Nhasi tichakudzidzisa kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezve main Hunhu hwehupfumi hweColombia. Mafambisirwo ezvigadzirwa zvako zvichibva pazviri uye basa rayo nhasi. Usazvipotsa!
Hunhu hwehupfumi hweColombia
Hupfumi hwenyika ino hune mari iri pakati nepakati. Inomira kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekukura kukuru kwayakagadzira mumakore gumi apfuura mukutengesa kunze kwezvinhu uye kukwezva kwainopa kune vekunze vekudyara.
Ndiyo yechina hupfumi hukuru muLatin America, mushure meiyo yeBrazil, Mexico neArgentina. Munzvimbo yepasirese ine vagari vanopfuura mamirioni makumi mashanu, iri pakati pemakumi matatu makuru pasirese.
Tinogona kutaura kuti kubva kuma50s ezana ramakore reXNUMX uye kunyangwe makore gumi apfuura, nzira huru yeColombia yekuwana mari yekunze yakatarisana zvakanyanya nekutengesa kofi kunze kwenyika.
Nekudaro, zvikamu zvakati wandei zvakaita kuti nyika iyi ive imwe yenyika dzinozivikanwa nekugadzirwa kwayo, senge emerald uye floriculture.
Inotaridzawo maindasitiri emotokari nemachira uye ari mutengesi mukuru kunze kwegoridhe, masafiro nemadhaimani, pakati pezvimwe zvigadzirwa.
Nyika inotora chikamu mumasangano mazhinji epasi rose nenharaunda dzinotsvaga kushandira pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwezviito zvekusimudzira hupfumi.
Pasi rose, chikamu cheWorld Trade Organisation (WTO), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) neCIVETS block yenyika dzichiri kusimukira (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey neSouth Africa).
Padanho rekondinendi, inhengo yemasangano akadai seInter-American Development Bank (IDB), Andean Community of Nations (CAN), Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) uye, munguva pfupi yapfuura, Pacific Alliance.
Historia
Pre-Latin America nguva: Kurima kwekutengeserana ndiko kwaive kwakakosha kuita basa muhupfumi hwepre-Hispanic. Mamwe mabasa aive akakoshawo muhupfumi hwepamberi yeHispanic muColombia yaive kushandiswa kwemamineral deposits (kunyanya goridhe nemunyu) uye kugadzirwa kwemachira, ceramics uye zvinyorwa nevapfuri vegoridhe.
Huridzi hwevhu nebasa, sekushandiswa kwemigodhi, ingave yemubatanidzwa kana nzanga, hazvishandisi pfungwa yemidziyo yemunhu muzviitiko izvi. Muvanhu vasati vasvika Latin America muColombia makanga musina mari, saka kugadzirwa kwemari yainge yasara kwakatsinhaniswa nekuchinjana.
nguva yekoloni: Iyo nguva yehupfumi yekoloni yakaratidzwa nekutsamira pamirairo yeSpain metropolis nekuda kwechimiro chayo sekoloni. Kusiyana neiyo pre-Columbian nguva yeColombia, kuchinjana mukoloni kwakawana hunhu hwekutengesa uye hwemari.
Nehuwandu hunofungidzirwa hwevagari ve938,580, GDP per capita muViceroyalty yeNew Granada inofungidzirwa kuve makumi maviri nemanomwe esirivha pesos mugore ra27. Imwe sirivheri peso yakaenzana ne1800 US madhora kubva 11.25., 1985 US madhora 83.
Mumakore gumi ekupedzisira ekutonga kwake (1800-1810), mari yeCrown yaive yakaenzana neinosvika gumi muzana yeGDP yeViceroyalty, ichisvika paavhareji ye10 miriyoni esirivha pesos pagore, iyo inenge 2.4 ( 770,000 ) %) yakauya. kubva kufodya uye cognac fodya.
Ndarama yakacherwa mumapurovhinzi ePopayán neAntioquia yakava 85% yekutengeswa kunze kwenyika kweNew Granada uye kunyangwe vatongi veSpain vaikurudzira kutengeserana kwemahara pakati peva viceroys, havana kumbokwanisa kuibatanidza.
Korona yakaedza kudzikamisa simba revamiriri kana masangano evashandi muCádiz neSeville pamusoro pekutengeserana nemetropolis uye iyo yemumiriri muCartagena pamusoro pekugovewa kwezvinhu kunze kwenyika mukati mekoloni, asi haina kusimudzira kuvhurwa kana kuyananisa kuzere kuwedzera. makwikwi.
Nekudaro, munguva yaive nguva iyo viceroyalty yeNew Granada yakawana kusimudzira kwehupfumi pakati pezana ramakore regumi nesere, iro rakavhiringwa kubva muna 1808 nekudonha kweSpain nekuda kwekupinda nehondo yemauto eNapoleon.
Kukura kwaita zvakaipa nekuda kwekuvhiringwa kwekutengeserana, hondo dzakateura ropa dzekuzvimirira, kudzikira kweuranda, uye kuderera kwekutengeserana kwenyika.
Kubva pakuzvitonga kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX
Rusununguko rwakapa nzira kune inodhura nzira yekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, kunyangwe ivo vakatanga nhevedzano yekuvandudza iyo yakatanga kugadzirisa hupfumi hwenyika itsva.
KuColombia, zana ramakore rechi XNUMX rakaratidzirwa nekuchinja kunononoka kuenda ku capitalism yenyika, zvichienderana nemamiriro uye kupihwa kwemikana inopihwa nekusimudzira capitalism munyika dzakabudirira dzeNorth Atlantic, kukura kwekudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvekutanga uye kuyerera kwemari. .
Pashure perusununguko, kurwisana pakati pevatengesi vakasununguka nevadziviriri kwakakonzera hondo pfumbamwe dzevagari vemo. Munguva iyi, pakanga pasina shanduko yakakosha muchimiro chevaridzi vevhu munyika, nhapwa kana zvivakwa zvemanori. vapfuurira, kanenge kusvika pakati pezana ramakore maererano neuranda.
Kuparara kwerepublic kunopesana nenguva yekubudirira kwekoloni pakati pe1750 ne1808. Nokudaro, kusvika 1845 hupfumi hwenyika hwakagadzikana nekuda kwehondo, nharaunda nemasangano, uye kuparara kweSpain yekutengeserana.
Kune rumwe rutivi, chikwereti chekunze chakatanga muna 1820, apo Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri Francisco Antonio Zea akasaina chibvumirano neBritish, vachiziva zvisungo zvakabvumiranwa panguva yekuzvitonga, kunyanya naLuis López Méndez. Zea akabva atora chimwe chikwereti che £2 miriyoni, kunyanya kubhadhara chikwereti chaive chasara.
Zvisinei, tichitarisa mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma ebhajeti, hurumende yakatora chikwereti chitsva muna 1824 icho chisina kudzivirira dambudziko idzva rebhajeti kuti rirege kuitika makore maviri gare gare, nekuda kwebhajeti rekudzivirira uye mari yemutero isina kusimba. Mushure mekutora zvikwereti izvi, Colombia yakatotadza kuwana musika mukuru wepasi rose kwezana rino rose.
Saizvozvo, maitiro ekutengeserana asina kuenzana anotonga nyika. Zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvakasvika kubva kunze kwenyika kupfuura zvaigona kutengeswa neColombia kune dzimwe nyika. Muzana remakore rese, nyika yakatenga zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana kunze kwenyika, asi mitengo yakaderera yemachira edonje yakaita kuti ive bazi rakanyanya kukosha munyika panguva iyoyo.
Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, pakati pe1850 ne1880, United Kingdom yakapa 50% yezvinhu zvakapinzwa munyika, uku France yakapa 25%. Kwechikamu chikuru chezana rino remakore, nyika yakaedza kubatanidza upfumi hwenyika nokutengesa kunze goridhe, fodya, cinchona, donje, uye indigo.
Zvakadaro, kutenderera kwekuwedzera kwehupfumi hwezvigadzirwa izvi kwaive kupfupi uye mari yaiwanikwa navo yaive isina kukwana, saka havana kusvika pachinangwa chakagadzwa. Naizvozvo, goridhe, iro rakanga riri iro guru rinotengeswa kunze kwenyika panguva yekoloni, yakaramba iri chinhu chakakosha kunze kwenyika kusvika pakati pezana ramakore.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kusimukira kwefodya sechinhu chikuru chinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kwakafamba kubva muna 1854 kusvika muna 1876, apo kutengesa kwayo kunze kwakaderedzwa uye kusazodzoka. Ipapo iyo indigo boom makore anosvika 1870 yakagara isingasviki makore gumi uye quinine yakava chinhu chikuru kunze kwenyika chigadzirwa muma1880s asi yakaramba nekukurumidza.
