Chii chinonzi Gauchesca mabhuku? Ziva nhoroondo yayo yakakosha!

Tinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze munyaya ino nezve Gaucho Literature Ziva nhoroondo yaro yakakosha!Rudzi urwu rwakavamba nechinangwa chekuwedzera akapfuma seti yemabhuku nevanyori kubva kuRío de la Plata. Ziva kuvapo kwayo uye hunhu.

Chii chinonzi Gauchesca mabhuku?

Gaucho mabhuku, chikamu cheLatin America grammar, ine chinangwa chekugadzirisa mutauro we gaucho uye kurondedzera nzira yake iripo. Mhedzisiro yaro inobva pakuchengeta gaucho sevashandi vakuru, uye kupfuudza zviitiko munzvimbo dzakazaruka, dzisina vanhu, sezvinoitika muArgentina Pampas.

Icho chinyorwa chakagadziridzwa cheLatin America linguistics, inoedza kushandura mutauro weGaucho uye kurondedzera mararamiro ayo. Mamiriro ayo anobva pakuchengetedza gaucho sevashandi vanokosha, uye kuburikidza nezviitiko munzvimbo dzakazaruka, dzisina vanhu, sezvinoitika muArgentina Pampas.

Iyo gaucho genre inoonekwa seyepakutanga mudunhu reAmerica: North America neSouth America, uko nzira yekurarama, kufunga uye kuita munharaunda yesocial inowanikwa munharaunda yeAmerican Argentina.

Rudzi urwu rwemabhuku egaucho runokodzera seyechokwadi munharaunda yeAmerica: kunyanya kuNorth neSouth America, nzvimbo dzinoitika hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, pfungwa dzayo uye zviitiko, munzvimbo yemagariro, iyo inongocherechedzwa munzvimbo ino yenzvimbo.

Nekukwirira kweRomanticism uye simba ravadetembi nevanyori kuratidza zvinhu zvenyika yavo, zvinyorwa zvegaucho zvakatanga kubuda. Iyo idiki subgenre muLatin America, uye inonyanya kuratidza hupenyu hwekirasi yenzanga iyo yakaiswa muArgentina Pampas.

Sezvakaitika kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai seProvince yeTucumán, matunhu eSalta, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Province of Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Río Grande del Sur uye Banda Oriental.

Vanyori vakatsvaka nezvinyorwa zvavo, kuti varatidze kuti chokwadi chaiva chikamu chenzanga yavo, uyewo vakanga vasingafariri kunyatsoonekwa pakati pevarume vakachenjera kana mabhunu. Ona Chinyorwa: Ndinoimbira Bolivar

Asi, nekusvika kwekufamba kwerudo, vanyori vakatendeudzira maziso avo kunyika dzavo, uye vaida kusimbisa hunhu hwavo chaihwo uye tsika. Nenzira iyi, ma gaucho aive zvakare padanho rakakosha mukati menzanga yavo netsika.

Kunyange zvazvo kuita kwacho kwakanga kusiri nyore, kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekukasharara nekudzokera shure kwemagaucho uye kureruka kwawo kwaive kwakaoma kukunda. Yakanga isiri iyo kusvikira basa ra "Martín Fierro" raonekwa, kuti munhu haagoni kutaura pamusoro penyaya, iyo inonyatsoratidza rudo, ruremekedzo uye kuyemura ma gauchos. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, kakawanda kacho gaucho rairatidzwa mumabhuku, airatidza kutsvinya.

Kazhinji, mumabhuku egaucho, pane humbowo hwekuchinja kwefolkloric uye tsika, iyo inoshandiswa sekuongorora, kuwedzera pakufumura kushoropodzwa kwevanhu. Mumutauro, kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemadimikira, mazwi, archaisms, uye mazwi echivanhu anosiyaniswa. Kushandiswa kushoma kwemazwi akafanana kunoonekwa, uye monologue inokunda nhaurirano.

Zvisinei, kune nyaya dzakabviswa dzezvinyorwa zvegaucho, kubva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, zvino muzana remakore rechiXNUMX ndipo painoiswa zvakanaka semhando. Mienzaniso yezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe ndeye epic: mavhesi ezvematongerwo enyika aBartolomé Hidalgo, nhetembo yaHilario Ascasubi, panguva yekutapwa, iyo Santos Vega naRafael Obligado, uye basa raEstanislao del Campo naAntonio Lussich.

Pakati penhetembo dzegaucho, inonyanya kuzivikanwa inogona kunzi Martín Fierro naJosé Hernández. Chikamu chekutanga chedetembo chakabuda muna 1872, uye chikamu chechipiri, chinozivikanwa seLa Vuelta de Martín de Fierro muna 1879. kufunga uye kuzvibata zvinoenderana nechiitiko.

zvinhu zvinotsanangura

Mabhuku eGaucho anotaura nezvemhando yekusikwa kwezvinyorwa, apo nyanduri anotarisisa kutiratidza kuvapo kwemagaucho netsika dzavo. Saka, iko kunyora uko kumiririrwa kwenzvimbo uye zviitiko zvezuva nezuva zveava vagari vepasi vanofashukira.

Muzvinyorwa zvegaucho, munyori anowanzo ratidza mufananidzo wegaucho nenzira yakanaka, kusiyana nemaonerwo awainge waitwa kusvika zvino. Zvinotaurwa nezverudzi rwemunhu ane simba akabatana nezvisikwa, ane simba, ane hupenyu, akashinga, uye ariwo muimbi.

Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, gamba rerudo ndiro rakanaka, munhu wechinyakare uye folkloric, uyo akanyatsobatanidzwa kune zvakasikwa.

Panzvimbo yekucherechedza varimi sezvisikwa zvisingazivi uye vasina kucheneswa zvachose, vaionekwa sevatakuri vehuchenjeri hwenyika, hwetsika uye sevanhu vakasununguka vanogara mukadzika uye mutsva.

Mabhuku eGaucho ane mavambo awo muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvisinei, yakanga isati yasvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX apo iyi subgenre inogona kukurukurwa zvechokwadi nenzira yakazara uye yakakwana.

Historia

Mabhuku eGauchesca ane nhoroondo yawo uye kubudirira, izvo zvinogona kutaurwa zvakaitika munguva isati yasvika Rusununguko, uye zvinogona kutsanangurwa mumatanho matatu akanyatsotsanangurwa, rimwe nerimwe riine maitiro aro, anoti:

Mugore ra1818, mudetembi anozivikanwa wekumabvazuva, Bartolomé Hidalgo, akaburitswa muBuenos Aires, iro basa "Cielito Patriótico", kwaanopa gaucho kutaura kwekutaura kurondedzera chiitiko cheHondo yeMaipú, achisiya mauto eSan Martín akunda. ., pamberi pemauto chaiwo.

Maitiro ayo Hidalgo anotonga nemamwe "cielitos" uye ne "gaucho dialogues", anotorwa nevamwe vanyori, zvimwe zvisingazivikanwe, uye vamwe vakaita saLuis Pérez, Juan Gualberto Godoy naHilario Ascasubi, vanotora kutaura kwe gaucho ku. kutaura nezvehondo dzeIndependence uye zviitiko zvakaitika munguva yehondo yevagari vemo neyezvematongerwo enyika.

Mumamiriro avo ezvinhu, zvinhu zvakadai sekutyisidzira, kuseka, pamwe chete nemhando dzakaoma dzehutori venhau dzehondo, mazwi uye zvirevo zvinosanganiswa. Ona Chinyorwa: Hispanic American Literature

Sezvinoonekwa, munhetembo yaAscasubi yakakurumbira "La refalosa", iyo yakaonekwa kekutanga mupepanhau Jacinto Cielo, muMontevideo muna 1834, uko kutaura kunopiwa kumuvengi wezvematongerwo enyika, iri nyaya chaiyo ye: gaucho " mazorquero” kubva kumauto eGeneral Manuel Oribe uyo, panguva iyoyo, akakomba guta reMontevideo, zvekuti kana achirondedzera nzira yekufira kutenda uye kuurayiwa, inozivikanwa kwazvo se "la refalosa", mufaro weanotambudza, unoratidza kumwe kumonyoroka. mhodzi yekuvhunduka kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Mugore ra1886, munyori Estanislao del Campo, mubhuku rake rinonzi Fausto, anodhirowa mufananidzo unosetsa we gaucho: anorondedzera, mumavhesi egaucho, nhaurirano pakati pevagari vaviri vemo, nezvekushanya kwemumwe wavo kuTeatro Colón, iri. muguta reBuenos Aires, uko opera "Faust" naC. Gounod inoitwa.

Saka, hunhu husina kugadzikana, kunzwisisa zvaanoona, nekuda kwenzvimbo isina kujairika kunharaunda yake yekumaruwa, ndiyo inoita chitubu chikuru chekuseka. Asi, kuseka kumwe chete, kunotungamira kune dzimwe tsika uye kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzemumaguta dzakamisikidzwa.

Pakupera kwechikamu chechitatu, kuva gore 1872, José Hernández anobudisa bhurocha, achirondedzera hupenyu hwe "El gaucho Martín Fierro", zvisinei, zvitsva ndezvekuti zvinopa gaucho mukana wekutaura nyaya yehupenyu hwake, Ndiyo nhoroondo yake yehupenyu mungano, inorondedzera chinhu chinoshamisa pamusoro pechido chake, chakagadzirwa nehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hunonyengera uye hunopindirawo hupenyu hwake huchishandura zvachose.

Mugore ra1879, munyori anodzoka kuzotora hupenyu hwe gaucho Martín Fierro, anowedzerawo dzimwe nyaya dze gauchos, gitare uye mazano kubva kuvabereki kuvana vavo mubasa rake "Kudzoka kwaMartín Fierro. Asi, Lucio V. Mansilla, nerondedzero yake "Miguelito" mubasa rake "An excursion to the Ranquel Indians" yegore 1870, akafambisa hupenyu hwaMartín Fierro.

Izvo zvinoshandura, kuti kufambira mberi kweiyo genre kunoonekwa, kubva pakunzwa kwezvinyorwa zve melancholic, kuchishandura kuita rudzi rwekunyora seizvi, nekuti mumatanho ekutanga, nhetembo inowedzera, girama yenhetembo yechokwadi uye chiitiko, ichipa nzira yekufungidzira mune. chiito.

Muzvinyorwa zvegaucho genre, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuzivisa vanhu vasina nyore kuwana zvinyorwa, muchina wekudhinda, kana dzidzo, uye avo, mushure mekutamira kuguta, vanobvumirwa munzvimbo dzakatenderedza. , ndipo pakanyoreswa nhamba yakanaka yevanhu.

Kana uchifungisisa nezve gender, genesis yaro inowanikwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana: hupfumi hwakasununguka hunoshandura chimiro chekugadzira uye hupfumi hwedunhu, kunonoka kuvakwa kwemaguta, uye kukura kwedzidzo kumahombekombe maviri eRwizi de la Plata. , pamwe naJosé Pedro Varela naDomingo Faustino Sarmiento, sevanokurudzira shanduko.

Lauro Ayestarán akanga ari Uruguayan musicologist, anoramba kuti rudzi rwakafanana nemashiripiti ezvinyorwa, nokuti rinoreva kutsvaga nguva dzose kubva muzana remakore rechigumi nemasere, kuendesa pfungwa uye manzwiro eimwe nzvimbo yevanhu, zvisinei, zvakanyanya muzvinangwa zvekudhirowa. mufananidzo wekufananidzira we gaucho kune decadences.

