La Latin America mabhuku, yakavakirwa pazvinyorwa zvese zveNorth America, South America neCentral America. Kunyanya, iyo inozivikanwa mushure mepakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX, kusvikira yasvika iyo inozivikanwa nhasi.
Latin American Literature: Elements
Mabhuku echiHispanic-America anoumbwa nevanhu vese vane mavambo emutauro weHispanic. Kuumba chikamu cheNorth America, South America, Central America uye zvakare Caribbean. Naizvozvo, zvese zvinyorwa zvekunyora zviri pasi pemutauro weSpanish.
Kunyanya zvinyorwa zveLatin America, zvinonyanya kukosha kune zvinyorwa zvakaitwa kubva muhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe. Chii chiri kutiendesa zvishoma nezvishoma kune zvakanyorwa kusvika nhasi.
Historia
Nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zveSpanish-America yakatanga muzana remakore rechigumi nematanhatu. Kunyanya pasi penguva iyo kondinendi iyi yakasangana nekukundwa. Nokudaro, inonyanya kukamurwa pasi pezvikamu zvina.
Nguva yekutanga inonzi Colonial, iyo yakavakirwa pane zvishongedzo zvakafanana nezvakanyorwa neSpanish. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvine chekuita nekuzvimiririra zvakaonekwa, izvo zvakatanga pamwero wakakwana pakutanga kwezana ramakore reXNUMX.
Mushure meizvi, pane nguva yechipiri, iyo yaive yakavakirwa zvakanyanya pamadingindira ekuda nyika. Zvakanaka, yaive nenguva yekubatanidzwa kwenyika iyo yakauya mushure menguva iyo yaive yakavakirwa pakutonga, colonization uye kunetseka kwerusununguko.
Danho rechipiri rakamira pakuva nekukura kukuru. Izvo zvakazobvumira kuti isvike pakukura, ichitora kukura kwayo kusvika 1910. Izvo zvakaita kuti isu seHispanics tive nenzvimbo inokosha pasi pezvinhu zvavanoona zvakakosha mumabhuku epasi rose.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti kutsanangurwa kwezvinyorwa izvo nyika yega yega inonzi Latin America inayo, chikamu cheboka rekubatana. Zvese izvi, zvisinei nekuve nezvikamu zvakasiyana izvo zvinoenderana nemamiriro emunyika imwe neimwe.
nguva yekoloni
Mabviro emabasa ezvinyorwa zveLatin America chikamu chetsika iyo zvinyorwa zveSpain zvinouya nazvo, pamwe chete nemakoloni akavakirwa mhiri kwemakungwa.
Saka zvakakosha kuti tifunge nezvevanyori vekutanga vekuAmerica, vakadai semurwi akaberekerwa kuSpain uye mudetembi Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, uyo aiva muumbi weLa Araucana.
Izvi zvinobva pane zvakaitika pakukunda kwevanhu veAraucanian vanobva kuChile, vakarongwa nevaSpanish. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti panguva ino Nyika Itsva yakanga isati yakurukurwa zvakanyanya.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, hondo uye, zvakare, chiKristu chinosimbiswa, nechinangwa chekuzadza iyi nyika itsva yakawanikwa netsika dzevakundi. Hondo dzose idzi dzakakonzera kuti nhetembo dzenziyo dzirege kurimwa uyezve rondedzero yaigadzirwa nemazvo.
Mushure mezvose izvi zvinhu zvinokonzeresa zvinyorwa zveLatin America zvezana ramakore rechigumi nematanhatu, kuti zvinhu zvaro zvinomira pachena. Kunyanya kune zvinhu zvinomira pachena kuve didactic uye zvakare zvine prose uye nhoroondo.
Pakati pemabasa akatanhamara inhoroondo yekukundwa kweNew Spain, yakaitwa muna 1632. Iri basa rakaitwa nemukundi uye munyori wenhau dzakaitika weSpanish mavambo Bernal Díaz del Castillo.
Saizvozvo, muongorori uye zvakare Spanish Hernán Cortés akaverengerwa. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, zvikamu zviviri zvenhoroondo yeIncas, yakabva kuPeru, iyo yakaunza kukunda kweSpain, yakanyatsonaka. Zvese izvi zvinobva kumunyori wenhoroondo wekuPeruvia anonzi Garcilaso de la Vega, anonziwo Inca.
Kunyora kweLatin America
Mabhuku eLatin America akatanhamara nokuda kwemabasa awo okutanga ayo ari rutivi rwenhandare yemitambo, iyo inotsvaka kumirira mugumo wenyika, wakasikirwa muna 1533. Urwu rwakanga rwuri rudzi rwokutakurwa kwamanyoro rwakafanana nokutendeuka kwavagari vemo veidzi nyika.
Uku kunyora kwakavakirwa pamweya weRenaissance wevaSpanish. Nenzira yakafanana, vakatsvaka kudzika rudzidziso mundima yacho. Izvo zvinoenderana nenguva yekoloni. Izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kuti ivo vakanyanya kusiyanisa tsika vaive vechitendero, pasi pezviitiko zvakaita semamishinari nevanyori venhau dzakafanana nezvezviitiko zveDominican zvaBartolomé de Las Casas, akaparadzira basa rake muSanto Domingo yose.
Saizvozvowo, munyori wemitambo yemitambo Hernán González de Eslava, akatsvaka kuparadzira tsika dzechiSpanish muMexico mose. Zvakare mudetembi mukuru wekuPeruvia akaberekerwa kuSpain, anonzi Diego de Hojeda, paaitsvaga kurondedzera nyaya dzekunyora. Izvo zvakakosha kutaura kuti Mexico neLima panguva iyoyo yaive misoro yevamiriri veNew Spain nePeru. Chii chakavatungamirira kuti vave nzvimbo dzepfungwa dzezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe.
Latin America Literary Development
Vanyori vese veIbero-America, kunyangwe vaine zvinhu zvakaita seSpain, vakaitevedzera. Ese nyaya dzemabhuku eHispano-America ane erudition, mhemberero uye, panguva imwe chete, artificiality.
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti vanhu veko vaiwanzokwanisa kurova avo vekuSpain. Kusiya kumashure kweiyo baroque yakajairika yeEurope. Zvakare, kuita uku kunoratidza nenzira kwayo munda wese wemabhuku eSpanish American. Kusiya kumashure mabasa akaitwa nevanyori vemitambo yeSpanish.
Zvekukosha panguva ino yezvinyorwa zveLatin America, ndiPedro Calderón de la Barca, aive mudetembi uye aivewo wekuSpanish. Luis de Góngora zvakare yakavakirwa pakugadzirwa kwekunyora kwenzvimbo yega yega yeHispanic.
Zvakakosha kutaura kuti vadetembi vaive nemukurumbira wezana ramakore rechigumi nemanomwe, vaive Latin America, Juana Inés de la Cruz, aive sisita wekuMexico. Akaita basa rekunyora theatre mundima, kunyanya pasi pezvinhu zvechitendero, senge nyaya yekunyora sakaramende.
The divine Narcissus
Yakagadzirirwa 1688, iyo yakavakirwa pazvinhu zvenyika. Uyu aitungamirira kuita nhetembo dzekudzivirira vakadzi uyezve autobiographical, iyo yaiitwa pasi peprose, apo aitsanangura zvaaifarira.
Yairatidza zvinhu zvaiunza zvitaera kubva kutsvimbo kuenda kuchokwadi. Sezvo aidzora zvakakwana mabhuku echiSpanish, inzira iyi iyo inosvika kuNyika Itsva pasina dambudziko.
Ndiyo nzira iyo nyaya dzinobva pakuunganidza satirical dzakadai Diente de Parnaso, inofananidzwa nemudetembi wePeruvia Juan del Valle Caviedes, inooneka. Sezvineiwo nerinoveli Nhamo rakagadzirwa naAlonso Ramírez, zvichiratidza mudetembi wevanhu wekuMexico Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora.
Inofanira kurangarirwa kuti muSpain imba yeBourbon yakatsiviwa neHabsburg, izvi zvakaitika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akaita kuti mabhuku acho ave nyore kuwana mabhuku. Pane dzimwe nguva paiitwa zvirango uye vamwe vasina.
Vaiva nezvikamu zvezvinyorwa zveFrench. Chii chinogona kuonekwa pasi pekugamuchirwa kweneoclassicism. Nenzira yakafanana, inoratidzirwa pasi pewedzero yedzidziso yomufananidzo.
Ndiyo nzira iyo munyori wemitambo Peralta Barnuevo wekuPeruvia, akaita mitambo yemhando yemitambo pasi pesimba reFrench.
Vamwe vanyori
Kwakanga kune vanyori vakadai saFrancisco Eugenio de Santa Cruz, wemavambo eEcuadorian, pamwe chete naAntonio Nariño, akanga ari muColombia, akapesvedzera kumuka kwemifungo yechimurenga yakafanana neFrance, iyo yakaitwa pakutanga kwezana ramakore.
Ndiyo nzira iyo nzvimbo itsva dzakanangana nemabhuku eHispano-America dzinowanikwa muchikamu chechipiri. Sezvakaitika kuQuito muEcuador, muColombia kunyanya muBogotá neCaracas muVenezuela. Mushure meizvi, kufambira mberi kwekunyora kwakakura muBuenos Aires muArgentina.
Chii chakaita kuti nzvimbo dzambotaurwa dzipfuure dzimbahwe dzekare dzevatongi. Kutungamira nzvimbo idzi kuti dzimirire tsika dzadzo, kusikwa uye zvakare shanduro yeLatin America mabhuku. Nenzira iyi, mabhuku echiSpanish akadonha zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo ino yekondinendi.
Nguva yekuzvitonga
Iyi nhanho yekuzvitonga yakaunza nhamba huru yezvinyorwa zvine chekuita nemamiriro ekuda nyika. Kwavainangisa mabasa aiitwa pasi pezvidavado zvenhetembo.
Saizvozvowo, rondedzero inogona kuonekwa dzimwe nguva. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti iyi hurongwa yakaongororwa, kusvikira nguva iyo korona yeSpain yakatanga kukura. Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti muna 1816, bhuku rekutanga rekwakabva Latin America rakanyorwa nekuburitswa.
Iyo Sarniento periquillo
Nyaya iyi yakanyorwa nemutori wenhau wekuMexico José Joaquín Fernández de Lizardi. Anorondedzera mabasa akaitwa nemutambi wake. Kwaunogona kuona kuburikidza nerondedzero, nhamba huru yenzvimbo dzakagadzira hupenyu mukati mekoloni. Izvo zvinozofunga kushoropodzwa kwakavharika mukati menzanga.
Zvinoshamisa kuchengeta mupfungwa kuti mukati memabhuku eSpanish-America, zvematongerwo enyika zvakaumba chikamu chikuru chekukurudzira kwacho. Kunyanya munguva yekuzvitonga, sezvo vanyori vakasarudza kutora zvinzvimbo zvakafanana nezvemarepublic eRoma yekare. Kujekesa kukosha kwekuzvimirira kwenzvimbo yeLatin America.
Kubva pakutanga, vanyori vanoratidza kunetseka kunokonzerwa ne costumbrismo yakafanana yechokwadi. Saizvozvo, pane kutaurwa kwezvido zvine chekuita nemagariro maitiro uyezve iyo domain yemaitiro ehunhu.
vadetembi
Vadetembi vazhinji nevanyori, vakadai semutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika wekuEcuadorian José Joaquín Olmeda, vakarumbidza chimiro chehutungamiriri hwemusununguri weVenezuela uye mutsigiri Simón Bolívar. Kunyanya mudetembo rake Victoria de Junín, rakagadzirirwa 1825.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mudetembi, mutsoropodzi uye nyanzvi yemavambo eVenezuelan Andrés Bello, akazivisa kunaka kwenzvimbo dzinopisa dziri muSilva, pamwe chete nekurima kwakagadzirwa munzvimbo ine mvura zhinji, muna 1826. Iyi prose yakanga yakafanana neyakagadzirwa. nemunyori wenhetembo wekare weRoma anobva Virgil.
Saizvozvovo, muCuban José María Heredia, aive mudetembi, anoenderera mberi nekufungidzira rudo, achinyora nhetembo dzakadai saAl Niágara muna 1824, dzaakaita paakasvika kuUnited States.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, kumaodzanyemba mukati megore ra1824, nhetembo yemavambo asingazivikanwi akakurumbira inotanga kukura. Izvi zvakabata zvematongerwo enyika pasi pekuvandudzwa kwema gauchos edunhu reLa Plata.
Consolidation nguva
Nguva yekubatanidzwa kwezvinyorwa zveLatin America yakanangana nekuvandudzwa kwemarepublic matsva. Ndiyo nzira iyo kufemerwa kwakanangidzirwa kunenge kuzere kumabhuku aibatwa muFrance. Pamwe tichisiya zvakanga zvadzidzwa mumabhuku eSpain. Nguva dzose uchisiya sechiratidzo chako pachako kufarira kwedunhu rinogarwa nevagadziri vayo.
Yakazara neoclassical mafomu, akajairwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, akashandiswa, izvo zvakabvumira kuti rudo rukure munyika dzeLatin America. Literary system, iyo inokwanisa kugona zvese zvinhu zvine chekuita nepanorama yetsika dzeSpanish.
Iyi yakanga ine nhambo yeinenge hafu yezana ramakore yakatanga chaizvoizvo. Munguva ye 1830. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti nyika dzakaita seArgentina dzakava nemukana wekusimudzira Franco-European romanticism, kuburikidza neEsteban Echeverría. SekuMexico, iyo yaive yakanyanya diffuser yeiyi kufamba kunoshamisa.
Izvo zvakare zvinogoneka kukudziridza tsika yeHispanic realism. Izvo zvakaramba zvichivandudzwa kuburikidza nemabasa anonzi costumbristas. Ndivo vaitarisira kugadzira zvinyorwa zvaitsanangura tsika dzenzvimbo dzaitaurwa nezvadzo.
kusimbiswa kwehupfumi
Kubatanidzwa kwehupfumi nezvematongerwo enyika, kunowanikwa kuburikidza nekurwisana kwakafanana nenguva, kwakabvumira mabasa akafuridzirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akasangana nevanyori vakasiyana-siyana kuti vabudiswe.
Nechikonzero ichi, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti mabatirwo akaitwa rudzi rwerudo aishamisa, kunyanya muArgentina. Zvose izvi mushure mekutapwa kwevakawanda vaipikisa hurumende kubva muna 1829 kusvika muna 1852, Juan Manuel de Rosas, uyo akazova mudzvanyiriri.
Rudzi urwu rwevanyori rwakapesvedzerawo vanyori vekwakabva Chilean neUruguay. Pamusoro peEcheverría, José Mármol, aive munyori werinonyorwa repachivande rainzi Amalia, rakagadzirwa nekuburitswa muna 1851, anomira pachena.
Nenzira yakafanana, vakasimbisa basa romudzidzisi, uyo gare gare aizova purezidhendi weArgentina, Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. Ndiani akaita zvidzidzo zvehupenyu uye zvemagariro zvakatsanangura budiriro uye barbarism zvakakwana. Uko matambudziko makuru evaHispanic akaratidzwa, achisimbisa kusiyana pakati pemamiriro avo ekare uye pesvedzero yakaunzwa nevaEurope.
Development
MuArgentina, nziyo dzema gaucho bards dzakasimuka. Chii chakabvumira vadetembi vakadzidza kumira mukati mezvinyorwa zveLatin America, sezvakaita Hilario Ascasubi naJosé Hernández. Vakaenderera mberi nekugadzirisa madingindira akatanhamara, kuita nhetembo dzegaucho.
Kune rumwe rutivi, Martín Fierro de Hernández anoedza kutsanangura kugadzirisa kwakaoma kwekushanduka kwehupenyu. Chii chakaita kuti zvinyorwa zvake zvive zvemhando yepamusoro. Zvakanaka, yakaongorora madingindira akabatana zvachose nema gauchos anogona kuve chikamu chetiyeta nenzira yakafanana nerondedzero, kunyanya kubva kunyika dzakaita seArgentina, Brazil neUruguay.
Nhetembo mukati medzimwe nzvimbo dzeHispanic America kondinendi yakanga isina maitiro akafanana edunhu. Nekudaro, ivo vakanyatsotonga zverudo, uko nharaunda yetsika yenguva iyoyo yakasimbiswa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panguva iyoyo vadetembi vakagamuchira kurumbidzwa zvikuru vaiva mavambo Cuba.
Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, aive munyori wemanovhero. Pane rumwe rutivi, Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, anobva kuUruguay, akatanhamara nokuda kwebhuku rake rokurondedzera rainzi Tabaré, iro rakatanhamara nokuda kwezvinhu zvakatanga mukati mokufananidzira.
Manovhero akakwanisa kusimudzira pachena kune ino nhoroondo yezvinyorwa zveHispanic American. Iri mushure meizvi apo mavara akaita seChilean Alberto Blest Gana, akaenderera mberi nekuita shanduko yaakasiya kumashure kurudo, kuti awane chokwadi.
Kufumura nenzira iyi, nzanga yeChile, pasi pehunyanzvi hwaive hwakazara nemunyori weFrench mavambo Honoré de Balzac. Pasi peMartín Rivas we1862, iyo yakaita kuti ive yakanakisa nhoroondo yenhoroondo yenguva ino.
The reconquest
Panguva iyo kudzokororwa kwacho kwaiitika muna 1897, Maria aizivikanwawo, iyo yakaitwa muna 1867, iyo yakarondedzera nyaya ine rwiyo, iyo yakasimbisa rudo rwakatevedzwa nekuva nerombo rakaipa iro rakagadzirwa mumunda wekare. Izvi zvakaitwa nemuColombian Jorge Isaacs, akaita nyaya, yakanyorwa sehunyanzvi hwekudanana mukati mezvinyorwa zveLatin America.
Nekune rimwe divi, Juan León Mera, akatsvaga kufungidzira vagari vekondinendi yese kuburikidza nebhuku rake rainzi Cumandá, iro rakarongedzerwa kutsanangura mutambo pakati pemashavi, akagadzirirwa 1879.
Pamusoro peizvi, Ignacio Altamira anomira pachena muMexico nekunyatso kwanisa kuita zverudo. Nenzira imwecheteyo, José Martiniano Alencar, anosarudza kutanga nemhando yedunhu, kuburikidza nenhetembo zvinyorwa, pamwe nemaindianistas epfungwa dzerudo. Kunyanya munyaya dzerudo dzairondedzera nhoroondo yemaIndia nevachena. Pakati penyaya idzodzo pane El Guaraní ya1857 uye Iracema ya1865.
Ukuwo, vanyori vezvinyorwa zvezvakasikwa vakabuda pachena. Sezvakaita nyaya yaEugenio Cambaceres uyo akanga ari weArgentine mavambo, uye akaitwa Pasina nhungamiro yakabudiswa muna 885. Ndiyo nzira iyo mabasa ake akamira semanovhero ekuedza akafanana nemunyori weFrench Émile Zola.
expressive period
Nekune rimwe divi, rondedzero yakava, pasi pechinhanho ichi, nzira yakajairika yekutaura mukati memikana yevazhinji vanofunga. Ndosaka vatori venhau vakawanda, vatambi vaitonga uye vaifarira nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika, dzidzo nehuzivi, vakawana mukana wekutaura zvavanoda kuburikidza nechirongwa ichi.
Zvinyorwa zvinomwe neEcuadorian Juan Montalvo zvaive nehunhu panguva iyoyo. Pamwe chete naEugenio María de Hostos, uyo akanga ari mudzidzisi uye panguva imwe chete muPuerto Rican akasununguka wezvematongerwo enyika, akaita basa rinokosha muCribe uye muChile.
Nenzira imwecheteyo Ricardo Palma anoenderera mberi nekugadzira mhando yeanorondedzera uye enhoroondo mavignette aionekwa seasinganzwisisike ainyatso kutonga ese anonzi tsika dzePeruvia.
Modernism, kune rumwe rutivi, yakava sangano rakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwemabhuku eHispano-America. Ikoko kwaigona kuitwa mukati menhambo ya 1880. Ikoku kwakafarirwa nemhaka yebudiriro yezvemari neyezvamatongerwe enyika iyo marepabhuriki ari mukati meLatin America akauya nawo. Pamwe chete nerunyararo nebudiriro zvakatanga kutonga mavari.