Pakati pekusagadzikana kwemasangano, gakava renhoroondo pakati pevatengesi nevemhizha rakagadziriswa muHondo yeVanhu ve1854, umo ngarava yakakundwa, mushure memubatanidzwa pakati peboka rakasununguka neConservative Party.
Hondo iyi inoratidza kusawirirana kuri pakati peindasitiri yekugadzira ichangoburwa nevashambadzi vekunze, iyo inokura mukufambirana nedanho rekuwedzera kwemiganhu yekurima, inomisikidzwa nezviitiko zvakaita sekukoloni kweAntioquia uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa.
Panguva ino, Rwizi rweMagdalena rwakava musimboti wenzira yekufambisa iyo zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvekurima zvakapinda nekusiya zviteshi zveAtlantic zveCartagena de Indias neBarranquilla (Sabanilla), muhurongwa hunoenderana ne 'nzira imwe chete umo zvikamu. zvenjanji nemugwagwa zvakabatanidzwa.
Kana iri mari yemunhu, yakawedzera inenge 20% pakati pe1850 ne1880, pamwero we0,5% pagore. Munguva imwe cheteyo, kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwakawedzera kubva pamamiriyoni matatu kusvika pamamiriyoni makumi maviri egoridhe pesos. , asi yakadzikira kusvika pakupera kwezana remakore uye hupfumi hwakaderera zvakare.
Panguva iyoyo, chikamu chechikwereti chekunze chaive mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu egoridhe pesos (anenge mamiriyoni matatu emadhora, kana mamiriyoni e15 eColombian pesos). Zvikwereti zvekunze muna 6,000 na1898 zvakaitirwa kupa mari yekushandurwa kwemari yemapepa kuita manotsi anotsigirwa negoridhe.
Iyo "kofi inobvisa" (1900-1928)
Pakutanga kwezana remakore, kofi yakanga yatozviisa sechinhu chakakosha chehupfumi hweColombia mumunda wekutengesa kunze. Huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika hwakanga hushoma: kofi yaimiririra ingangoita 85% yezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika, chokwadi ichi chakanetesa hupfumi hwekunze hweColombia.
Germany, United Kingdom neUnited States ndivo vainyanya kutenga zvigadzirwa zvakatengeswa kunze kwenyika neColombia, asi United States inomiririra chikamu chikuru, inosvika mune dzimwe nguva, semuna 1917, inopfuura 80% yezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.
Kuvandudzwa kwechikamu chekofi kwakabvumira kukura kwemusika wemukati uye kuvandudzwa kwetiweki yekutaurirana iyo yakafarira kumwe kubatanidzwa kwemisika yematunhu akasiyana.
Nekudaro, kuoma kwenzvimbo kwakagadzira nzira yekufambisa ine zvishoma kuvandudza kwemusika wemukati. Munyika. Ramba uchifunga kuti kusvika muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, zvifambiso zvakawanda zvaiitwa nematomu, nemadhizaini aidhirowa pasina chero unyanzvi, kutevera michinjiziri yemakomo kazhinji kusingashande muchando.
Hatifaniriwo kukanganwa kushandiswa kakawanda kwezvikepe zvekutakura kwevanhu, izvo zvakachengeteka kutakura vamwe vanhu.
Dambudziko reNyika (1929-1945)
Kuita kwehupfumi hwehafu yekutanga ye1950s kwaifarirwa nemitengo yekofi yakakwirira, iyo yaifarira kuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa uye, nekudaro, kupihwa mari kwezvikamu zvakaita seindasitiri.
Kudonha kwakazotevera kwemitengo yekofi uye kushaikwa kwezviwanikwa zvekubhadhara mari yekusimudzira maindasitiri kwakakonzera kusimbaradzwa kwemaitiro ekudzivirira seaya akatorwa makore apfuura mukupera kwemaXNUMX uye kutanga kwemaXNUMX.
Zvakadaro, kuderera kwakaderera kwenzvimbo yekutengesera kunze uye humbowo hwakawanda hwekutsamira zvakanyanya pakofi kuti iwane mari yekunze kwakaratidza kukosha kwekutanga nzira yekusimudzira kunze.
Nekudaro, pachiitiko ichi, kudzivirira kwakaitwa kwakaperekedzwa nematanho ekusimudzira kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwezvinhu zvisiri zvechinyakare, kunyanya zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri.
Nekuda kwechiyero ichi, muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi1950, GDP yakawedzera zvakapetwa kane. Zvisinei, maererano nemari inoshandiswa neveruzhinji, mukati memakore 80-XNUMX, pakanga paine kushomeka kwakateverwa nekuwedzera kwehupfumi, izvo zvakazokwanisa kudarika mwero wezvakawanda pakutanga kwenguva.
Saizvozvowo, hupfumi hweColombia hwakachengeta mwero unoshiviririka wekuwedzera kwemitengo, ichiva iyo yepamusoro-soro 36% pagore, mukutanga kwema 1970. Naizvozvo, kukanganisa kwakasimba kwekuderera kwehupfumi kwema1980 kwakaitika munharaunda hakuna kuva nemigumisiro yakananga zvachose muColombia. , nekuda kwesimba rekushandisa mari yekunze (kunyanya mumadhora) kubva mukutengesa zvinodhaka,
Iyo yakatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu, yakabatana neakanakisa kuita kweindasitiri yemuno, mukati memakore gumi aya, hupfumi hweColombia hwakaramba huchikura paavhareji ye5% pagore.
Kubva 1990
Pakutanga kwema1990, nguva itsva yehupfumi yakatanga kuzivikanwa sekuvhurwa kwehupfumi, iyo yaida kuisa nyika muhurongwa hwekudyidzana kwepasi rose uye mukati mehurongwa hweWashington Consensus (1989).
Kudzikira kwepasi rose, kunoratidzwa nekudyidzana kwepasi rose uye dambudziko riri munyika dzeAsia, kwakonzera mhirizhonga muLatin America uye kwakanganisa zvakanyanya Colombia. Kunyange zvazvo chinangwa chokuderedza inflation kubva kunhamba imwe kusvika kunhamba imwe chete chave chaitwa pane kushayikwa kwemabasa, kurasikirwa kwesimba rekutenga.
Kudonha mukugadzirwa uye chikamu chekurima, chakashumwa neDANE muna 1999, hazvina kunaka, zvisinei, mukati memwedzi mitatu yekutanga ye2000, kudzokororwa kwe6% yekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kwakafungidzirwa. Muna 2014, kushaikwa kwemabasa muColombia kwaive munhamba imwe chete.
Saka muna 1998, kubviswa kwechikamu chesimba rekutenga nguva dzose uye kudonha kwechinyakare kutengeswa kunze kwenyika, kwakamisikidzwa nekurova kwakanyanya kune hupfumi hweAsia panguva yedambudziko ravo, kwakaita kuti kuita kwenguva kuite kushomeka.
Uye neizvi, basa rechikwereti raive nemhedzisiro inopesana: yakabvumirana, asi mari yekubhadhara yakawedzera, izvo zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwekuona kwedambudziko, sezvo hurumende yakanga isina zviwanikwa zviripo. , aitofanira kukwereta. kunze kubata nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Muna Kurume 2000, Banco de la Nación yakaratidza kuti chikwereti chekunze cheColombia chakasvika 36,000,000,000 USD, iyo 24,490 miriyoni inoenderana neruzhinji.
Chikwereti chose chakaenzana ne41,3% yeGDP, iyo, maererano nevaongorori venyika uye vepasi rose, "iri kunetseka" uye inotsanangura kuwedzera kwekuoma kwekugadziriswa kwehurumende yehupfumi uye mitemo yezvemari, kubvira pakutanga kwemakore gumi. kuma1990, Colombia yakaregeredza kupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika uye yakavhura misika mitsva.
Economics muPost-Conflict Era
Imwe yemabhenefiti ezvibvumirano zverunyararo pakati pehurumende yaJuan Manuel Santos neFARC kwaive kukura kwekushanya, tichifunga nezvekukura kwakasimba kwehuwandu hwevashanyi vekunze kune nyika, tichifunga kuti muna 2010.
Ichangotanga basa raPresident Santos pakanga paine mari yekunze yemadhora 3,440 bhiriyoni, nepo mugore ra2017 yakaburitsa mari inosvika 5,49 bhiriyoni, inova kuwedzera kwe68%.