Bartolomé José Hidalgo, munyori wekumabvazuva, piyona wegaucho nhetembo kubva kuUnited Provinces yeRío de la Plata, akafunga "mudetembi wekutanga weGaucho", muPatriotic Dialogues ye1822, akatanga mabhuku egaucho; Estanislao del Campo, muEl Fausto Criollo, muFausto Criollo ye1866, Hilario Ascasubi, mubhuku rake Santos Vega muna 1870.

Mumabhuku egaucho, maive nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana vevambi venhetembo dzegaucho, dzakabuda mumatunhu eRío de Planta, pakati pawo panoonekwa munyori wekumabvazuva anozivikanwa saBartolomé José Hidalgo, anotsanangurwa se "mudetembi wekutanga wegaucho", nebasa rake rine mukurumbira. Patriotic Dialogues kubva mugore ra 1822. SaEstanislao del Campo, nebasa rake El Fausto Criollo kubva mugore ra1866, naHilario Ascasubi, nebasa rake rine mukurumbira Santos Vega kubva mugore ra1870.

Antonio Dionisio Lussich Griffo, muridzi wezvikepe zveUruguayan, arborist uye munyori, anoonekwa naJorge Luis Borges seaimbova "Martín Fierro", wenguva yake uye anozivikanwa José Hernández, mumwe wevatatu vekumabvazuva gauchos, imwe yacho saMartín Fierro, iyo yakapepetwa muna 1872, uye inoratidzira gaucho yakakwidziridzwa, ine mweya wakaisvonaka, inoyemurwa nevagari vomumusha nokuda kwesimba rake romuviri neretsika.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, kubvira mugore ra1830, iro rakakura kwazvo rezana ramakore rechi 1845, mabhuku ezvinyorwa naJuan Baltasar Maciel, anomira pachena, achiziva kuti munguva yekusaziva kwekunyora, maererano nenyaya ye gauchos, heino basa rekutanga re. San Juan Sarmiento; nounyanzvi mwanakomana we gaucho, neFacundo yake mugore raXNUMX.

Ndiani anochengeta batano yakavhenganiswa yerudo neruvengo kune izvo zvinoreva gaucho: anoita kuti gaucho ive yakanaka: muongorori uye nyanzvi, uyo ari muchimiro chekubatana nezvisikwa; uye zvakaipa: “murume akarambwa nenzanga, akarambidzwa nomutemo;… akapfeka zvichena”, iyo ine muimbi, anofora “kubva ku tapera kuenda kudura”, achiratidzira zvake uye zvisina kufanira adventures.

Mugore ra1857, Santiago Ramos akawana mukurumbira, nebasa rake rekunyora rakanzi "El gaucho de Buenos Aires".

Eduardo Gutiérrez, akawana mukurumbira wakanyanya, aine angangoita gumi nemaviri manovhero anorondedzera nezve gaucho, akatarisana neakaipa gaucho, mabasa ake azere nekurwa kweropa, chibharo uye zviitiko zvinoshamisa.

Pakati pemanovhero ake ane mukurumbira ndiJuan Moreira, kubva mugore ra1879, akaitwa munyaya ye gaucho akatungamira kuvepo kwake pakati pemhirizhonga inorangwa neyezvematongerwo enyika. Saizvozvowo, wekumabvazuva Elías Regules anogona kutaurwa semumwe munyori mukuru we gaucho, uyo ainyanya kufarirwa nevaverengi vekune dzimwe nyika pakupera kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, sezvakaratidzwa naJorge Luis Borges munyaya yake "Nhoroondo yemwana akaona duel".

Zvakare pakati pevanyori vane mukurumbira ndiMartiniano Leguizamón, anovandudza madingindira egaucho.

Mugore ra1895, vanyori vegaucho veRío de Plata vakagadzira bhuku rinonzi El Fogón, iro raingove mabhuku egaucho chete.

Kuzivikanwa kwenyaya dzegaucho nemabhuku ezvinyorwa, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, dzakagadzirwa nenzira inoshamisa, apo nzanga dzakawanda dzakaumbwa dzakapoteredza Buenos Aires, uyewo muUruguay, avo vaifambidzana navo vainyanya kutama vaipfeka zvipfeko zvakadai se gauchos, uye. dzokorora tsika dzavo. Nekufamba kwemazuva, mapepanhau akagadzirwa uko kwaitaurwa nyaya dzegaucho.