Panhanho iyi pakanga paine zvinhu zvinocherechedzwa zvaitsvaga kuratidza kukosha kweaesthetic uye hunyanzvi mabasa ezvinyorwa zveLatin America. Chii chakaita kuti vanyori vakagadzira pasi pemirayiridzo yemazuva ano vakaparadzira zvinhu zve cosmopolitan tsika izvo zvakapesvedzerwa zvachose neaesthetics yakabva kuEurope.
Parnassianism, yakafanana neFrance, yakabatwa, pamwe chete nekufananidzira. Uko zvinhu zvechinyakare zvakamira pachena, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvine chekuita nevagari vemo, pamwe chete nevatorwa.
Nokudaro, zvakakosha kuti titaure kuti vanyori ivavo vaiona vemazuva ano vakagadzirwa sevadetembi. Chii chakaita kuti vanyanyoita zvinhu zvainyatsobuda muprose. Saka, kukudziridza Spanish prose, kunyatsovandudza nhetembo yaizivikanwa kusvika panguva iyoyo.
Mafambiro
Akatanga nekufamba kwezvinyorwa zveLatin America aive Manuel González Prada, aive Peruvia. Akatanga semunyori wezvinyorwa aive nemafambiro makuru ezvinyorwa zvemagariro. Izvo, zvakare, zvakaitisa yakanaka aesthetic kuyedza.
Kune rimwe divi, mudetembi uye wemazuva ano wekuCuba anobva José Martí anomira pachena, pamwe naJulián del Casal, aivewo Cuban. Mukuwedzera kune izvi, pakanga pane Mexican Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera uye Colombian José Asunción Silva. Pane rumwe rutivi, wokuNicaragua, Rubén Darío, uyo akatanhamara noukuru hukuru. Nekuti akaenderera mberi nekutsikisa Prose Prose muna 1896.
Nenzira iyi, Rubén Darío akave munhu wekutanga kutungamira kusvika padanho kusvika kumagumo. Musanganiswa wemafambiro ekuedza unogona kuoneswa mumabasa ake. Saka kuratidza kupererwa uye metaphysical mufaro. Rudzi urwu rwechimiro runogona kuonwa muCantos de la vida y esperanza ya1905. Uyu munyori akatanhamara, kufanana navasonganiri vake, akatsvaka kugadziridza kufambira mberi kwomutauro weHispanic kupfurikidza nounyanzvi hwokudetemba hwaiwanzoitwa munharaunda yacho.
kunyora kwakura
Vanyori vakadai semuArgentina Leopoldo Lugones uye wekuMexico Enrique González Martínez vakawanikwa pakakwirira pakukura. Ndiani akaenderera mberi nekutarisa zvikamu zveinflection, izvo zvakagadzira zvachose yepedyo yemazuva ano. Kuratidzira magariro nehunhu kuburikidza nenhetembo.
Kune rumwe rutivi, José Enrique Rodó wokuUruguay, akatsvaka kugovera mipimo mitsva yezvinhu zvounyanzvi, kupfurikidza nerondedzero dzakadai sebhuku rake Ariel kubva muna 1900. Ikoku imhaka yokuti akaumba nzira dzomudzimu chose chose dzairatidzira pwere yenguva yacho.
Zvakakoshawo kuratidza Manuel Díaz Rodríguez, wekuVenezuela, uyo anoenderera mberi nekunyora Sangre Patricia muna 1902. Enrique Larreta, wekuArgentina, akanyora La Gloria de Don Ramiro nokuda kwe1908.
Zvose izvi sangano remazuva ano rinosvika kuSpain, uko rakasvika pakakwirira muna 1910. Zvinhu izvi zvakasiya chiratidzo chazvo pazvinyorwa zveLatin America. Kugadzira nhanho nyowani yevanyori veSpanish.
Kusaziva zvemazuva ano
Paiva nevamwe vanyori vakanga vasina kukoshesa kufamba kwemazuva ano. Chii chakaunza mugumisiro wemanovhero echokwadi zvachose uye emusikirwo. Kwavakanyatsotaura nezvematambudziko emagariro akavakirwa padunhu rose.
Dzimwe dzenyaya dzakatanhamara idzi Aves sin nido dza 1889. Kune rimwe divi, muPeruvia Clorinda Matto, weTurner akagadzira muchikamu chake chekutanga chinyorwa cheIndian chinonzwira tsitsi, kuti aenderere mberi nekugadzira ringano rekuratidzira.
Federico Gamboa kuMexico, akaenderera mberi nekugadzira chinyorwa chemusikirwo chekuzvarwa kweSanta we1903. Ari kuUruguay Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, akaita nhoroondo uye gaucho novel.
Kune rumwe rutivi, iyo yemitambo yakakura yakatanga muzana remakore rechi1904 yakagadziridzwa, nekuda kweChilean Baldomero Lillo, uyo akasarudza kunyora nyaya pamusoro pemigodhi, sezvakaita Sub Tierra muna 1918, pamwe naHoracio Quiroga, akanyora. Cuentos de la selva muna XNUMX.