Sezvineiwo, mutungamiri akasarudzwa muna 2018, Iván Duque Márquez, akataura kuti kushanya kunogona kuve mafuta matsva eColombia zvichipihwa kuti hydrocarbon inotengeswa kunze kwenyika imadhora mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora, uku Banco de la República inofanotaura kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwe9 mamirioni ekushanya.
Economy yeColombia pamwero wekondinendi
Colombia ndiyo yechina hupfumi hukuru muLatin America, asi ichiri kure nenzvimbo dzekutanga maererano negross domestic product (GDP) per capita, iyo muna 2015 yakasvika 6.056 madhora. Argentina, Chile kana Panama vane zvinopfuura kaviri. Uye nyika yedu ingangoita zviuru zviviri zvemadhora pazasi peavhareji yeLatin America neCaribbean.
urombo nekusaenzana
Pashure pedambudziko ra1999, urombo muColombia hwakava nokuderera. Zvikamu zvevaColombia zviri pasi peurombo hwemari inowanikwa zvakadonha kubva pa50% muna 2002 kusvika pa28% muna 2013. Chikamu chevarombo chakanyanya chakadonha kubva pa18% kuenda pa9% panguva imwe cheteyo. Hurombo hwakawanda hwakadonha kubva pa30% kusvika 18% pakati pa2010 na2013.
Historical evolution yeGDP per capita
Pazasi tinokusiira iwe yakanyorwa uye yakaongororwa mhedzisiro yenhoroondo yekushanduka kwehupfumi muColombia, mukati megore rega rega, kutanga kubva makumi matanhatu:
| GDP per capita yeColombia mumadhora | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ma1960 (60's) | |||
| Gore | PIB | GDP per Capita | Population |
| 1960 | $4.041 mamiriyoni | $245 | 16.480.383 vagari |
| 1961 | $4.553 mamiriyoni | $268 | 16.982.315 vagari |
| 1962 | $4.969 mamiriyoni | $284 | 17.500.171 vagari |
| 1963 | $4.839 mamiriyoni | $268 | 18.033.550 vagari |
| 1964 | $5.992 mamiriyoni | $322 | 18.581.974 vagari |
| 1965 | $5.790 mamiriyoni | $302 | 19.144.223 vagari |
| 1966 | $5.453 mamiriyoni | $276 | 19.721.462 vagari |
| 1967 | $5.727 mamiriyoni | $282 | 20.311.371 vagari |
| 1968 | $5.919 mamiriyoni | $283 | 20.905.059 vagari |
| 1969 | $6.405 mamiriyoni | $298 | 21.490.945 vagari |
| Ma1970 (70's) | |||
| Gore | PIB | GDP per Capita | Population |
| 1970 | $7.198 mamiriyoni | $326 | 22.061.215 vagari |
| 1971 | $7.820 mamiriyoni | $346 | 22.611.986 vagari |
| 1972 | $8.671 mamiriyoni | $375 | 23.146.803 vagari |
| 1973 | $10.316 mamiriyoni | $436 | 23.674-504 vagari |
| 1974 | $12.370 mamiriyoni | $511 | 24.208.021 vagari |
| 1975 | $13.099 mamiriyoni | $529 | 24.756.973 vagari |
| 1976 | $15.341 mamiriyoni | $606 | 25.323.406 vagari |
| 1977 | $19.471 mamiriyoni | $752 | 25.905.127 vagari |
| 1978 | $23.264 mamiriyoni | $878 | 26.502.166 vagari |
| 1979 | $27.940 mamiriyoni | $1.031 | 27.113.512 vagari |
| Ma1980 (80's) | |||
| Gore | PIB | GDP per Capita | Population |
| 1980 | $46.784 mamiriyoni | $1.645 | 28.447.000 vagari |
| 1981 | $50.969 mamiriyoni | $1.753 | 29.080.000 vagari |
| 1982 | $54.583 mamiriyoni | $1.837 | 29.718.000 vagari |
| 1983 | $54.249 mamiriyoni | $1.787 | 30.360.000 vagari |
| 1984 | $53.581 mamiriyoni | $1.728 | 31.004.000 vagari |
| 1985 | $48.877 mamiriyoni | $1.587 | 30.794.000 vagari |
| 1986 | $48.944 mamiriyoni | $1.557 | 31.433.000 vagari |
| 1987 | $50.948 mamiriyoni | $1.588 | 32.092.000 vagari |
| 1988 | $54.925 mamiriyoni | $1.676 | 32.764.000 vagari |
| 1989 | $55.384 mamiriyoni | $1.656 | 33.443.000 vagari |
| Ma1990 (90's) | |||
| Gore | PIB | GDP per Capita | Population |
| 1990 | $56.412 mamiriyoni | $1.653 | 34.125.000 vagari |
| 1991 | $58.308 mamiriyoni | $1.674 | 34.834.000 vagari |
| 1992 | $68.997 mamiriyoni | $1.942 | 35.530.000 vagari |
| 1993 | $78.195 mamiriyoni | $2.160 | 36.208.000 vagari |
| 1994 | $98.260 mamiriyoni | $2.666 | 36.863.000 vagari |
| 1995 | $111.237 mamiriyoni | $2.967 | 37.490.000 vagari |
| 1996 | $116.838 mamiriyoni | $3.067 | 38.100.000 vagari |
| 1997 | $128.267 mamiriyoni | $3.323 | 38.600.000 vagari |
| 1998 | $118.442 mamiriyoni | $3.021 | 39.200.000 vagari |
| 1999 | $103.761 mamiriyoni | $2.614 | 39.700.000 vagari |
| Ma2000 (2000's) | |||
| Gore | PIB | GDP per Capita | Population |
| 2000 | $99.875 mamiriyoni | $2.479 | 40.296.000 vagari |
| 2001 | $98.201 mamiriyoni | $2.406 | 40.814.000 vagari |
| 2002 | $97.946 mamiriyoni | $2.370 | 41.329.000 vagari |
| 2003 | $94.645 mamiriyoni | $2.262 | 41.849.000 vagari |
| 2004 | $117.092 mamiriyoni | $2.764 | 42.368.000 vagari |
| 2005 | $146.547 mamiriyoni | $3.417 | 42.889.000 vagari |
| 2006 | $162.766 mamiriyoni | $3.750 | 43.406.000 vagari |
| 2007 | $207.465 mamiriyoni | $4.723 | 43.927.000 vagari |
| 2008 | $244.302 mamiriyoni | $5.496 | 44.451.000 vagari |
| 2009 | $233.893 mamiriyoni | $5.200 | 44.979.000 vagari |
| Ma2010 (10's) | |||
| Gore | PIB | GDP per Capita | Population |
| 2010 | $286.954 mamiriyoni | $6.305 | 45.510.000 vagari |
| 2011 | $335.437 mamiriyoni | $7.785 | 46.045.000 vagari |
| 2012 | $369.430 mamiriyoni | $7.931 | 46.582.000 vagari |
| 2013 | $380.170 mamiriyoni | $8.068 | 47.121.000 vagari |
| 2014 | $378.323 mamiriyoni | $7.938 | 47.662.000 vagari |
| 2015 | $291.530 mamiriyoni | $6.048 | 48.203.000 vagari |
| 2016 | $282.357 mamiriyoni | $5.803 | 48.653.000 vagari |
| 2017 | $309.191 mamiriyoni | $6.273 | 49.292.000 vagari |
| 2018 | $327 mamiriyoni | $6.562 | 49 vagari |
| 2019 | $355.163 mamiriyoni | $6645 | 49 vagari |
| Kubva kuInternational Monetary Fund FMI uye World Bank BM (2019) | |||
Economy by sectors
Hupfumi hweColombia hwakavakirwa pamusika wemari uye zvivakwa, kutengeserana uye maindasitiri ekugadzira maererano neDANE.
Chikamu chepuraimari kana chekurima
Tevere tichatsanangura zvikamu zvakasiyana zvehupfumi hwekurima:
Kurima: inodzorwa pasi pemabasa eBazi rezvekurima uye Rural Development yehurumende yeColombia, iyo inoronga kukura kwekurima, uko floriculture uye kurima mabhanana zvinotora nzvimbo yakakosha.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvakaongororwa zvinoratidza kuti, paminda yose munyika, chikamu che10.3% chakatsaurirwa masango, 7.3% chekurima uye 2.1% kune mamwe mabasa.
Muna 2013, nzvimbo yakatsaurirwa zvirimwa zveshanduko, sebhinzi kana chibage, yakawedzera ne1,0%, kubva pamahekita 828.983 kusvika pa837.304 pakati pa2012 na2013. kusanganisira miriwo, iyo inomiririra kuwedzera kwe4,9% pamusoro pegore rapfuura.
Kune rumwe rutivi, zvakare muna 2013, nzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kune zvirimwa zvechigarire, zvakadai sekofi kana nzimbe, yaiva 1,4 mamiriyoni mahekita, iyo yaimiririra kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwe1,6% kana ichienzaniswa kusvika 2012, kusvika ku5,2 mamiriyoni ematani.
Datenroku: Imwe yezviitiko zvehupfumi zvechinyakare muColombia kurimwa kwekofi, iri yechitatu pakukura mugadziri munyika muna 2014.
Changa chiri chinhu chepakati pehupfumi hweColombia kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX uye chakaita kuti chicherechedzwe pasi rose nekuda kwemhando yezviyo.
Zvisinei, kukosha kwayo uye kugadzirwa kwakachinja mumakore achangopfuura: muna 2011, mabhegi mamiriyoni 7,8 akagadzirwa, izvo zvinomiririra kuderera kwe12% zvichienzaniswa ne2010.
Asi gore rino rapfuura pakati paKurume 2017 uye kugadzirwa kwemabhegi 13,969 miriyoni kwakaunzwa muna Kukadzi 2018.
Nyika inotumira kunze matani mazana mashanu nemakumi matanhatu ezviuru pagore, izvo zvakaenzana nechikamu che560,000% chekugadzirwa kwayo. Kofi yegirini isina caffeine inomiririra 85% yezvese zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvechigadzirwa ichi. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe zvigadzirwa zviviri: kofi isina caffeine isina kugochwa uye kofi yakakangwa isina caffeine isina pasi.
United States, Germany neJapan ndivo vanonyanya kutenga kofi yakasvibira ne64% yezvese zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika kuColombia, zvichiteverwa nekukosha kweCanada, Belgium neLuxembourg, Netherlands, France, Sweden, Spain, Italy neUnited Kingdom. .
Kubva 1927, National Federation of Coffee Growers yakagadzira nekuvandudza zvirimwa nekusarudza hunhu. Yaitongawo zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye kudzivirira mitengo mumisika yekunze.82
Munguva ichangopfuura, zviremera zvehupfumi zveColombia zvakazivisa kugadziridzwa kwepamusoro kwekufungidzira kwemaitiro eGross Domestic Product (GDP), vachifunga nezvemaitiro ezvinotaridza hupfumi, sekudonha kwekushaya mabasa, kudzoreredza kweindasitiri. , kuita kwakanaka kwekushandisa, pakati pezvimwe.
Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwezviyero zvitsva zvehupfumi kwakaratidza kubatanidzwa kwezviito zvisiri pamutemo muhupfumi mukuverenga kweColombian gross domestic product, maererano nemhedziso yebasa rekupedza kudzidza rine musoro unoti "Money laundering in the Colombian formal economy: approaches on the impact. paDhipatimendi reGDP”.
Sekureva kwemunyori wegwaro iri, Second Lieutenant Luddy Marcela Roa Rojas, mukuru weboka rekuferefeta kweAsset Forfeiture uye Mari Laundering yeDirectorate yeCriminal Investigations uye Interpol.
Mhedziso yacho yaibva panhamba dzakatorwa kubva kuDANE neNational Police, kunyanya maererano nemidziyo yakaunzwa kutorwa kwemidziyo, yakatorwa kubva kumasangano ematsotsi, kana kutorwa kwemari mumari yenyika.
Izvi zvaonekwa senzira yekuratidza mari inoitwa nemasangano ematsotsi mukubata mari zvisiri pamutemo uye kusvibisa hupfumi hwemapazi.
"Mupiro weValle del Cauca, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Amazonas neSan Andrés, zvikamu zvagara zvichiratidzwa nemhirizhonga, zvaive pachena," anodaro Roa, uyo anonongedza kuti Amazonas neSan Andrés vanopa mupiro mudiki kuGDP yenyika, asi enzanisa In. nhamba dzekubiwa kwemari, chikamu ichi chakakwira.
Ongororo yakapihwa neNational University Press Agency inoratidza kuti Antioquia idunhu rine chikamu chakakosha cheGDP, zvakare hupfumi hune simba hunoratidzwa nekuvapo kwezvikwata zvezvinodhaka nemasangano ematsotsi.
Pamusoro pokutengesa zvinodhaka, bhuku rinonzi The New Dimensions of Drug Trafficking in Colombia rinoratidzira kuti kutengeserana kusiri kwapamutemo namapoka akasiana-siana akazvipira kukutengesa zvinodhaka zvakabetsera sei kuvakwa kwenyika ine ndima isina kubudirira.
Indasitiri yakanaka kumashure. uye hupfumi husina kunaka, nekuti zviwanikwa zvaiuya hazvina kuitika muhupfumi hwemazuva ano asi mumaruwa nepasirese.
Kuchengeta mombe: kushandiswa nekupfuya zvipfuyo kunoitwa mumapurazi madiki uye mumapurazi makuru. Nhema nechena, Casanareño, Costeño con horns, Romosinuano, Chino Santandereano neHartón del Valle ndidzo mhando dzemhando dzemuColombia dzinobereka zvakanyanya.
Muna 2013, mombe dzakatora 80% yenyika inobereka muColombia. Bazi rezvipfuyo nderimwe reanonyanya kuzivikanwa munzvimbo dzakaita sedunhu reCaribbean, uko madhipatimendi manomwe ane zvipfuyo sebasa rawo guru.
Zvakare muAntioquia, uko kunowanikwa mombe hombe munyika, dhipatimendi raive negumi neimwe muzana yemombe muColombia gore 11, uye zvichienderana nenhamba yemombe, muna 76 Antioquia yaive nemombe dzinosvika zviuru zviviri nemazana maviri nemakumi matanhatu nenomwe.
Uyewo muna 2013, mombe dzeColombia dzakasvika 20,1 mamiriyoni emombe, iyo 2,5 mamiriyoni (12,5%) yaiva mhou dzemukaka. Mukuwedzera, mukaka wakagadzirwa munyika yose waiva marita mamiriyoni 13,1.
Kusiyana neizvi, kuwedzera kwekutengeswa kwenyama kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yenguruve, mitengo yakakwirira yezvigadzirwa uye kuderera kwehupfumi hwenyika kwakakonzera dambudziko rekurima kwenguruve mu2015.
Sekondari chikamu
Indasitiri: Mumakore achangopfuura, Colombia yakawedzera kushandiswa kwayo kwemigodhi nekuda kwekushandisa matekinoroji matsva uye nekuuya kwevatengesi vekunze munyika. Iwo maindasitiri emachira, emota, emakemikari uye petrochemical anomira pachena muchikamu cheindasitiri.
Kugadzirwa kweoiri yeColombia inosvika miriyoni yemadhiramu pazuva muna 2012 inoita kuti ive yechina pakukura mugadziri muLatin America uye yechitanhatu mukondinendi.
Kana zviri zvicherwa, zvakakosha kuratidza kushandiswa kwemarasha, ane nhamba yakasvika mamiriyoni makumi masere nemashanu emamiriyoni muna 85, uye kugadzirwa uye kutumira kunze kwegoridhe nemaradhi. Kugadzirwa kwegasi remusikirwo kunofungidzirwa muna 2011 pa2011 bhiriyoni cubic metres.
Chikamu chechitatu
Kutengeserana nedzimwe nyika: Kufungidzira kugadzirwa ipfungwa yakashandiswa naJosé Antonio Ocampo kutsanangura kumashure kweindasitiri yeColombian kunze kwenyika zvichienzaniswa nemamwe maindasitiri anoberekana mune mamwe matunhu epasi, izvo, sekureva kwake, zvakakanganisa kugona kupa chigadzirwa chemhando yemhando. musika wenyika.
Panyaya iyi, anowedzera kuti nemamiriro ezvinhu ekuchinja kwemitengo yepasirese uye kusafarira mamiriro emusika, izvi zvave kuita kuti avo vane chekuita nehurongwa hwekutengesa kunze vangosiya kugadzirwa kwechimwe chigadzirwa votsvaga mamwe mapoinzi ekutengesa mari yacho.
Kupinda kweColombia muhupfumi hwenyika kwakangofarira nzvimbo idzo dzakakwanisa kutora mukana wedzimwe nzira dzakapihwa nemusika, dzakagadzirwa kubva mukoloni. Zvose izvi zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwakakosha kwehuwandu hwevanhu, masimba ematunhu kuburikidza nekutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika uye kuvandudzwa kwezvivakwa zvitsva, zvinogara zvichifamba neiyo yakakosha artery yefluvial, Magdalena.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Colombia yakasaina nekuisa musimba zvibvumirano zvakawanda zvekutengeserana kwemahara mukati mehurongwa hwemutemo wekuvhura hupfumi; Pakati pavo, zvakakosha kutaura nezveChibvumirano cheKutengeserana Mahara neUnited States, Chibvumirano cheMahara Chekutengeserana neCanada, Mexico, European Union, Japan, Pacific Alliance, pakati pevamwe.
