyori venhoroondo kubva pamufananidzo wekuona ndiGiotto.
Zvino kwakauya kutaridzika kwenguva itsva inozivikanwa pasi pemazita maviri akasiyana: yekupedzisira Gothic uye yekutanga Renaissance. Munguva iyoyo maartist akakurumbira eFlemish art akabuda. Akanyanya kusimba pavari pasina mubvunzo aive Jan Van Eyck, uyo akakwanisa kukudziridza hunyanzvi hwekugadzira mafuta. Muenzaniso wakajeka ibasa rake "Muchato weArnolfini":
Roger Van Der Weyden
Mumwe wevanyori vaizivikanwa zvikuru veRenaissance venguva iyoyo aive Roger Van Der Weyden, akazvipira zvakanyanya kune zvakadzama kududzirwa kwemanzwiro emutambo weGothic muchimiro chitsva ichi uye anomira pachena nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake mune zvese zvezviso uye hunhu hukuru. mumashoko.
Hugo Van der Goes
Aivewo mumwe weaya mavara akanyanya kukosha panguva yeRenaissance. Akanga achiratidzirwa nehupenyu hwake hunovhiringidza uye hunoora mwoyo, uyo anoguma atora hupenyu hwake uye ndiani anogona kuenzaniswa neimwe nzira naVan Gogh. Akaita mabasa mazhinji, imwe yeakanyanya kukosha yaive Portinari triptych.
Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516)
Pasina kupokana, ndiye mumwe weakanyanya nhamba dzeRenaissance muNorthern Europe. Akanyanya kumira kune rimwe remabasa ake anofananidzira akaitwa uye akariisa pasi pezita rekuti "Bindu Rezvinofadza Zvepasi". Iri ibasa rinoitwa mu triptych fomati iyo inomiririra nguva nhatu dzechitendero dzakasiyana. pabapiro rerudyi Ishe vanopa Adamu kuna Evha wake achangosikwa, pakati peparadhiso nekuruboshwe gehena.
Conrad Witz
Uyu munyori wemifananidzo wekuGermany aivewo nenguva yake yemukurumbira panguva yeRenaissance, kunyanya nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwake hunoshamisa mukubata machira, achigadzira zvakajeka zvemhando yepamusoro zvidimbu zvesatin.
Kuberekwa kweItaly
MuRenaissance yeItaly maivewo nevazhinji vanyori uye maartist vakakwanisa kumira kunze kwemabasa avo:
Massaccio (1401-1428)
Basa rake rakanga risina nguva refu, asi rakabudirira. Asati ava nemakore 21 okuberekwa, akawana mukurumbira, asi makore matanhatu gare gare akafa. Chimwe chezvainyanya kumuratidza kunaka kwake kukuru mukumirirwa kwemafrescoes, yakanyanya kupesvedzera kuve iyo yeUtatu Hutsvene huri muSanta Maria Novella Church muFlorence.
Mupristi Angelico (1400-1455)
Inogona kutariswa semumwe wevanonyanya kukosha vatsivi veMasaccio. Munguva yebasa rake akakwanisa kumira kunze kune akati wandei, kunyanya kuita vanhu manhamba, achipa kukosha kukuru kune chiedza, ruvara uye zvidiki-diki.
Piero da Francesca (1420-1491)
Inonyanya kuzivikanwa nemafrescoes ayo. Akamira kunze nokuda kwemaonero ake anoyemurika ezviyero zvemasvomhu.
Sandro Botticelli (144/5-1510)
Yakava imwe yevanofarira maartist evanachiremba uye imwe yenhengo dzayo yakaraira basa kuzvarwa kweKnm, uko kuderera-kuremutsira kunogona kuoneka nekuda kwekusimbiswa kweiyo marongerwo.
kunonoka renaissance
Iyo yekupedzisira Renaissance yakamiririrwawo nevatambi vane mukurumbira, pakati pavo isu tinogona kuratidza zvinotevera:
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Mumwe wevanyori vakuru venguva iyoyo. Kubudirira kwake kwakakonzerwa, muchidimbu, kune unyanzvi hukuru hwaakaratidza mumapazi akasiyana-siyana eunyanzvi kwaaishanda. Pakati pemabasa ake akanyanya kukosha ndeye Kunamata kwevaMagi, iyo yakanga isati yapera, kunyangwe iri rimwe remabasa ake anoshuvira kubva pakuona kwehunyanzvi.
Chirairo chekupedzisira
Pasina kupokana, ibasa rine mukurumbira uye rakakosha pane ese akaitwa panguva yekupedzisira Renaissance. Parizvino mural iri muSanta Maria da Gracia muMilan uye inoonekwa seimwe yemabasa makuru epanguva iyoyo, kunyangwe zvinosuruvarisa kuti basa rakaratidza kuderera nguva pfupi yapera, nekuda kwekuti mafuta aya haabatike zvakanaka pamusoro. Wall.
Iye Mona Lisa
Da Vinci akapendawo La Monalisa, imwe yemifananidzo yake ine mukurumbira uye zviratidzo. Mukurumbira wemufananidzo uyu hausi wakananga nekuda kwebasa, asi kune chakavanzika chakakomberedza chimiro ichi kwemakore mazhinji. Pano iwe unogona kuona hukuru hunhu mukubata kwe psychology uye hunhu.
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
Mumwe wevanyori vakuru veRenaissance. Rimwe remabhuku ake anofananidzira riri muSistine Chapel muRoma; basa rakatora anenge makore mana kuti ripere.
Giorgione (1478-1510)
Chimwe chinhu chainyanya kuratidza muimbi uyu kufarira kwaaiita kuburitsa nzvimbo semusoro mukuru wemifananidzo yake. Pakati pezvinyorwa zvake zvinonyanya kuratidza "El Baranal", iyo inobata nedingindira rechihedheni, pasi pematoni anodziya uye akapfava anosiyana neinopenya uye nemhando dzakatsanangurwa dzemunhu.
Northern Renaissance artists
Iyo Northern Renaissance zvakare yaive neayo maartist akatanhamara, pakati pavo tinogona kudoma zvinotevera:
Albrecht Durer (1471-1518)
Anozivikanwa semuongorori weRenaissance wevatambi vese veRenaissance, sezvo aive wekutanga kuratidza kunakidzwa nemufananidzo wake, achiumiririra kubvira aingova nemakore gumi nematatu.
Lucas Cranach (1472-1553)
Muimbi uyu anomira pachena nekuratidza fungidziro huru mubasa rake, ukuwo zvimiro zvake zvevanhu zvichishaya kunzwisiswa kweanatomical. Munguva ino mamwe maartist makuru akamirawo, akadai se:
- Albrecht Altdorf (1480-1538)
- Baldung Grien (1484/5-1545)
Izvo zvakakoshawo kutaura mamwe eanonyanyo zivikanwa maartist eMannerism kubva kuRome neFlorence, kusanganisira:
- Rosso Fiorentino (1495-1540)
- Pontormus (1494 -1556/7)
- Parmigianino (1503-1540)
- Agnolo Bronzino (1503-1572)
- Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574).
Unogonawo kufarira zvinyorwa zvinotevera: