Roma yekare uye nhoroondo yayo yese yakazara nengano. Dombo rega rega rinotaura nyaya nyowani, chiitiko chitsva chinotanga pamakona ese emigwagwa. Imwe yenyaya dzinonakidza ndeye, pasina kupokana, nhoroondo uye ngano nezve Kwakabva Roma.
Kwakabva Roma
Mabviro eRoma haasati anyatso kujeka: fungidziro dzenhoroondo dzatinadzo dzakabva pane data inopfuudzwa nevanyori vekirasi uye paruzivo rwunobva pakudzidza kwezvakawanikwa zvekuchera matongo. Matanho enheyo yeguta akapfuudzwa pasi pechiratidziro chengano, achiramba, mune dzimwe nguva, chokwadi chenguva youmambo hweguta guru.
Vanyori vezvakaitika kare veXIX uye XX mazana emakore vakaongorora kukosha kwechokwadi kwengano uye nhoroondo yemadzimambo ekutanga (Romulus, Numa Pompilio, Tulo Hostilio), pamwe chete nenheyo ye "Urbs", yakatarwa musi waApril 21. kubva ku753 BC (Gore Rokuzvarwa kweRoma) nemunyori wenhoroondo Varrón, zvichibva pakuverenga kwemuzivi wenyeredzi Lucio Tarzio. Kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, nemhaka yefundo yezvimwe zvisaririra zvezvinocherwa mumatongo, kwakanga kuchibvira kunzvera mashoko enhau akapiwa nengano pamusoro pamavambo eRoma.
Zvechokwadi vagari vekutanga veRoma vakabva munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana uye vakanga vasina kubudirira kwehupfumi uye tsika dzevavakidzani vavo kuchamhembe, vaEtruscans, kana avo vari kumaodzanyemba, vaSabines nevaLatin. Munharaunda yePalatine, vanochera matongo vakawana zvakasara zvekugadzirisa kubva muzana ramakore reXNUMX BC. C. uye zvinokwanisika kuti vagari venzvimbo iyi vakazotora nzvimbo dzakavakidzana dzechikomo nemupata.
Romulus naRemus: hwaro hwekwakabva Roma
Sekureva kwemunyori wenhoroondo weRoma Varro, Romulus akatanga guta reRoma muna Kubvumbi 21, 753 BC. C. Kwakabva Roma ndiko kwakabva ngano nerima. Ngano inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyeRomulus naRemus, avo vanonzi vazukuru veTrojan hero Aeneas.
Aeneas chikamu cheTroy
Panguva iyo maGiriki akapinda muchivande Troy nebhiza rehuni, Aeneas akanga akarara. Mukurota kwake, Hector, gamba guru reTroy, akauya kuzomuudza kuti abve muguta rake raaida kunopotera kune imwe nzvimbo.
Pane imwe nguva akamuka Troy akanga achipisa uye Eneas akarwa. Nenguva isipi akaziva kuti guta rakanga rarasika ndokutiza nemauto ake. Pashure pokudzungaira kwakawanda, vakaguma vava kuNorth African Carthage. Vaikanganiswa zvakanyanya nemhepo, iyo yakakamura zvikepe zvavo zviviri kubva kumahombekombe ePunic.
Neptune, mwari wemakungwa, akafunga kuti Eneasi akanga apinda munhamo yakakwana. Mushure merwendo rwakabudirira rwekutenderera Mediterranean, vakaguma muCumae, Italy. Pashure pokushanyira nyika yepasi (umo Eneasi akaona mweya yaizova yaKesari naAugusto), akaroora Lavinia, mwanasikana wamambo wenharaunda yeItaly yeLazio.
Zvisinei, Lavinia akanga atopfimbwa nasabhuku, uyo akazivisa hondo naAeneas. MaTrojans akakunda. Eneas akagara muLatium uye aive nevana gumi nevaviri. Pakupedzisira, muzukurusikana wake, Rea Silvia, aizova amai vaRómulo naRemo.
Romulus naRemus
Ngano yaRomulus naRemus inotaura nezveumambo hweAlba Longa namambo wayo Amulius, mwanakomana waAeneas. Amuriyo akapikisa mukoma wake Numitor uye akamudzinga kubva muumambo hwake. Akabva amanikidza mwanasikana wehanzvadzi yake, Rea Silva, kuti abatane neVestal Virgins. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita ravo, boka iri revakadzi rairambidzwa kuroorwa uye kuita vana. Zvisinei, Amulius akanga asina kufunga nezvenyika yevamwari.
Mwari weRoma wehondo, Mars, akapenga murudo naRhea Silva ndokumupa mapatya Romulus naRemus. Mambo weAlba Longa akarayira varanda vake kuti vanyure mapatya, asi nokuti Tiber yakazadza, havana kukwanisa kusvika kumahombekombe erwizi. Vakasiya vacheche pamahombekombe eTiber. Mhumhi payakanzwa kuchema kwevana, yakavanunura ndokuvasimudza kusvikira vawanikwa nomufudzi akavatora akavachengeta.
Vana vakazoonekwa nemufudzi mukuru weboka ramambo, Faustulus. Akaenda navo kumba, uko Romulus naRemus vakakurira kuva vafudzi vakaita saFaustulus. Pane imwe nguva, Root akatorwa mushure mekurwa nevamwe vafudzi ndokuendeswa kuNumitor. Numitor akaziva Remus uye ipapo, pamwe chete nevazukuru vake, vakaponda munun'una wake kuti ave mambo pachake.
Sekuru vavo vachitora humambo, mapatya akaronga kuvambwa kweguta riri pedyo nerwizi kwaigara vaviri ava. Nzara yake yesimba yakakonzera kurwisana pakati pehama; vose vaizviona vakakodzera zvikuru kutungamirira guta idzva. Mukurwisana kweropa kwakatevera, Mudzi akaurayiwa. Musi wa21 Kubvumbi 753 BC, Romulus akavamba Roma, guta rakatumidzwa zita remurume akauraya mukoma wake nekuda kwekuda simba. Aya ndiwo mavambo engano dzeRoma
Nhoroondo yekwakabva Roma
Nyaya iyo vanochera matongo vanoronda nezvekwakabva Roma yakasiyana zvikuru. Maererano navo, kwaiva nemisha miduku paPalatine neEsquiline kare muzana remakore rechiXNUMX BC. Muzana remakore rechisere, gomo rechitatu, Celio, rakavakwa. Kunenge panguva iyoyo, rudzi rwemadziro ekudzivirira angadai akavakwa paPalatine kekutanga. Muzana remakore rechitanhatu a. C., nzvimbo dzokugara idzi dzakakundwa nevaEtruria, vakaumba nzanga dzezvikomo zvitatu muguta duku.
Mvura iri pazasi peChikomo chePalatine yakadonhedzwa uye yakaiswa sepakati, nepo rudzi rwenhare rwakavakwa paCapitol. Zvikomo zvinomwe zveguta, kubva kumavambo Roma zvaive chikamu cheguta iri muzana ramakore rechina BC. C. Rusvingo rwakavakwa rwakapoteredza guta uye zvishoma nezvishoma guta racho rakakura muhukuru nemukurumbira.
early rome
Italy payakabuda muchiedza chenhoroondo makore akapoteredza 700 B.C. C., Roma isati yavamba, yakanga yatogarwa nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vetsika nemitauro yakasiyana-siyana. Ruzhinji rwevagari vemunyika iyi vaigara mumisha kana mumataundi madiki, vaizviriritira nekurima kana kufudza (Italy zvinoreva "Nyika Yemhuru"), uye vaitaura mutauro weItalic wemhuri yemutauro weIndo-European.
Oscan neUmbrian vaive nehukama hweItalic dialects dzaitaurwa nevanhu veApennine. Mamwe matauriro maviri eItariki, chiLatin neVenetic, aive nehukama hwepedyo kune mumwe nemumwe uye aitaurwa, zvichiteerana, nemaLatin eLazio (bani rekumadokero-pakati peItari) nevanhu vekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweItari (pedyo neVenice yemazuvano). Iapigios neMesapios vaigara kumhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Mutauro wavo wakafanana nekutaura kwevaIllyrians mhiri kweAdriatic.
Munguva yezana ramakore rechi 700 BC, mupata wePo wekuchamhembe kweItari (Cisalpine Gaul) wakagarwa nemarudzi aitaura chiGallic Celtic akanga atama achiyambuka Alps achibva kuEurope. MaEtruscans vaive vekutanga vanhu vakabudirira zvikuru muItaly uye vaive vega vagari vaitaura mutauro weIndo-European. KumaXNUMX BC C. Makoroni akawanda echiGiriki akatangwa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa yekumaodzanyemba. Vese vaGiriki nevaFenikiya vakashingairira kutengeserana nevekuItari.
Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweApennine peninsula kwaigarwa nemarudzi eEtruscan. MaEtruscans anofanirwa kunge akasvika muItaly kubva kuAsia Minor pakupera kwechipiri uye kutanga kwemireniyamu yekutanga BC. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechinomwe BC gumi nembiri maguta makuru eEtruscan akaumba mubatanidzwa unotungamirwa namambo akasarudzwa gore negore uye muprista mukuru. Mubatanidzwa uyu wakawedzera pesvedzero yawo pamusoro pevazhinji vekuchamhembe nepakati peItari. Maererano nengano, madzimambo eEtruscan edzinza reTarquin akatonga pakati pe616 ne509 BC muRoma.
Ngarava dzeEtruscan dzakasvika kure kure. Mupesvedzero yavaGiriki, vaEtruria vakakudziridza tsika yakasiana. Nechekare muzana ramakore rechinomwe BC vaive nekunyora nekushandisa alphabet yechiGiriki. Pesvedzero yavaEtruria yakanga ichicherekedzwa zvikuru munguva yapakuvamba yenhau yeRoma.
Maguta eEtruscan aive muenzaniso kune vaRoma maererano nechimiro chehurumende uye kurongeka kwemauto, mukushandiswa kwehunyanzvi uye kuvaka. VaRoma vakagara nhaka chiverengero chakati chemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika neerudzidziso kubva kuvaEtruria.
MaGiriki vaive vamwe vanhu vakapesvedzera matangiro eRoma. Makoroni avo akaonekwa kumaodzanyemba kweApennine peninsula pakati pezana ramakore rechisere nerechitanhatu BC. Tsika dzemaGiriki dzakagadziridzwa dzetsika nezvematongerwo enyika dzakava muenzaniso wekuti vagari venzvimbo iyi vatevedzere.
Dunhu repakati peItaly raigarwa nemarudzi echiLatin. Mumazana emakore IX uye VIII. AC pakati peLatinos inotanga kuparara kwehurongwa hwemadzinza, maguta ekutanga anooneka. Pakati pezana ramakore rechisere BC, nharaunda dzemadzinza dzinoverengeka dziri kumahombekombe erwizi rweTiber dzakabatanidzwa kuita chinhu chimwe chete: izvo zvakakonzera mavambo eRoma. Chokwadi, kubatana uku kwakaratidza kutanga kwekuumbwa kwenharaunda yeRoma (civitas), kuumbwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakafanana neGreek guta-nyika.
Nguva yehumambo, 753-509 BC. c.
Maererano nengano, mavambo eRoma akanga ari kutenda kuhama Romulus naRemus, wokutanga akava mambo weRoma. Maererano netsika, mushure meRomulus, Roma yaitongwa nemamwe madzimambo matanhatu: Numa Pompilius, Tullius Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, Tarquinius the Proud. Madzimambo matatu ekupedzisira aiva vamiririri vedzinza reEtruscan, zvichiratidza kuti muzana remakore rechitanhatu BC Roma yakawira pasi pesimba remubatanidzwa weEtruscan.
Simba ramambo pakutanga raive pedyo nesimba remutungamiri wedzinza: mambo aiita mabasa emukuru wemauto nemupirisita mukuru, asi pesvedzero yake chaiyo muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika hweRoma yaive yakaganhurirwa zvakanyanya kumhuri yevakuru. Mukati mokutonga kwedzinza ramambo, kubva pamavambo eRoma, madzimambo eEtruria akatanga kutora simba risingagumi.
Munguva yehumambo, vagari vese veRoma, "vanhu veRoma" (populus romanus), vakakamurwa kuita mazana matatu emazana, gumi curiae (makumi matatu emarudzi rimwe nerimwe), uye marudzi matatu (gumi curiae rimwe nerimwe). Dare rinodzora guru rakanga riri gungano rakakurumbira (comitia), umo vagari vose vakazara vomunharaunda vaigona kutora rutivi. Pakutanga, vafundisi chete, vazukuru vevagari vemo veRoma, maplebeians, vazukuru vemhuri dzakatamira kuRoma, vaisakodzera kutora chikamu mucomitia.
Rimwe dare rinodzora rakanga riri dare revakuru, madzishe edzimba mazana matatu, senate (kubva muchiLatin, senex = mukuru). Panguva bedzi yokutonga kwaServius Tullius (pakati pezana ramakore rechitanhatu) apo vanhuwo zvavo vakava mitezo yenzanga yeRoma. Kutonga kwedzinza kwakatsiviwa nekuverenga vanhu: ruzhinji rwevanhu veRoma rwakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvishanu, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yepfuma.
Kupatsanurwa kwekuverengwa kwenhengo dzenharaunda kwakava hwaro hwekurongeka kwemauto eRoma, pamwe chete nechimiro chezvematongerwo enyika cheRoma: vhoti mugungano rakakurumbira, iro rakanga ramboitwa nevemadzinza, raive yakatsiviwa nekuvhota nezvikamu zvecensus: zana.
Roman Republic (509-30 BC)
Muna 509, Mambo Tarquin the Proud, uyo akashandisa simba rake zvisizvo, akadzingwa kubva kuRoma, mushure mokunge hurumende yehurumende (kubva kuLatin Res Publica - chikonzero chinowanzoitwa) yakasimbiswa. Simba rakapiwa kuvakuru vakasarudzwa neSeneti: magistrates. Izvo zvigadziro zvesimba rehumambo zvakapfuura kune vaviri consuls, vakasarudzwa neSeneti kubva pakati pevafundisi.
Gare gare, vatongi ve quaestors vakaonekwa, vachitarisira mitemo nezvemari, pamwe chete nemakurukota, avo vane mabasa aisanganisira kutarisira hupfumi hweguta. Muzviitiko zvakakosha, masimba asingagumi anogona kupihwa mudzvanyiriri kwenguva yemwedzi mitanhatu. Mamejasitiriti akasarudzwa neSeneti kubva pakati pevamiriri vemhuri dzevabereki, nokudaro vachigadza hutongi hwevakuru muRoma.
Munguva ye494th neXNUMXrd mazana emakore izvo zvakakosha zvemukati nhoroondo yeRepublic yaive kurwira kwevamiriri kudzikamisa simba remufundisi neseneti. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vanhuwo zvavo vakakwanisa kuwana huwandu hwebudiriro huru. Muna XNUMX BC C. Mukudzvinyirirwa nevevanhuwo zvavo, Seneti yakagadza hofisi yematare evanhu, vadziviriri vezvido zvevanhuwo zvavo, vaiva nekodzero yekupikisa chero sarudzo yeSeneti.
Nenguva isipi, vanhuwo zvavo vakabvumirwa kushandiswa neruzhinji ivhu. Pesvedzero yegungano rakakurumbira yakasimbiswa. Makore akapoteredza 367 BC. C. vanhuwo zvavo vakabvumirwa kupinda mumiriri. Muchokwadi, pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechitatu musiyano pakati peplebeians uye patricians wakatanga kupera. Vakuru vemapoka eplebeian uye epatrician, avo vakachengeta pesvedzero yavo, zvishoma nezvishoma vakagadzira hurongwa hutsva hwekutonga - vanokudzwa.
mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weRoman Republic
Mutemo wekune dzimwe nyika weRepublic yeRoma waizivikanwa nehondo dzinoramba dzichienderera. Hondo yeRoma yenguva iyoyo yaiva mauto akakurumbira, akabatana kuva rudzi rwemauto, zvichienderana nemamiriro evaridzi. Chikwata chikuru chemauto chaive legion (6.000 varume), vakakamurwa kuita makumi matatu ehunyanzvi manipule units vanokwanisa kuzvitonga panguva yehondo.
Mumakumi emakore ekutanga eRepublic, Roma yakaramba hondo yakaoma kwazvo neEtruscan confederation. Muzana ramakore rechi 390, vakunda vavakidzani vavo vepedyo zvikuru, vaRoma vakasimbisa simba ravo pamusoro penzvimbo dzakaderera dzeRwizi rwaTiber. Pakutanga kweIV, kuwedzera kweRoma kwakamiswa nekurwisa kunoparadza kwemarudzi evaCelt, vaGaul, avo vakaparadza Roma muna XNUMX a. c.
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechina, Roma yakazosimbisa kutonga kwayo muLatin Confederation, mubatanidzwa wemaguta wakatangwa nemarudzi echiLatin. Munguva yeHondo dzeSamnite (343 kusvika 290 BC) Roma yakakunda nzvimbo yese yepakati peItari ikatanga kutyisidzira maGiriki aitonga kumaodzanyemba kwepeninsula. Kupindira kwaMambo Pyrrhus, mutongi wedunhu duku rechiGiriki reEpirus, mukurwisana pakati peRoma nekoroni yechiGiriki yeTarentum, kwakaratidza kutanga kweHondo yePyrrhic (280 kusvika 275 BC).
Pasinei nekuti Pyrrhus, achishandisa nzou dzehondo, akakunda mauto eRoma kakawanda, vaRoma vakanga vachiri kukwanisa kudzinga mauto avo kubva kuItaly. Pashure pokukunda Pyrrhus, Roma pakupedzisira yakawedzera simba rayo muItaly yose.
Mushure mekukundwa kweItaly, kuwedzera kweRoma kwakapfuura peninsula yeApennine. Apa vaRoma vaifanira kutarisana neimwe yenyika huru kwazvo kumadokero kweMediterranean - Carthage. Hondo pakati peRoma neCarthage (inonzi Hondo dzePunic) dzakaenderera mberi (kuenderera uye kure) kweanopfuura makore zana. Somugumisiro weHondo Yekutanga yePunic (100-264 BC), Republic of Roman yakawana mhiri kwemakungwa - zvitsuwa zveCorsica, Sardinia uye chikamu cheSicily. Nzvimbo idzi dzakava matunhu eRoma.
Munguva yeHondo Yechipiri yePunic (218-201 BC) mukuru mukuru weCarthaginian Hannibal akapinda muItaly akakunda maRoma akawanda (paTrebia muna 218, paLake Trasimeno muna 217, muhondo huru paCannes muna 216). Pasinei nekuti Hannibal akatyisidzira Roma zvakananga kwemakore gumi nematanhatu, mauto eRepublic, pasi pemurairo waScipio Africanus (Mukuru), akakwanisa kuendesa kurwisana kunharaunda yevavengi uye, semugumisiro, akakunda Hannibal paHondo yeZama ( 202 BC).
Nekuda kweHondo Yechipiri yePunic, Roma yakawana matunhu muSpain uye yakave hegemon yeWestern Mediterranean. Pakupera kwechitatu, Roma inotanga kukura ichipinda kumabvazuva kweMediterranean. Munguva yehondo nhatu dzeMacedonian (215‒205, 200‒197, 171‒168 BC), vaRoma vakawedzera hutongi hwavo kusvika kuBalkan Peninsula.
Pashure pehondo yeSyria (192-188 BC) namambo wevaSeleucus Antiochus III, nyika dzechiGiriki dzeAsia Minor dzakapinda munharaunda yepesvedzero yeRoma. Pakupedzisira, panguva yeHondo yePunic yechitatu (149-146 BC), Carthage yakazoparadzwa. Roma yave simba guru reMediterranean.
Dambudziko reRoman Republic
Hondo dzokukunda dzakaita kuti pave neshanduko huru yemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye eupfumi hwenzanga yeRoma. Hondo dzokukunda dzakakonzera kuwanda kwevaranda vakachipa kuItaly. Uranda zvishoma nezvishoma hwakava hwaro hwehukama hwemaindasitiri muItaly. Mazana ezviuru zvevaranda vanodirana kuItaly uye kumukira kwevaranda kunova kwenguva dzose.
Zvino muna 138 BC varanda veSicily vakapanduka. Vapanduki vacho vakatora chitsuwa chacho chose uye vakatoedza kuumba nyika yavo. Chete muna 132 a. C. mauto eRoma akakwanisa kudzvinyirira sangano iri. Pakati pe104 kusvika 99 BC pakanga paine kumukira kwevaranda kukuru kuSicilian. Muna 74 BC C. kumukira kwevaranda kukuru munhoroondo yekare kwakaitika mukutungamirira kwaSpartacus. Kwaingove nekuda kwekuedza kwakanyanya kwemauto eRoman Republic kuti kumukira kwakadzvinyirirwa muna 71 BC. c.
Kuvandudzwa kwehupfumi hukuru hwelatifundist, hwakavakirwa chete pakushandiswa kwevaranda vakachipa, kwakakonzera kuparara kukuru kwepakati nediki mapurazi evarimi asingakwanisi kuramba makwikwi uye kushaikwa kwenyika yenzvimbo dzakafara dzevagari veRoma. VaRoma vaive varombo (plebs) vakaungana mumaguta vakava manyuko emhirizhonga uye kurwisana kwevagari vemo nguva dzose.
Mumakore makumi matatu, 30nd yezana remakore BC, kodzero dzeplebs dzakatanga kudzivirirwa nemumiririri wemhuri yevakuru, mutungamiri wevanhu Tiberius Gracchus. Kugadzirisa dambudziko revhu, akaronga kuisa huwandu hwehuwandu hwevhu hunobvumidzwa uye kugovera zvakasara pakati pevarombo veRoma. Kukunda kushorwa kwakasimba kubva kuvakuru, Gracchus akabudirira kupfuudza mutemo, asi akaurayiwa. Kutaura zvazviri, kuchinja kwacho hakuna kuitwa.
Mibato yokugadziridza yaTibherio yakapfuuridzirwa nomunun’una wake Gaius Gracchus. Kuti agadzirise dambudziko revhu, akaronga kutanga kugoverwa kwehomwe yeminda yematunhu akanga akundwa pakati pevagari veRoma varombo. Izvi zvakaitwa naGracchus zvakakonzera mhirizhonga muRoma. Muna 122 BC C. muvandudzi akapondwa. Kufa kwehama dzeGracchus kwakatowedzera kupokana kwevanhu.
Mukuwedzera, kuwedzera kwepesvedzero yeRoma kunzvimbo dziri kure kwakakurudzira kutanga kwokutengeserana noukama pakati pezvinhu zvinotengeswa nemari. Pfuma yakayerera ichienda kuRoma kubva kumapurovhinzi akanga aparadzwa nemauto eRoma nemagavhuna. MuRoma, mushambadzi ane uori anooneka, anopinda mukurwira kutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika nesenatorial aristocracy (vanokudzwa).
Nzvimbo yenzvimbo dzepamusoro dzenharaunda dzeItalic dzakasimbiswa zvakare, kurwira kuenzana kwakakwana kwekodzero nevaRoma. Gaius Gracchus akaronga kupa vanhu vokuItaly kodzero dzokuva vagari vomuRoma. Kurudziro iyi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekupondwa kwake. Pakutanga kwezana ramakore rekutanga BC kurwira kwevaItaly kodzero dzavo kwakawedzera.
muna 91a. C. mutungamiriri wevanhu veDruze akadzokorora chirevo chaGraco chekusunungura maItaly. Kukundikana kwebhiri iri mudare reSeneti ndiyo yaive chikonzero chekutanga kweHondo Yemubatanidzwa (90-88 BC), kumukirana kwevagari vemuItaly vachipokana neRoma. Pasinei nekuti maItaliya akakundwa, Seneti yakamanikidzwa kuita chibvumirano uye kusanganisira huwandu hwese hweApennine peninsula munharaunda yeRoma. Izvi, zvakare, zvakatungamirira kuidi rokuti gungano rakakurumbira rakazova ngano yepamutemo.
Muchirevo chekukura kwekupokana kwemagariro nehupfumi, dambudziko reRoma civitas rinoratidzwa zvakajeka. Masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ezvematongerwo enyika akabuda sevakuru venharaunda diki yekumaruwa akatadza kutonga nemazvo nzvimbo dzakakura dzakazova chikamu chenyika yeRoma. Nokudaro, mapurovhinzi akaendeswa nenzira inobudirira kukutonga kwakazara kwagavhuna akagadzwa neSeneti, avo vakabhuroka mapurovhinzi nokupamba kusingagumi uye, zvirokwazvo, kusingadzorwi.
Mumapurovhinzi, vanhu vaigara vachimukira kutonga kweRoma. Kuedza kwechimbichimbi kwekubvisa joko reRoma kwaive nhevedzano yehondo neRoma naMambo Mithridates VI, mutongi wedunhu diki rechiGiriki rePontasi riri muAsia Minor (89-85; 84-82; 74-63 BC).
Nguva yehondo dzevagari vemo
Zana rapfuura rekuvapo kweRiphabhuliki yeRoma kwaive kurwa nguva dzose pakati pematanho akasiyana enzanga yeRoma, nguva nenguva ichishanduka kuita hondo yevagari. Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechipiri BC muRoma, mapato maviri aipikisana akazobuda: optimates (vatsigiri vekuchengetedzwa kwesimba revakuru) nevakakurumbira (vaidzivirira kudiwa kwekuvandudzwa). Mugumo wekurwisana pakati peaya mafambisirwo wakanga uri nhambo yechiito chaGaius Marius naLucius Cornelius Sulla.
Marius akasimuka pamusoro pehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika muRoma panguva yehondo yakatarisana namambo weNumidian Jugurtha (111-105 BC). Pashure pokunge kurwisana kwemauto kwapera, Mario akaita shanduko yehondo. Basa rechiuto revanhu vakakodzera rakatsiviwa neuto rine unyanzvi. Varombo zvikuru venzanga yeRoma vaipinzwa mubasa rechiuto, vane nzvimbo yaitsamira pakubudirira kwomukuru wavo.
Mauto nevatungamiri varo vakava simba rezvematongerwo enyika rinenge rakasununguka kubva kuSeneti. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemauto, Roma yakakwanisa kubudirira kudzoreredza kurwisa kwemarudzi echiGerman eCimbri neTeutons (102-101 BC).
Muna 89 B.C. C. yakatanga Hondo Yekutanga yeMithridatic. Dare reSeneti rakapa maitiro ehondo kumukuru wepamusoro Sulla, asi gungano rakakurumbira rakagadza Manius Aquillius. Kurwisana pamusoro penyaya iyi kwakatungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti Sulla akatumira uto rakanga richigadzirira kuenda kuMabvazuva kunorwisana neRoma. Kekutanga munhoroondo yeguta, Roma yakatorwa nemauto eRoma. Mushure mokuenda kwaSulla neuto rake kuMabvazuva, nzvimbo yeRoma yakapfuura mumaoko evatsigiri vaManius Aquilius.
Mushure mokudzoka kwaSulla kuItaly, kurwisana kwezvematongerwe enyika pakati pemapato kwakashanduka kuva hondo yehurumende yakazaruka. Kutora Roma zvakare muhondo, Sulla akatanga (muna 82 BC) hudzvinyiriri hunotsigirwa nehugandanga hwezvematongerwo enyika (iyo system of proscriptions). Kutaura zvazviri, hudzvinyiriri hwaSulla (82-79 BC) hwakanga huri kuedza kwekupedzisira kuchengetedza hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwevakuru uye simba reSeneti.
Mumakore 70 kusvika 60 BC ndiko kusimuka kwaPompey Mukuru. Akatora chikamu mukudzvinyirirwa kwekumukira kweSpartacus, akave nemukurumbira muhondo naMithridates, kurwisa kwake muAsia Minor neTranscaucasia, kurwisa vapambi veMediterranean. Muna 60 BC Pompey, pamwe chete neoligarch Marcus Crassus uye mutongi Gaius Julius Caesar, vakaumba mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika (I Triumvirate), avo nhengo, vachivimba neuto, vakakamura masimba pamusoro pematunhu.
Kesari akapiwa kutonga kweIllyria neGaul, zvizhinji zvayo zvakanga zvisiri pasi pekutonga kweRoma. Munguva yeGallic Wars 58-51 BC nyika yese yaive pasi paKesari. Hondo yokukunda yakaunza mukuru mukuru zvakapambwa zvikuru, izvo Kesari akashandisa kusimbisa nzvimbo dzake dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye mukurumbira wake pakati pehurumende dzeRoma.
Kutyisidzirwa kwekusimbiswa kwaKesari kwakamanikidza Pompey kurangana neSeneti ndokuraira kuti Kesari abvise mauto uye anooneka muRoma kuti atongwe. Kesari haana kuteerera uye akayambuka muganhu weItaly. Kutaura zvazviri, akazivisa hondo paSeneti. Munguva yehondo yevagari vemo (49-45 BC), Kesari akakunda kukunda kwakawanda Pompey nevateveri vake muGreece, North Africa, neSpain.
Pazera remakore makumi mana nemashanu, Kesari akanzi "baba venyika" uye mutongi wehupenyu hwose, mutongi asingaverengeki weRepublic. Zvichiwedzera pachena, hunhu hweumambo hwesimba raKesari hwakamutsa kusagutsikana kwevashori vevakuru. Pana Kurume 45, 15 B.C. C., Kesari akapondwa neboka revarangana raitungamirirwa naBrutus naCassius.
Rufu rwaKesari rwakakonzera kutangazve kwehondo dzevagari vemo. VaKesari vaipikiswa nevatsigiri veRepublic: mubatsiri waJulius Caesar, Mark Antony, uye muzukuru mukuru waKesari Octavian, uyowo, akakwikwidzawo kuti awane nhaka yemudzvinyiriri. Muna 43 BC Antonio, Octavio naLepidus, vakabatana navo, vakapinda mumubatanidzwa (II triumvirate). VaTriumvir vakabata nehasha nevapikisi, mushure mezvo vakapikisa maRepublican.
PaHondo yeFiripi (42 BC), uto reRepublican rakakundwa uye vatungamiri varo Brutus naCassius vakazviuraya. Mushure mekukunda marepublic, kurwisana kwakatanga pakati pe triumvirs Octavian naAntony, vachitsigirwa nePtolemaic Egypt. Hondo pakati pavo yakapera nekukunda kwezvikepe zveOctavian paHondo yeCape Stock muna 31 BC. C. uye kutorwa kweEgipita kuRoma.
Muna 30 BC Octavian akava mutongi ega, uye muna 27 BC. C. dare reseneti rakanyanyisa kumupa zita rekuti “Augusto” (Mutsvene). Iyo nyika, isina kubvisa zviri pamutemo masangano eRepublican, chokwadi, yakave humambo - Humambo hweRoma.
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