Kutakura: iri munyika ino inoumbwa ne: mhepo, nyika negungwa. Quaternary sector: Iyo huru yekuColombian stock exchange iColombian Stock Exchange (BVC), izita rakapihwa mushure memubatanidzwa pakati peBogotá, Medellín neOccidente.
Mari
Chikamu chemari cheColombia ndiyo Colombian peso. Chiratidzo chayo iCOP, asi haina kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo uye kupfupikiswa seCOL $. (Kusiyana nedhora, chiratidzo cheColombian peso i $ nemitsara miviri pamusoro petsamba, kwete imwe.) Mari yacho inopihwa uye inodzorwa neBhange reRepublic of Colombia, sangano rakavambwa rinotarisira kuburitsa, kutonga uye kutonga mafambiro emari eColombia, pamwe nekuburitswa kwemutemo wepamutemo munyika, peso.
Peso yave iri mari yeColombia kubvira 1810, apo chaiyo yakatsiviwa pamutengo wekuchinjana kwe1 peso = 8 reales. Pari zvino, mari yemapeso inosvika makumi mashanu, zana, mazana maviri, mazana mashanu nechiuru chimwe chete, ukuwo mabhengi ari churu, zviuru zviviri, zvishanu, zviuru gumi, makumi maviri, zviuru makumi mashanu nezviuru zana.
Zvimwe zvinongedzo Mari
Colombia iri pachinzvimbo chechina hupfumi hukuru muLatin America, mushure meBrazil, Mexico neArgentina, uye padanho repasi rose iri pakati pemakumi matatu nembiri pasirese. Icho chikamu cheCIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey neSouth Africa), iyo inoumbwa nehupfumi huri kusimukira hune mukana wekusimudzira.
Muna 2012, Colombia-United States Free Trade Agreement yakatanga kushanda. Chibvumirano ichi chinobatanidza zvibvumirano gumi zvagara zviri kushanda uye zvimwe zvitanhatu zviri munhaurirano.
Hupfumi hwayo hwakavakirwa pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekutanga zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika uye zvekushandisa mukati, chimwe chezvinyanya kukosha zvehupfumi zviitiko kurimwa kwekofi, imwe yeanonyanya kukosha epasirese echigadzirwa ichi.
Yakanga iri chikamu chepakati chehupfumi hweColombia kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX uye yakawana kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzakawanda nekuda kwehutano hwezviyo; Nekudaro, kukosha kwayo uye kugadzirwa kwakadzikira zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura.
Kugadzirwa kwemafuta ndeimwe yeakanyanya kukosha mukondinendi, Colombia ndiyo yechina pakukura mugadziri muLatin America uye yechitanhatu mukondinendi yese.
Zvekurima
Kofi ndicho chirimwa chikuru. Mushure meBrazil, Colombia ndiyo yechitatu pakukura mugadziri munyika uye wekutanga mugadziri wekofi inotapira. Inorimwa zvakanyanya pamateru emakomo pakati pe914 ne1.828 m pamusoro pegungwa, kunyanya mumadhipatimendi eCaldas, Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Norte de Santander, Tolima neSantander.
Zvimwe zvirimwa zvakakosha ndezvi: cocoa, nzimbe, mupunga, plantain kana plantain, fodya, donje, mufarinya, African palm, tropical and semi-tropical flowers. Zvimwe zvirimwa zvidiki zvinosanganisira zviyo, miriwo, uye michero yakasiyana-siyana. Zvirimwa zvinogadzira pita, henequen, uye hemp zvinokurawo, izvo zvinoshandiswa kugadzira tambo nemabhegi.
Kubata hove nemasango
Nekuda kwemamiriro ayo enzvimbo uye nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehove, Colombia ine hupfumi hukuru hweichthyological (ichthyology ibazi rakatsaurirwa kudzidza kwehove).
Mumvura yegungwa uye munzizi dzakawanda nemadziva eColombia kune hove dzakasiyana-siyana, pakati payo: trout, tarpon, sailfish uye tuna.
Nezve masango, kurima nekuchengetedza makomo, tinogona kutaura kuti masango anowanikwa zvakanyanya muColombian Amazon, pamhenderekedzo yePacific, munharaunda yeCatatumbo (yakatarisana neVenezuela) uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemasango ezvikomo zvepamusoro uye pakati peMagdalena neCauca nzizi. Huni zhinji dzakatorwa muColombia dzinowanikwa zvisiri pamutemo.
Mining
Oiri negoridhe ndizvo zvikuru zvicherwa zverudzi urwu. Huwandu hwezvimwe zvicherwa zvinocherwa, zvinosanganisira sirivheri, emerald, platinamu, mhangura, nickel, marasha, uye gasi rechisikigo.
Indasitiri yemafuta iri pasi pekutonga kwekambani yenyika uye zvibvumirano zvakati wandei kune mari yekunze. Kushandiswa kwemafuta asina kuchena kunowanikwa mumupata weMagdalena River, mamwe makiromita 645 kubva kuGungwa reCaribbean, uye munharaunda iri pakati peCordillera Oriental neVenezuela.
MuColombia mune nzvimbo dzekunatsa dzinoverengeka, pakati padzo imwe iri muBarrancabermeja inomira pachena. MuGulf yeMorrosquillo (Coveñas) neCartagena kune zvimwe zvakakosha zvikuru.
Migodhi yegoridhe yave iripo kubvira pre-Hispanic nguva uye inoitwa zvakanyanya mudhipatimendi reAntioquia uye, kusvika padiki, mumadhipatimendi eCauca, Caldas, Nariño, Tolima, (Quípama) uye Chocó.
Munyika yedu, kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwemigodhi kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemasimba ekuchera marasha. Kugadzirwa kwemarasha kwakawedzera kubva pa21.5 miriyoni matani kusvika pa85.8 miriyoni matani pakati pa1990 na2011, ukuwo kugadzirwa kweimwe migodhi kwakawedzera nemamiriyoni 3.8 emamiriyoni panguva imwe cheteyo.
Ndezvipi zvikamu zvinomiririra zvehupfumi hweColombia
Chaizvoizvo, hupfumi hwenyika ino hwakavakirwa pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekutanga zvekutengesa kunze uye zvigadzirwa zvekushandisa mumusika wepamba, chiitiko chekare chirimwa kurima kofi.
Iyo nzira inoitwa mumatunhu akati wandei enyika, ichiratidza iyo Kofi Region inoumbwa nemadhipatimendi eCaldas, Risaralda, Valle del Cauca uye Tolima.
Mupfungwa iyi, kunaka kwezviyo, izvo zvine kungwarira kukohwa uye kusarudzwa maitiro, inozivikanwa pasi rese, nepo iri yechitatu yakakura kwazvo mugadziri wekofi munyika.
Zvakare, muchikamu chekurima, kurimwa kwemaruva, zvishongo zvekupisa, mabhanana, mupunga, mabhanana, donje, cassava, bhinzi, chibage, nzimbe uye zvimwe zvirimwa zvidiki sezviyo, miriwo uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha zvikuru. zvemichero
Kana iri chikamu chezvipfuyo, chakatarisana mumapurazi madiki uye makuru mumadhipatimendi eAntioquia, Córdoba, Casanare, Meta neSantander, ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa muCaribbean, ayo anosanganisira kuberekesa marudzi echivanhu, senge chena, nhema. , Casanareño uye pamhenderekedzo. ine nyanga, Romosinuano, Chinese Santandereano neHartón del Valle.
Zvimwe zviitiko zvehupfumi hweColombia
Hupfumi hwetsika yeColombia hunotsigirwawo neindasitiri yeindasitiri, iyo inosanganisira nzvimbo yemigodhi nekutorwa kwakanyanya kwemafuta, goridhe, marasha uye zvimwe zvicherwa zvakaita sesirivha, emerald, mhangura, nickel uye gasi rechisikigo.
Uyewo simbisa maindasitiri ezvemachira, emotokari, emakemikari uye epetrochemical uye wedzera mamwe masekete, senge maritime, nyika kana yekufambisa mhepo, uye mari.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika kunosanganisira gumbo rakaremara rehupfumi hweColombia, nekuda kwekuti kusvika pamwero mukuru kune dambudziko mukupa zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvinokwikwidzana nemusika wepasi rose, kune rumwe rutivi, dzimwe nyanzvi dzehupfumi dzinoona kuti inotengeswa kunze kwenyika.