Zvaiita kune vakawanda kuti musiyano pakati pechakanaka nechakaipa gaucho, mukati mengano yake, wakatanhamara zvikuru nokuti anobvuma kunzwisisa kushomeka kwengano iyi.

Sarmiento anoomerera pakugara kwekugara kwe gaucho, pamafungiro ake asina kunaka, pakukwanisa kwake kurarama muPampa, iyo inomufadza nerunako rwayo rweantimagnetic uye njodzi yakavanzika, kunyanya nokuti anoziva mugari wePampa semunhuwo zvake, zvinopesana. kubudiriro, mukuenderana nevagari vakanatswa "vanopfeka hembe dzeEurope, vanorarama hupenyu hwakabudirira ... [kupi] mitemo, pfungwa dzekufambira mberi, nzira dzekuraira ... nezvimwe."

Kuvapo kwe gaucho yakaipa kwakafanana muJuan Moreira wegore 1880, basa rekunyora raEduardo Gutiérrez. Munovhero iyi, anorondedzera kuvepo kwemunhu wenhoroondo akafanana neyakajairwa Pampas landscape: Juan Moreira. Inorondedzera nezvemitambo yeiyi "Robin Hood", Argentine, kuti aristocracy yake inosiyana nekusarira kwemhondi dzinotyisa, uye kufa kwehunyengeri. Asi, mhosva iyoyo ine chikonzero chinopembedza gaucho.

Mubhuku raGutiérrez rekunyora, gaucho, akakuvadzwa nenzanga, akakuvadzwa nekusaruramisira kwaanoitwa, anopokana nemutemo. Kushata kwake uye panguva imwechete upenzi hwake, ndiyo nheyo yengano yeCreole, yakatangwa naMartín Fierro.

Kudzikisira kwake nzanga, uye pesvedzero yake yakaipa inoda kuti gaucho abve, ave munhu anokasika uye asingafariri vanhu. Rudzi urwu rwegaucho runonyanyozivikanwa nezita rekuti "gaucho matrero"

Pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, nyanzvi yekuFrance yeEgyptologist Gaston Maspero akaburitsa mutsvagiridzo yake ine musoro unoti "Sur quelques singularités phonétiques de l'espagnol parlé dans la campagne de Buenos-Ayres et de Montevideo", iyo inodudzira "Pane dzimwe mitauro inotaurwa muSpanish. mushandirapamwe weBuenos Aires neMontevideo”, chinyorwa chakadaro chakakodzera kududzirwa kwakakosha, zvichireva nezvemataurirwo emutauro wevagari vemushandirapamwe munyika dzakatevedzana dzezviteshi zveBuenos Aires neMontevideo.

Uyewo, munguva idzodzo uye kutozosvikira muchikamu chokutanga chezana remakore rechiXNUMX, mabhuku ezvinyorwa zvechizvarwa cheEntre Ríos, Eleuterio F. Tiscornia, haakanganwiki.

Shanduro yake yekutanga yaDon Segundo Sombra kubva mugore ra1926. Ricardo Güiraldes, muDon Segundo Sombra, zvakare anoshandura munda kuita epic. Mumashoko aLugones: “Nyika uye munhu anovhenekera mariri nokurova kukuru kwetariro nesimba. Rupo rwakadini rwenyika runopa upenyu ihwohwo, chengeteko yakadini yokukunda mukufora kukuru kunofadza nokunaka”.

Kana yangosimudzira gaucho nekubata kukuru kwekunaka uye ushingi muchisungo chakakwana chekubatana nemasikirwo, inopfumisa pfungwa yakaumba muenzaniso wegaucho, inorangarirwa mutsika yeArgentina.

Paanenge achitaura nyaya ye gaucho yakaipa, munhu aifanira kutanga neSantos Vega, apo gaucho ine utsinye uye ine mhosva, uye inoenderera mberi naMartín Fierro, vachimanikidzwa nemutemo usina kururama kuuraya uye kurwisana ne "pati", zvisinei, inobatana. pakupedzisira nehurongwa.

Ndichiri muMoreira, gaucho matrero, anove murwi mukuru, uyo anotokuvadzwa zvakanyanya nekururamisira, anozofira mumutemo wake.

Tichitaura nezve ngano yegamba remupanduki: tinoona, mumazuva edu, gamba remakororo Mate Cosido, uyo akashungurudza muChaco nemapurisa, munhu wavanoda uye anochengetedzwawo nevagari, nekuti anoita. kwete kubira varombo, asi vanamuzvinabhizimisi vakuru vanobira, uye nokudaro anova mutsivi wavadzvinyirirwa.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti vese Juan Moreira naMate Cosido vaive vanhu chaivo, kwete mavara anongoonekwa mumabhuku ezvinyorwa, sezvakaitika kuna Martín Fierro. Mukureva Santos Vega, hunhu hwekunyora, pamwe hwakavakirwa pahunhu hwaivepo zvechokwadi, zvisinei, hapana chinozivikanwa nezvekuvapo kwake zvachose.

Mukufamba kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, mabhuku egaucho anoderera, kunyange zvazvo anoramba aripo, kunyanya mukuvandudzwa kwemavhesi, uye mumashoko enziyo dzevanhu, sezvinogona kuonekwa munhetembo yaManuel J. Castilla, wekuSalta, uye muvakidzani wake. the “cuchi” Leguizamón, kana kuti avo vechizvarwa cheBuenos Aires, Héctor Roberto Chavero, anozivikanwa nezita rezita reAtahualpa Yupanqui, uyo pamwe chete nomudzimai wake wechiFrench Paula Nenette Pepín, vari kuchamhembe kweruwa rweArgentina rweCórdoba, vakazvitsaurira vamene. kugadzira nhetembo gauchescas muchikamu chechipiri chezana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Zvisinei, chiitiko chinoshamisa chinogadzirwa: kuratidzwa kwe gaucho mumutambo wekomiki, kuva zviitiko zveLindor Covas, naWalter Ciocca; Santos Leiva, naRicardo Villagrán, naRaúl Roux, El Huinca; Fabián Leyes, anoshanda naEnrique José Rapela; mabasa naCarlos "Chingolo" de Casalla akadai se "El Cabo Savino", ane zvinyorwa nemugadziri mumwe chete uye naJulio Álvarez Cao, Chacho Varela naJorge Morhain, avo vakaratidza gaucho yezana remakore rechiXNUMX mumhando dzake dzemuenzaniso.

Aya macomic gauchos akakwidziridzwa mukuwanda, aive neanopikisa murondedzero inooneka yemifananidzo yakadhirowewa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 70, uye kutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, naCao, baba, uye mifananidzo yakatsanangurwa naFlorencio Molina Campos, uyo Nyasha dzinoratidzirwa gauchaje yemunhu, mumaXNUMX, tsika yekuona iyo inofananidzira munhu, kunyangwe nekuyemura iyo gauchaje inopfuuridzirwa nemamwe ma cartoon gauchos.

Iyo gaucho Carayá, uye kunyanya, Inodoro Pereyra, El Renegau, a sublime mutero mune inosekesa fomu, yakagadzirwa naRoberto Fontanarrosa. Muna March 2000, Martín Fierro yakabudiswa, ine mifananidzo yaCarlos «Chingolo» Casalla. Mukati megore ra2014, edition yeMartín Fierro inoratidzwa, inorairwa naCarlos Montefusco.

Ndivanaani vaiva ma gaucho?

Ma<em>gaucho anoreva rudzi runozivikanwa zvikuru rwavanhu munzanga dzeLatin America, avo vakavamba kuratidzirwa murutivi rwose rwasara rwenyika. Magaucho vaive vanhu vaigara kumaruwa munyika dzakaita seArgentina. Vakanga vari vanhu vakazvipira kurima minda, uye vakachenjera zvikuru mukutyaira nemabhiza senzira yokufambisa.

Nemhaka yechimiro chavo munzanga, kazhinji kazhinji vakanga vari vanhu vakapfava vane zviwanikwa zvoupfumi zvishoma, zvisinei, vane rusununguko rwakakwana rwokugara mumhoteredzo yakapoteredzwa nechisiko. Iyo gaucho inoonekwa nevamwe vanodanana semurume akanaka kwazvo, munhu anogara achisangana nemhoteredzo yechisikigo uye akasununguka kubva kune zvese zvakamupoteredza uye anogona kukuvadza nekuchinja mweya weepic.

Saizvozvowo, inofanira kuchengetwa mupfungwa kuti ma gauchos aiva nenziyo dzakawanda dzakakurumbira, uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, kune vakawanda vanoita zverudo vaikwanisa kuva vadetembi vechokwadi. Ma<em>gaucho, aireva vanhu vaishanda mumunda, uye kune vakadzidza, vakanga vari vanhu vasingapindiri munzanga, saka vakabviswa mutsika uye chimiro chavo chakazvidzwa.

Zviratidzo 

Muchinyorwa chino, chinotaura nezve gaucho zvinyorwa, zvakakosha kuti zvizivikanwe hunhu hwayo hunosanganisira iyi subgenre yezvinyorwa, tichakuzivisa pazasi:

The gaucho se protagonist

Imwe yemhando huru yemhando iyi yemabhuku ndeyekuti protagonist ndiye gaucho, ane maitiro, maitiro uye maitiro ezuva nezuva anorondedzerwa.

nature scene

Saizvozvowo, kazhinji, nokuda kwechimiro chake se gaucho, nzvimbo iyo basa kana nhetembo inorondedzerwa inoitika munzvimbo yakasikwa. La Pampa Argentina, imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kudiwa.

Gaucho hunhu

Kazhinji, chimiro che gaucho chinoratidzwa sechirume, anozvininipisa, murume akapfava, zvisinei, iye anogara nekusingaperi nemhoteredzo, uye ane simba rekufamba nenzira yakasikwa kumativi ake.

Zvinhu zvakakosha

Kugumisa nemufananidzo wakanakisisa wegaucho yechinyakare, zvakajairika kuti vanyori varatidze chimiro ichi pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha zvakadai se: mabhiza, poncho yake, banga, uye mukwanyina wechinyakare haangasiiwi.

nyika vs guta

Kazhinji, chikamu chikuru chezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvinorondedzera nezve gauchos, zvinoratidza kufanana pakati pehupenyu hwemaruwa, hunofananidzirwa nevanodanana, kune paradhiso yechokwadi yakarasika; uye hupenyu muguta, iyo inoratidzwa zvakadzama kubva kune isina musoro uye inokuvadza maonero.

Tsanangudzo dzakawanda

Mumabhuku egaucho, kune zvakare yakawanda tsananguro mumativi ese. Muchikamu chemhoteredzo, senge gaucho, tsika, mabasa emunda, pakati pezvimwe. Vanyori vangada kuwedzera chimiro chegaucho, saka vakamupa nzvimbo ine mukurumbira wakashata mumabhuku.

mutauro wakagadziridzwa

Kunze kwemhando yezvinyorwa zvemhando iyi, munyori anogona kuratidza gaucho nenzira yechokwadi chaiyo, iyo inoturikira, chirevo chinoshandiswa kana munyori achipa mutambi wake mutauro wekutaura, usina kurongeka uye uzere nezvisungo. Saizvozvo, zvakakosha kuratidza kuti mumhando iyi yemabhuku ekunyora, monologue inokunda nhaurirano, zvese sezvakataurwa, gaucho munhu wemurungu.

Kutsoropodzwa kwevanhu

Chikamu chikuru chezvinyorwa zvemhando ye gaucho, tinoona kuti munyori aida kukanda kutsoropodza kunotyisa kunzanga yenguva, iyo yakanga yaparadzanisa nekubata gaucho, apo chokwadi, mumufananidzo wake tsika yose yakanga yakavanzwa. vechokwadi vazhinji venzanga.

Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti mabhuku egaucho anofarira kuva nehunhu hwehomogeneity, yakabatana, ine nharo yakabatana, inoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva, yakaoma kusiyanisa vanyori vayo, nekuda kwechimiro, ndeyekubatana kusingachinjiki, ine yakasimba uye yakasimba. chimiro.. Simbiso inoiswa pahukama hunobatanidza gaucho nemasikirwo murudzi rwe "psycho-cosmic parallelism", ichiratidza pesvedzero ine hunhu pahunhu hwerudzi urwu rwemhando.

Kushanduka kwemhando

Ne gaucho yakashandurwa kuva mutsigiri anokosha wekunzwa kwenyika yeArgentina gentile, mabhuku egaucho achafashukira nekushongedza uye anoshandura kuva ngano inoshandisa kopi yakaumbwa naHernández.

Iro basa rekunyora gaucho, rakaratidzwa naEduardo Gutiérrez, Juan Moreira mugore re1882, rinotanga mune yakawandisa ikozvino yezvinyorwa zvegaucho, apo vatsigiri havasisiri iyo gaucho yakabuda muminda, asi kuti gaucho yakasimudzwa nemabhuku.

Kune, zvisinei, vamwe vanyori vanowedzera chiono chegaucho vasingachishatise, vanotungamirira ndaza Ricardo Güiraldes, 1887 kusvikira kuna 1927, nokubudiswa kwegore ra 1926, nenovhero yake Don Segundo Sombra, kutangazve kworudzi rwegauchesco. . Zvakakodzerawo kutaura nezve gaucho-themed rondedzero yezvinyorwa zvemunyori Roberto J. Payró.

Vanyori 

Mabhuku eGauchesca, sekudaro, anotangira muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, nevanyori:

Hilary Ascasubi: 1807-1875

Inofungidzirwa yekutanga yekunyora gauchesco. Zvakawanda zvekuti mugore ra1829 akatanga kubudisa pepanhau rekutanga rezvematongerwo enyika negaucho rainzi "El arriero argentina". Ipapo muna 1833, akabudisa bhuku rake rokutanga re<em>gaucho raiva nenhaurirano pakati paJacinto Amores naSimón Peñalva.

Hilary Ascasubi: 1834-1880

Munyori wemabhuku egaucho anotanga kupinda mubepanhau rinozivikanwa nekuti “Los debates”. Pasi pezita rokuti "Anastasio el Pollo".

Antonio D Lussich: 1848 - 1928

Uruguayan munyori, pamwe nekuita kwake "The matatu oriental gauchos", iyo yakaonekwa mugore 1872, kuburikidza kupindira kwake akawana kuti José Hernández, achabudisa basa rake "Martín Fierro".

Jose Hernandez: 1834 - 1866

Akava munyori mukuru wezvinyorwa zvegaucho, uyo akabudisa basa rake muna 1872: "El gaucho Martín Fierro", iyo yakawana kubudirira kukuru nenzira ye vertiginous. Hernández akaisa munzvimbo ine mukurumbira uye inozivikanwa munhu akaparadzaniswa nenzanga yeArgentina. Hunhu hwakava gamba reArgentina uye rerudo parizvino.

Gaucho mabhuku vatauri

Pakati pevanyori vemhando yezvinyorwa izvi, vanowanikwa vakakoshera se:
Benito Lynch, realist, munyori weEl Inglés de los güesos, gore ra1924, uye Romance de un gaucho, gore ra1936. Leopoldo Lugones, nebasa rake La Guerra Gaucha wegore 1905. Ricardo Ricardo Güiraldes, munyori weDon Segunda Sombra del año 1926 del año. .