Iyo yekupedzisira yakatsvaga kutarisa pane zvinhu zvakajairwa munzvimbo iyi, izvo zvakazotarisana nevanhu uye zvisikwa zvekare. Kutsanangura nenzira iyi maitiro epfungwa nenzira yechienzi kuburikidza nengano dzisinganzwisisike. Mutambi wemitambo Florencio Sánchez anotsvaga kuvandudza theatre yenyika yake mushure mekushanda nemagariro uye panguva imwechete hunhu hwenzvimbo.
mabhuku emazuva ano
Kumukira kweMexico kwakatanga muna 1910 kwakaunza iyi nhanho itsva muzvinyorwa zveLatin America. Kubva zuva iri pakanga paine zvakare kufarira kutsva mukunyora kwekwakabva kuSpain.
Zvose izvi zvakakonzerwa nekuti yakanga ine zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, apo matambudziko emagariro evanhu enharaunda imwe neimwe yaiumba nharaunda yeNyika Itsva akaoneswa zvakanyanya.
Kubva panguva ino kuti vanyori vese vePasipanishi vakatanga kubata nezvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita nemadingindira ese epasirese. Kuvandudza nyaya mumakore. Izvo zvakakonzera kuve neakazara Latin America zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Kubvumira zvinyorwa kuti zvioneke kunze kwenyika.
Nhetembo
Zvinhu zvine hukama zvachose nenhetembo, zvinoumbwa nekusiyana kwevanyori vanoratidza mabasa avo kuburikidza nemafambiro akazara nekuvandudzwa kwakadzama, kunyanya akatarisana nehunyanzvi hwakauya kuEurope panguva iyoyo. Naizvozvo, zvimiro zvine chekuita ne cubism, kutaura uye surrealism, zvakajairwa kuSpain, zvinogona kuoneswa.
Mushure meizvi, masisitimu akajairika eiyo ultraism anogona kuoneswa, izvo zvakabvumira kugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvekufamba izvo zvainyatsoratidzwa nemafambiro ekunyora akafanana nebudiriro yeSpain, iyo yakagadzirwa pakutanga kwezana ramakore.
Pasi pezvinhu izvi zvokuedza, vanyori vakadai saVicente Huidobro, vemavambo okuChile, avo vakapfuurira kuwana dzidziso yokusika, vakatanhamara. Kuburikidza nenhetembo dzine chekuita nekusika kuzvimiririra. Izvo zvinoenderana nehuchokwadi hwemamiriro ekunze.
Saizvozvovo, weChile Pablo Neruda, anopiwa Mubayiro weNobel weMabhuku wegore ra1971. Eya, akaita misoro mizhinji yakanangana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvitaera zvenhetembo.
Pakatsvakwawo kudoma zvinhanho pasi pechisungo chemauto ezvematongerwo enyika. Pamwe chete nemuColombian Germán Pardó García, aive mudetembi, akakwanisa kudoma dhigirii revanhu munhetembo. Rudzi urwu rwechinhu chakanangana nekuguma kweAkróteras muna 1968. Izvi zvinounza nhetembo dzakanyorwa maererano neMitambo yeOlympic muMexico.
vadetembi vakakosha
Saizvozvowo, muCaribbean, mabasa emamwe mapoka evadetembi akatanga. Pakati pavo paiva naNicolás Guillén, anobva kuCuba. Ndivanaani vaive vabva pamutinhimira nengano dzaibva kuvanhu vatema vemunzvimbo yavo.
Saizvozvovo, Gabriela Mistral, aibva kuChile, akahwina Mubairo weNobel weMabhuku muna 1945, chinzvimbo chakavakirwa panhetembo ine chekuita nekudziya uye manzwiro. Kune rimwe divi, muMexico mune Contemporary zvinhu izvo vadetembi vakaita saJaime Torres Bodet, José Gorostiza uye zvakare Carlos Pellicer vakakwanisa kuunza pamwechete.
Vese vanyori ava vaive vabva parudo,kusurukirwa uyezve rufu. Saizvozvowo, Octavio Paz anomira pachena, wekuMexico akahwina Mubairo weNobel weMabhuku muna 1990. Akapa nhetembo dzakabva pametafizikisi uye eroticism yaive yakanangana nekufungidzira kweFrench.
Vanyori vazhinji vanoshamisa nekuti vanoita zvinhu zvine chekuita nenguva yapashure pehondo, izvo zvakabvumira kurima kwemaitiro ezvinyorwa zvezvematongerwo enyika.
Theater
Iyo theatre inouya kubva kuSpanish mabviro ine maitiro azere nekukura izvo zvinobva zvabva pamaitiro eimwe neimwe yemaguta. Chii chinotarisa kunyanya kuMexico neBuenos Aires.
Zvakare, izvi zvakabvumira kuti motokari iwanikwe yakatakura tsika nayo. Izvo zvakazobvumira kumwe kubatanidzwa kwenyika imwe neimwe yeLatin America, sezvakaita Chile, Puerto Rico nePeru.
Kune rimwe divi, Mexico inokwanisa kuenda kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakazara nekugadziridza kwezvinhu zvakakwana zvekuedza. Chii chaive chakanangana nekumiririra kweiyo Ulises Theatre yakatanga muna 1928.
Pamwe chete neOriental Theatre yakatanga muna 1932, iyo, kunze kweizvi, yakagadziriswa nekuda kweXavier Villaurrutia, Salvador Novo uye Celestino Gorostiza. Kune rumwe rutivi, Rodolfo Usigli aizove chikamu cheboka rakakosha revanyori vemitambo, pamwe naEmilio Carballido. Saizvozvo, vanyori vakadai saConrado Nalé Roxlo aive muArgentina akamira.
Bvunzo
Vanyori vezvinyorwa vanovakirwa pachimanjemanje vaive nemhedzisiro ine chekuita nezvinobatika. Izvo zvakatungamira kune zvinyorwa zvine zvachose zvinhu zverudzi uye panguva imwechete yepasirese. Nenzira iyi, vanotora nhamba huru yezvinhu zvinoonekwawo sehungwaru.
Mukuwedzera kune izvi, zvirongwa zvakavakirwa pachizvarwa cheCentennial of Independence chakaitika muna 1910. Pakati pevamiririri vakapa zvinyorwa zvine chokuita naJosé Vasconcelos. Mumabasa ake anoratidza chiroto cheutopian padzinobva pane zvemujaho wecosmic wakaitwa muna 1925.
Kune rimwe divi, Dominican Pedro Henríquez Ureña anomira pachena, akaita MaEssays matanhatu achiongorora chimwe nechimwe chezvirevo. Pamwe naAlfonso Reyes uyo wekuMexico uye akatsvaga kuparadzira zvinhu zvekubatsira vanhu seVision Anáhuac iyo yakagadzirwa muna 1917.
Nenzira yakafanana, munyori werondedzero Germán Arciniegas, uyo anobva kuColombia, akatanhamara mukondinendi ine mavara manomwe ayo akabudiswa muna 1965. Eduardo Mallea, uyo ari muArgentina pasi pechishuvo chokuArgentina chakabudiswa muna 1935. Ikoku kwakabvumira vanyori vakawanda kunyora. buda pachena.
Rondedzero
Kwekutanga kwezana ramakore, bhuku reLatin America pacharo rakakwanisa kupa zvinhu zvitsva zvakave nebudiriro semhinduro. Izvo zvakazoita kuti zvive nezvikamu zvitatu.
Yekutanga yakanangana nekuisa pfungwa pamatemu, nzvimbo, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwevashandi vanotarisa munharaunda. Izvo zvakazoita kuti nhanho yechipiri yaibvumira basa rerondedzero rine chekuita nemafungiro akazara uyezve maitiro azere nekufungidzira. Kuratidzira nharaunda dzemudhorobha uye panguva imwechete cosmopolitan.
Saizvozvo, zvinogoneka kuwana nhanho yechitatu, umo vanyori vanotsvaga kutonga zvese zvine chekuita nematanho matsva ezvinyorwa zvemazuva ano. Izvo zvinoratidzawo kucherechedzwa kwezvinhu zvepasirese izvo zvandinotakura pachazvo kuratidza chimiro chezvinyorwa pasi rese.
Kune rimwe divi, zvakakosha kutaura kuti munhoroondo yedunhu, mavara akadai saArgina Ricardo Guiraldes, akaita Don Segundo Sombra muna 1926, weColombia José Eustasio Rivera akagadzira maelstrom muna 1924 uye yekupedzisira asi kwete zvishoma iyo Venezuelan Rómulo. Gallegos Freire akabuda.
Rómulo Gallegos nevamwe vanyori
VeVenezuela vakatanhamara zvikurukuru nokuda kweDoña Bárbara, iyo yakabudiswa muna 1929. Ichizvirangarira imene senhau yamapani. Kune rimwe divi, pakanga paine Mariano Azuela, nyaya yakavakirwa paChimurenga cheMexico. Yakagadzirwa naAndrés Pérez Maderista muna 1911, pamwe chete neLos de bajo, iyo yakabudiswa muna 1915.
Saizvozvowo, paiva naGregorio López, munyori weThe Indian of 1935, kwaakataura zvakananga nezvemabatirwo akaitwa mamiriro ezvinhu nezvizvarwa zvemo. Paivewo nevanyori veGuatemalan neAndean mabviro vakaita sevaBolivia vakaita saAlcides Arguedas, vakataura nezve matambudziko aivepo nerudzi, pamwe nePeruvia Ciro Alegría,
Miguel Ángel Asturias, ndiye akagamuchira Lenin Peace Prize muna 1966 uyezve gore rakatevera racho Mubairo weNobel weMabhuku. Zvakanaka, yaive nezvinhu zvinoshamisa mukati mekunyomba padanho rezvematongerwo enyika.
Vanyori uye psychology
Vazhinji vaive vanyori vaibata zvepfungwa muzvinyorwa zveLatin America, sezvakaitika kuna Eduardo Barrios wekuChile akabata nyaya iyi pasi pemadhorobha muEl brother asno wa1922.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, Manuel Rojas Sepúlveda aive paruzhinji muna 1951 Hijo de ladrón, uko nyaya yakaitikawo munzvimbo yemadhorobha.
Kune vamwe vanyori, vakadai saMaría Luisa Bombal, aitungamirira kugadzira The Last Fog, iyo yakabudiswa muna 1934 uye yakabata rudzi rwekufungidzira. Man of Solitude yakagadzirwa namuArgentina Manuel Gálvez, aibata neinovhero yepfungwa ine zvinhu zvazvino.
Zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti muUruguay sangano rakatanga kugadzirwa iro rakabvumira kukura kwese kwezvinorondedzera zvinorondedzera zvezvinhu zvepfungwa, izvo zvinotitungamirira kuzvinhu zvine chokuita nekushanduka kwepfungwa. Kubvumira kuti kuve nekuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese kwenyaya idzi.
Kuziva
Paive nemanovhero akakurumidza kuita mukurumbira pasi rose, nekuda kwemavambo awo uye nzira yekurondedzera yakanakisa. Sezvazvakanga zvakaita neHopscotch, yakabudiswa muna 1963, neArgentina Julio Cortázar, iyo yaiva nyaya inotsanangurwa pasi pechinzvimbo chekuedza.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, Juan Carlos Onetti naEl astillero de 1960, apo ini ndinosimbisa psychology pasi penzvimbo yedhorobha. Mario Benedetti, uyo akagadzira La tregua muna 1960, aivewo akatanhamara.
Saizvozvo, mhando yeakashanduka yeMexico novel inowanikwa. Izvo zvinotarisa pachokwadi, icho chakafurirwa nevanyori vakaita saJames Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Aldous Huxley, William Faulkner naJohn Dos Passos. Zvandinouya nazvo zvinhu zvitsva muhutano hwepfungwa pamwe chete nemabatiro chaiwo emamiriro mune imwe dunhu.
Pasi pechirongwa ichi, vamwe vanyori vakamira, vakadai saJuan Rulfo, uyo akaita Pedro Páramo muna 1955, uye Carlos Fuentes ane The most transparent region of 1958. Ukuwo, Vicente Leñero akakwanisa kuhwina Brief Library Award ye1963 neLos. albañiles. kushandura chidimbu ichi kuita chimwe chine zvinhu zvinokatyamadza zvinogona kuoneswa muna 1970.
Saizvozvo, Salvador Elizondo anomira pachena, anoenderera mberi nekunyora Farabeuf yegore 1965, achitaura nekutsunga kukuru zvese zvine chekuita nesangano idzva iri mukati mezvinyorwa zveLatin America.
Gabriel García Márquez nevamwe vanyori vemazuva ano
Pakati pevanyori veLatin America venguva yazvino ndiGabriel García Márquez. Zvakanaka, sevamwe vane mukurumbira, vakanyora mumutauro wechiSpanish nyaya dzinorondedzera zvinhu zvinoshamisa padanho repasirese. Izvo zvinoratidzira zvimwe zvinhu zvinotarisa kune yekare dunhu. Sistimu yakatorwa nehunyanzvi hutsva.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvave zvichigoneka kuona shanduko mumanyorerwo uyezve maonero, ichinangana pazvinhu zvinorondedzera zvakazara. Saizvozvovo, kuita zvemashiripiti kunobatwa zvakajairika, izvo zvinoshandiswa muvanyori vakati wandei, vanoburitsa zvizere zvakavanzika zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu anowanikwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Vanyori vakadai seCuban Alejo Carpentier vanomirawo pachena, uyo nebasa rake anotsvaga kuratidza zvinhu zvitsva zvine chekuita nengano, iyo yakaonekwa mukati Iyo Yakarasika Matanho, uko nzvimbo yesango yakabatwa uye yakadhindwa 1953.
Kune rumwe rutivi, José Lezama Lima, uyo ariwo Cuban, akaita Paradiso muna 1966, umo madingindira engano ane chokuita netsika yeneo-barrel akabatwawo.
Featured features
The Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa anotsvaka kutaura zvakasiyana-siyana zvakavanzika kuburikidza The Guta uye Imbwa, iyo yakapiwa Brief Library Award muna 1962. Izvi zvakaita kuti ave akatanhamara zvachose mumabhuku.
Saizvozvo, Gabriel García Márquez akapihwa Mubairo weNobel we1982, izvo zvakaita kuti azivikanwe pasi rose, kunyanya nebasa rake rakagadzirirwa 1967, One Hundred Years of Solitude.
Iwo wekupedzisira akatsvaga kuratidza mashiripiti nekubatana kusingagumi. Izvozvo zvakanyatsogadzira rondedzero dzerondedzero dzaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo mumabhuku eLatin America. Kuratidzira nenzira iyi zvinhu zvakakosha zverondedzero yevaHispanic.
Zvese izvi zvakabvumira zvinyorwa zveLatin America kumira zvakakwana. Zvakanaka, kubata kwake rondedzero, kwete muchiSpanish chete, asiwo mune mimwe mitauro, kubudirira kune dzimwe nyika.
Ndinokukoka kuti uongorore zvinyorwa zvinotevera kuti uzive zvishoma nezvemabhuku anonakidza:
The knight mungura nhumbi dzokurwa