Mafuta nematarenda evanhu, kunyangwe vachiunza zvigadzirwa zveChinese kuti zvishandiswe munharaunda, zvinowedzera kudzoserwa kwemari nemakambani emarudzi akawanda akagadzwa munyika, zvisinei, mari inotumirwa nevanobva kunze kwenyika inotsiva. kuvuza uku
Zvisinei neizvi, Colombia parizvino ine zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana pachena zvinosanganisira kuvhurwa kwemisika yezvinhu nemasevhisi neMexico, Mercosur, Northern Triangle nyika dzeCentral America, United States, Canada, European Union neJapan, pakati pezvimwe. ive mbiru yekubatanidzwa kwehupfumi hweColombia.
Sei kuColombia kunze kwenyika kusiri kukura?
Gore rakapera harina kupera zvakanaka panyaya yekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika. Sezvakataurwa neNational Administrative Department of Statistics (Dane), kubva muna Mbudzi 2019, nyika yakanga yawana kushomeka kwekutengesa kweUS$10.283 miriyoni. Maitiro acho ari kunetseka, nekuti panguva imwechete ye2018 kukanganisa kwakasvika chete US $ 6.460 bhiriyoni.
Kana tikaongorora huwandu hwacho zvakadzama, kuwedzera kukuru kwe61.9% mukutengwa kwemafuta kunoonekwa muna Mbudzi.
Huwandu uhu hunotsanangurwa nekuwedzera kudiwa kwemafuta edzimotokari sezvo kukura kwacho kwagara kunomiririra mota zhinji, kufambiswa kwemhepo uye zvimwe zviitiko zvemigodhi. Kana data yemafuta ikasatariswa, kutengwa kunze kwenyika kunoitwa sezvaitarisirwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, nyika inotenga kunze kwenyika izvo zvainoda chaizvo.
Zvakadaro, maitiro ekutengesa kunze kwenyika, kunyanya asiri emugodhi magetsi, achiri kumutsa mibvunzo, sezvo ichiita senge isiri kupindura. Muna Mbudzi gore rapfuura, kutengeswa kwekunze kwenyika kwakaderera ne13,6%.
Pane kurerekera zvakare kunoratidzwa nemafuta, nekuti mumwedzi gumi neimwe yekutanga, akadonha ne11,4%. Nekudaro, zvekurima hazvina kufambira mberi, chikamu chekugadzira chakadonha ne0.1% uye zvimwe zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvakawedzera ne19.3%, asi chaizvo izvo zvinotora chikamu zvishoma muhuwandu hwakazara.
Mubvunzo wakakosha, nekuti kusaenzana kwekunze kunogona kumiririra njodzi yakakosha kuhupfumi hweColombia nhasi: kuti nyika haina mari yainoda. Parizvino, mari yekunze uye mari yekunze yakazadza mukaha uyu.
Nemamwe mashoko, chimwe chinhu chinofanira kuitwa kuvandudza nzvimbo yeColombia mukutengeserana kwenyika. Sekureva kweMutevedzeri weGurukota reKutengeserana Kwekunze, Laura Valdivieso, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kudonha kuri pachena kwemazinga ekutengeserana kunze kwenyika, kunokonzerwa nehondo yekutengeserana, kwakapesvedzera.
Nhamba dzinoratidza chokwadi ichi. Mumwedzi gumi yekutanga ye10, kunze kwenyika kubva kuEurope neChina kwakawedzera neinosvika gumi nemaviri%. Uye munguva imwe cheteyo ya2018, kutengwa kweChinese kunze kwenyika kwakaderera ne12% uye kuEuropean kunze kwenyika ne2019%.
Kunowedzerwa kune izvi kuderera kwemitengo yezvinhu pasi rose. Munguva imwecheteyo muna 2018, vakadonha kusvika 14.9% uye muna 2019 vakadonha kusvika 9.2%. Ichi chokwadi chekupedzisira chakanganisa nyika zvakanyanya, sezvo Colombia inotengeswa kunze kwenyika yakatarisana muzvigadzirwa zvekutanga. Hurumende yakaratidza zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha kugadzirisa dambudziko iri rekushomeka kwekunze: kushandiswa zviri nani kwezvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvakasununguka (FTAs), kufambisa kutengeserana uye kukurudzira mari yekunze.
Pamusoro pezvo, hurumende ichatanga chirongwa che "Colombia Exports More" pakati paKukadzi, kukurudzira kutengesa kune dzimwe nyika, kwete kungobva pamitemo yezvematongerwo enyika iyi, asiwo nekutarisa kwedunhu kuti kuwedzere kutengesa kunze kwenyika kwemadhipatimendi.
Colombia inoda kutumira kunze kwakawanda uye kwakawanda zvisiri zvemigodhi zvigadzirwa zvesimba. Uye zviri pachena kuti nyika zvakare ine mukana mukuru kudivi rebasa, senge tourism. Chikamu ichi chiri kuratidza kukura kwakanyanya pamusoro peavhareji yenyika. Asi izvo, chikamu chekushanya chinotarisirwa kuburitsa mari inosvika mabhiriyoni matanhatu emadhora.
Nyika yakatenga mamwe mafuta edzimotokari kubva kunze kwenyika muna Mbudzi uye yakafumura njodzi yekurasikirwa nemagetsi ayo ega. Kana izvi zvikaitika, Colombia yaizofanira kushandisa madhora mabhiriyoni makumi matatu pagore pane izvi. Banco de la República nguva pfupi yadarika yakaratidza kuti vakuru vezvehupfumi vakafungidzira kushomeka kweakaundi yazvino inopfuura 30%.
Kana nyika dziine kushomeka kwechigarire pamusoro pe5%, gadziridzo kuhupfumi dzakanyanya uye dzinosanganisira mukana wekuderera. Nemamwe mashoko, nyika inenge yave pedyo nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru panyaya iyi.
Sekuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma mubhasiketi resimba repasi rose, kubudirira pane izvi inyaya ye "kutarisira" isu tese.
Dzorera chido chezvinogadzirwa munyika
Kana mamiriro ezvinhu aripo akatisiya tiine chero chinhu, ichokwadi chekuti tiri panjodzi zvakanyanya kupfuura zvatinofunga uye tinoda kugamuchira. Anotambura semunhu uye anotambura senzanga. Zvivako zvakawanda zvakanyangarika kana kuti kubviswa.
Tsika, kodzero, nyaya dzemakore nemakore, masangano, kazhinji, zvese zvakagadziridzwa nevanhu zvakashanduka kuita sekupfupi sechero hupenyu hwedu. Takawana chidzidzo chakaoma asi chakadzama.
Pfungwa huru yechinyorwa ichi ndeyekuti nyika, hongu, iri kuchinja. Kwete panguva iyi chete, hatizive kuti zvichatora nguva yakareba sei. Pane zviratidzo zvekuti pachave nekuchinja kwemaitiro kwatinofanira kukoshesa zvakanyanya. Chinhu chimwe chete chisingagoni kuitika kwatiri ndechokuti tinosvika munyika itsva uye hatina kugadzirira kutarisana nayo.
Hatizivi kuti zvinhu zvingani zvakagadziridzwazve nokuda kwenyika itsva ino, asi pane zvishoma zvatinoziva. Tichava nehuwandu hwepamusoro-soro hwekushaya mabasa munhoroondo, tichadzokera kumazinga ehurombo ataifunga kuti takunda.
Mabhizinesi achabuda mubhizinesi, nyika dzichange dziine zvikwereti zvakakwirira pane zvaimbofungidzirwa kuti zvinogamuchirika, vazhinji vanoongorora iyo yaimbofungidzirwa megatrend yekuwedzera kuwedzera kwekufamba.
Isu tichave takawanda dhijitari zuva rega rega, isu tichakwanisa kushanda zvishoma mumunhu, isu tichava nehanya zvakanyanya nechero vhezheni yefuruwenza, hutano hutano huchave hwakanyanya kukosha, isu tichazviona isu pachedu zvakanyanya panjodzi kumamiriro ezvinhu atinoita. handizive nezvazvo.
Maonero uye kuongororwa kwenjodzi, kunyanya munharaunda yezvemari, ichaongororwa zvachose. Semuenzaniso, pane njodzi here yekuti kutengeserana kwenyika dzese kuchachinja maitiro ayo uye kuti nzira yekuzara kwepasi rose ichakanganiswa? Saka zvinoita.
Murangariro, nokuda kwavautopians vazhinji, wokuti pasi ibato guru rinobereka zvibereko, iro rinofanira kubatira chiverengero chavagari vapasi chose nokushandisa kwakanakisisa kwezviwanikwa zviripo, rinoratidzika kuti hazvizoitike munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi pose, kune vakawanda, kwakanyangarika mushanduro yataiziva.
Izvo zviri pamusoro, nezvikonzero zvakawanda; Zvinoita sezvisingabviri kufunga nezveketani dzepasi rose, umo kunoratidzika kunge kune hukama hwekutengeserana, kune rumwe rutivi, uye hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika, kune rumwe rutivi.
Chinangwa cheChina chekubvisa United States neEurope kubva pachinzvimbo chavakabata kwemakore anopfuura zana chakajeka. Kuita kwevapashure pakuda kudzivirira nzvimbo yake kwechinguvana kwakajekawo. Ndeipi kurudziro ipapo iyo masimba okuMadokero achafanira kupfuurira kusimbisa mukwikwidzi wawo mukuru?
Uku kuwirirana kutsva pakati pezvematongerwo enyika, zvehupfumi, uye zvekutengeserana zvine chokwadi kutungamira kune kushomeka kwemaitiro mazhinji uye zvigadzirwa kubva kunyika, mafekitori, uye zvivakwa zvavakamisa munyika dzakaita seChina.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzira dzekutama dzave kutozivikanwa, mune zvimwe, zvishoma zvatichaona ndeyekusiyana-siyana kunoderedza kutsamira uye, saka, njodzi yekuve munyika iyo inokwikwidza mukuru wekutonga kwepasirese. Muchiitiko ichi, Colombia ingangove ine mukana wayo mukuru kwemakore akati wandei. Uyu ndiwo mukana wekuzviisa iwe seimwe nzira yekufamba kunotevera.
Iva chikamu cheiyo mitsva yakakosha cheni, pamwe ikozvino yedunhu. Sei tichigona kuva imwe nzira yakanaka yeizvi? Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda zvekufunga nezvezvakanakira isu. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo, tarenda, vashandi vane hunyanzvi, masangano akasimba, democracy, uye geopolitical hukama nemasimba eWestern. Chokwadi chichava chinhu chekufunga nezvacho mukugadziriswa uku kwemaketani matsva.
Zvisinei, zviri pamusoro apa hazvizokwani. Iyi pfungwa yatova nevakawanda, muMexico, Peru, Chile, Argentina nedzimwe nyika dzinotaura zvakafanana. Makwikwi ekudyara mari pasi rose, munyika dzakakanganiswa nehuwandu hukuru hwekushaya mabasa, achauraya.
Makwikwi makuru anobva mukudyara. Tingave here nzvimbo yakanakisa yekutamiswa kwekudyara? Zvichatora chiono chikuru chezano kuti zvibudirire izvi, sarudzo huru yenyika. Tichafanirwa kushandura zvimwe zvinhu, kugadzira zvimwe uye kugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi nezvipingamupinyi izvo nhasi zvisingatiite nyika inoyevedza yekudyara.
Agenda inozivikanwa, chatisingazive kupa nharo dzakaoma. Zvakaoma zvikuru kwatiri kuita nhaurirano yakadzama uye yakarongeka yezvemari, yevashandi, yepenjeni, yemutero, dzidzo, kururamisira kana nyaya dzemakwikwi.
Tinogona here kuve nemakakatanwa aya uye tiedze kuvaka hurongwa hwekusimudzira hunotitendera kuti tive vakundi mukugadziriswa uku kuri kuitika?
Imwe nzira ndeye, kana isu tisingadi kupa gakava rose, kuti tinotarisa pakugadzira mamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera kuti tipe mamiriro ezvinhu anotibvumira kuti tive nemakwikwi ekutsvaga mari itsva.
Gadzira inoyevedza yakakwana mamiriro ekudyara kutsva, kuti isu tigone kusarudza kwauri kuenda. Zvirinani zvinopa izvo zvinopihwa nedzimwe nyika. Semuenzaniso, kuburikidza nenzvimbo dzakakosha dzehupfumi kana hurumende dzakakosha dzekudyara kutsva dzinogadzira mabasa nebudiriro yatinoda zvakanyanya.
Imwezve mukana wekugadzirisa patsva kwekutengeserana kunoratidzika kunge kwakakura zvishoma muchinangwa chayo chekudzikisa kutsamira kune dzimwe nyika, kutsvagawo kufarira zvigadzirwa zvine chikamu chikuru chevashandi veko, munyika umo kushaikwa kwemabasa riri rimwe rematambudziko makuru.
Zvinotarisirwa kuti nyika dzide kumutsa mabasa munzvimbo yadzo, zvinosungirwa kudaro. Zvakakosha kuti tiedze kutengesa kunze kwenyika, asi hatikwanise kutora mukana wemisika yedu yemuno kugadzira mamwe mabasa.
Kwemakore akati wandei, nyika zhinji dziri muAmerican Union dzanga dzichisimudzira mishandirapamwe yakaita seBuy Local, kusanganisira yemuno, iyo ine chinangwa chekutsigira makambani anoumba mabasa muhupfumi hwenyika. Zviri pamutemo kuita kudaro uye zvine musoro.
Zviri kuwedzera kuwanda kuona vatengi vachiziva kuti zvavari kutenga imhaka yemaitiro akasimba, zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nemutemo kana zvigadzirwa zvinogadzira mabasa munzvimbo yavo.
Kubva kuAndi, takatanga decalogue yekutsigira kambani yenyika, kureva, makambani ese anogadzira mabasa muColombia, zvisinei nekwakabva mari yavo. Zvakakosha kuti mundima yedu muve nemakambani akawanda uye mabasa, tinoada.
Izvi hazvisi zvekudzivirira. Mune mamwe mazwi, hazvisi zvekuisa zvipingamupinyi kana mutero pane zvigadzirwa zvinobva kunze kwenyika. Zviri pamusoro pekugadzira zano rinobvumira kuwanda uye kuwanda mikana nemabasa munyika.
Kurudzirai vatengi, makambani uye nyika yeColombia kuti vashandise simba resarudzo kuitira kuti nezviito zvavo vatenge uye vagadzire mabasa uye kugara zvakanaka. Asi, chero zvakadaro, hatigone kubvumira chero mhando yemakwikwi asina kunaka kubva kune vanogadzira mune dzimwe nyika.
Maitiro ebhizinesi asina kunaka anoonekwa sekutukwa kukuru nenyika zhinji, nekuti anokuvadza mabasa, mhuri, mabhizinesi nenyika. Iyo Decalogue inodawo kutibatanidza mukudzivirira nekununura kwemakambani akasiyana siyana nemabhizinesi.
Mibvunzo iyo coronavirus iri kutisiira nezve ramangwana reColombia
Nedenda iri, kubva pamaonero ehupfumi, rakamisa zvimiro zvese zvehurongwa, zvirinani kune chikamu chakakosha chehuwandu hwenyika. Kekutanga, denda repasi rose rasiya chikamu che50% chevagari vepasi chisisakwanise kuwana mari. Izvi zvaita kuti zviremera zvakawanda, hurumende nenyanzvi vashaye nharo kana mhinduro dziri nyore.
Matambudziko anowanzo kumuka kubva mukusaenzana kwemari, bhajeti kana kunze. Nemamwe manzwi, nenyika dzisina kufambisa hupfumi hwadzo. Asi mune iyi kesi, vazhinji vevagari vaifanira kugara pamba, makambani aifanira kudzima michina yavo uye michina yekugadzira yakapinda muhubernation mode.
Saka hurumende dzinofanirwa kukwirisa denderedzwa: tingaite sei kuti midziyo yekugadzira inobuda isina kukuvara kana vanhu vakaramba vakavharirwa? Munzira dzakawanda, iyo coronavirus yakadzidza zvidzidzo zvakajeka. Matambudziko achangoburwa akonzera masangano matsva, sarudzo dzine njodzi kana kungogadziridzwa kwakabatsira kuisa hupfumi kune mamwe mazinga.
Somuenzaniso, muchiitiko cheColombia, dambudziko ra1999 rakaratidza kukosha kwokuva nemari yokuvimbisa kuchengetedzwa kworuzhinji. Somugumisiro, nyika yakasarudza kusimbisa Financial Institutions Guarantee Fund (Fogafin), nhasi yakasimba sangano rine zvakakosha zvikuru zvekushandisa inishuwarenzi yedhipoziti.
Parizvino ine matura anosvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri emadhora anotsigira chero dambudziko muhurongwa hwemari. Kubva padambudziko rimwe chete iri panomuka yazvino yemahara exchange rate system, iyo yakaratidza zvayakanakira muna 20 uye 2008, makore emhirizhonga ekunze kuvhunduka.
Mitemo yekugadziriswa kwemari mumatunhu, mutemo wezvemari pachawo uye humbowo hutsva hwehumambo hunobva mumamiriro ezvinhu umo matambudziko akatimanikidza kufunga nezvemhinduro itsva, inoshanda uye yechokwadi.
Asi iye zvino zvinhu zvose zvasiyana. Sezviri pachena, hapana nyika papasi yaive nehurongwa hwemasangano hunokwanisa kubata nekumira kamwe kamwe mukugadzirwa.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu aripo, zvimwe zvinhu zvinova zvakakosha. Semuenzaniso, mukana wekuvimbisa mari kune chikamu chikuru chevanhu pasina mamiriro. Mune mamwe mazwi, ipa (pasina euphemisms) mari kuvanhu. Kunyangwe iyo, pamberi pedenda, yaisaita senge isina njodzi.
Wakananga kumari inowanikwa pasi rose?
Zviri pachena, nyika ine nhare yakasimba yekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu yakabatsira kuchengetedza mari yemamiriyoni evanhu vanobatsirwa nemapurogiramu akadai Familias en Acción, Jovenes en Acción, uye Meya weColombia.
Hurumende yakaita danho rekubhadhara mhuri dzinosvika mamiriyoni matatu mumari idzi kuburikidza nechirongwa cheSolidarity Income.
VaRoberto Angulo, nyanzvi munyaya dzemitemo yehurumende uye vari kanzura wedunhu munyaya dzemagariro evanhu, vakatsanangura kuti, nekuda kwechimbichimbi chekuunza mari kune chimwe chikamu chevanhu icho kusvika pari zvino chisiri pachirongwa chehurongwa hwehurumende, anodaro. :
"Mapuratifomu akavhurwa anozadza izvo zvinodiwa kubatanidza ma deciles akaderera ehuwandu. Mupingaidzo wetekinoroji wakayambuka,” akadaro. Saka, akatsanangura, "tichave takagadzirira kuva nemari shoma yakavimbiswa yenyika."
Iyi ingave nhanho yekumberi chete munyika dzeNordic. Pfungwa yemari yepasi rose yakatanga kukura zvakasimba kubva kuma 1970. Uye mumakore achangopfuura, vanyori vakadai saSteven Pinker naRutger Bergman vakazvidzivirira.
Wekupedzisira anozvidzivirira mubhuku rinodenha rinonzi Utopia kune vechokwadi. Muchidimbu, ndezvekupa mari kumunhu wese pasina kusarudzika. Nechirevo chakareruka: ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekugoverazve mari. Nekuwiriranisa kwedhatabhesi, kudiwa kwekusimudzira kudzoserwa kweVAT, chishuwo chekugadzira mari yekubatana uye kusimbiswa kwezvirongwa neBazi reSocial Prosperity, iyi nzira yakavhurika.
Environment to reform
Kunyangwe nyika ichiziva mabhenefiti ekutamisa zvakananga kuhuwandu uye ichibvuma kufambira mberi kune "muhoro wepasi rose wevaColombian", nhaurirano inotevera inotarisana nehurongwa hwemari yekupa mari kufambira mberi uku.
Gurukota rezvemari, Alberto Carrasquilla, vakasimudza nyaya iyi panguva yenhaurirano yemutemo pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwemutero. Kana iyi institution ikasanganiswa, inogona kuenda kune mutero chimiro chine general value added tax. Izvi zvichaita kuti zvikwanise kurwisa hutsotsi nekusimbisa mari dzeveruzhinji. Gakava iri rinofanira kuramba rakavhurika.
Keynes ari right
Nyika inogara ichidzokera kumisimboti yemumwe wevakuru vezvehupfumi muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX: John Maynard Keynes. Uyu murume wokuEngland, uyo akanga ane tapuro huru pagadziriro yenyika yose yemitemo yezvemari yapashure pehondo, akanga achiitira hanya kunzwisisa chikonzero nei gadziriro yezvemari yakavakirwa parusununguko panguva yakati yakaguma nokushayikwa kwamabasa kwakakwirira.
Hatifanire kukanganwa mhedzisiro yekusavimbika mune ramangwana uye kuti zvinokanganisa sei sarudzo dzevanhu dzekudyara. Dudley Dillard, mubasa rake pamusoro pekufunga kweKeynesian, anoratidza chikonzero nei mumwe munhu achifanira kufunga nezvenyanzvi yezvehupfumi yechiRungu zuva rega rega uye kuti mafungiro ezvehupfumi echinyakare ari mudambudziko rakakura sei munyika inotongwa nekusagadzikana.
“Munyika umo ramangwana rezvemari harina kujeka zvikuru uye umo mari inzira inokosha yokuunganidza nayo pfuma, mwero mukuru webasa unotsamira paukama huripo pakati pezvipo zvinotarisirwa pakudyara muzvinhu zvikuru uye mutengo wemhindu unofanira kubhadharwa. kukwezva vapfumi kutamisa varidzi vemari yavo. (…)
Kana kusavimbika mune remangwana uye fungidziro dzemihoro dzisina kujeka, mutengo unodiwa kuti vane hupfumi vasiyane nemari yavo unodarika mwero unotarisirwa kudzoserwa. Investment nebasa zvichawira pasi.
Kuora mwoyo inguva apo muripo unobhadharwa pamari isina basa unodarika mwero unotarisirwa wekudzoka mukusimudza midziyo mitsva yemhando dzese.
Iri nderimwe rematambudziko epakati achasangana nevakuru, sezvo kupera kwedenda kusingatarisirwe kuguma nekugadziriswazve kwehupfumi, zvinoramba zvichionekwa kuti vari sei.
nyaya kana kwete
Iyo nhaurirano yezvehupfumi iripo pakati payo pfungwa yekuiburitsa kana kusaiburitsa. Mune mamwe mazwi, "kushamwaridzana" kushomeka kweveruzhinji kunokonzerwa nedenda. Nyaya iyi inomutsa mubvunzo wekuti kuunza mari yakawanda mumusika kunogona kukonzera kukwira kwemitengo.
Izvo zvese zvinoenderana nekuti hurumende inogovera chii kune iyo nyaya zviwanikwa uye, chechipiri, izvo vanhu vanoshandisa iyo mari yavanowana kubva kuhurumende.
Hutongi hwepakati hwaizogovera chero zviwanikwa zvekubhadhara mari ine chekuita nedenda: hutano, basa uye chikafu. Kusvika pari zvino hapana ati ataura nezvenyaya iyi kuColombia, asi nyanzvi munyaya dzezvehupfumi dzakawanda dzinonzi dziri kufarira kuita izvi.
Mumwe mubvunzo wakakosha ndewekuti rudzii rwekugadzirisa hupfumi huchasangana narwo. Pano, nyaya inonetsa ipfungwa yeramangwana revashandi vehupfumi.
Kana zviremera zvikasaratidza kuti zvine nzira dzese dzekugadzirisa utachiona uhu kana chimwe chirwere chipi zvacho, hupfumi huchadzikira zvakanyanya. Kuvaka kuvimba mumitemo yehutano hweveruzhinji kunogona kukonzeresa "V" kudzoreredza mukukunda.
Chii chekuisa mari mairi?
Denda iri raburitsa chimwe chinhu: kugona kwenyika kubata nedenda kuchaita mutsauko munguva idzi nyowani. Naizvozvo, kushandisa mari pahutano nekutsvagisa kuchave kwakakosha kudzikisa zvinokanganisa mune idzi nyaya.
Naizvozvo, nyika yakatarisana nedambudziko guru. Zviwanikwa zvebazi rezvehutano zvakawanda, asi zviri pachena kuti budiriro ichiri kudiwa kuti nyika ive muzinda wetsvakiridzo. Haisi chinangwa chiri kure.
Muenzaniso weizvi ndewezvidzidzo zvekiriniki: gwaro ra2016 kubva kuPugatch Consulate yeAmgen rabhoritari inoratidza kuti Colombia inogona kukwezva mari inosvika 500 miriyoni emadhora kuita zvidzidzo zvekiriniki pamishonga mitsva kana zvigadzirwa. akazvipira kuhutano. Pane zvechokwadi mukana.
Denda rakaratidza kutyisidzira kukuru kwekutanga kwepasi munhoroondo. Zvakava netapuro huru. Asi izvozvo hazvifaniri kuva chipingamupinyi pakuona zvidzidzo zvinogona kudzidzwa. Kana ukasadaro, kukanganisa kuchaitika zvakare mune ramangwana.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi cheColombian Economy chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: