Kuti iwe unzwisise zvishoma zvirinani zvese zvine chekuita neiyo Inca economyPinda chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza. Usarega kuiverenga! uye iwe uchadzidza chimwe chinhu pamusoro peiyi inonakidza uye yekare budiriro yeSouth America. Pano iwe unowana ruzivo rwausingazive chokwadi.
Inca economics: sangano, zvigadziko uye zviitiko zvehumambo
Hupfumi hweInca hunoreva magadzirirwo nemaitiro ekutengeserana akagadzirwa neQuechua budiriro panguva yekuvapo kweInca Empire. Hupfumi uhu hwakatanga kusimukira kubva mugore ra1200 a. C, apo mataundi nemisha zvokutanga zvakamuka munharaunda yemhenderekedzo yegungwa yokuchamhembe yePeru yanhasi.
Nokufamba kwemakore, nzvimbo dzechitendero dzevaQuechua dzakashanduka kuva maguta ane vanhu vakawanda anogara, misika, uye masangano ehurumende, ezvematongerwo enyika uye ezvitendero.
Hupfumi hweInca hwenzvimbo idzi hwaive hwakavakirwa zvakanyanya pakusimudzira uye kutonga kwenzvimbo hombe dzevhu dzakatsaurirwa hupfumi hwekurima uye zvipfuyo. Uku kusimukira kwakasvika pakakwirira panguva yekutonga kweInca Pachacutec (1433-1471).
Nenzira iyi, panguva yekutonga kwePachacútec, nyika yeInca yakarongwa uye humambo hwakawedzera, huchibatanidza nzvimbo dzazvino dzePeru, Bolivia, Ecuador uye chikamu cheColombia, Chile neArgentina.
Sangano rehupfumi hweInca
Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti hupfumi hweInca haufanirwe kuongororwa uye kunzwisiswa maererano nemafungiro ehupfumi anoshandiswa nhasi.
Nokudaro, kuti uzvinzwisise, munhu anofanira kutanga kubva pahutano hwehukama hweukama, iyo yakabatanidza nhengo dzemhuri yakakura kuburikidza nezvisungo zvakasimbiswa. Nheyo uye zviitiko zvehupfumi hweInca Empire zvaive:
The reciprocity system muInca economy
Pakutanga kwekuwedzera kwemisha yeInca, chiremera hachina kushandiswa zvakananga, asi chakaitwa nekudzorera uye minka (iyo inoshandura se "kukumbira mumwe munhu kuti andibatsire nekuvimbisa chimwe chinhu"). Reciprocity yakabvumira kuchinjana kunobva pane zvakanakira basa, iro rakarongwa kuburikidza nehukama hwehukama. Naizvozvo, kupfuma kwaitsamira pabasa rinowanikwa munharaunda uye kwete pauwandu hwezvinhu zvaiunganidzwa nomumwe munhu.
Panyaya iyi, vatsvakurudzi vanotsanangura mafirosi maviri ekuwirirana: kuunganidzwa kwakabatanidzwa nezvisungo zveukama uye Inca nyika yakakomberedzwa nemauto nemidziyo yekutonga inofarirwa nemasevhisi evaridzi vayo, avo vakasara vakagoverwazve.
Kuti kuwirirana kwakawanikwa sei
Gadziriro yokuwirirana yeInca yakawanwa kupfurikidza nokutevera nhano dzinotevera: Kutanga, Inca Pachacútec, mumisangano namadzishe amataundi akavakidzana, yakapa zvitsama zvezvokudya, zvokunwa nenziyo, pamwe chete nokuchinjana kwavakadzi kuti vatange ukama.
Chechipiri, Inca yakagadzira "chido" icho chaisanganisira kudiwa kwekuvakwa kwemvura. Chechipiri "chikumbiro" chakabvumira humwe hurongwa kuzadza zvitoro zvekudya. Munzvimbo yechitatu uye yekupedzisira, madzishe emataundi akavakidzana, achisimbisa "rupo" rwePachacútec, vakagamuchira zvaidiwa nevaInca.
Sezvo kukunda kutsva kwakaitwa, nhamba yemaguta nemadzishe anokudzwa akapinda muumambo kuburikidza nehukama hwakafanana yakawedzera, zvichiita kuti vashandi vakawanda vashande.
Inca hupfumi uye kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzekutonga
Sezvo kukura kweInca Empire kwakawedzera, vatongi vakasangana nezvimwe zvinetso zvekudzorera, izvo zvakanonotsa zvirongwa zvavo zvehupfumi.
Kuti kuderedze dambudziko, nzvimbo dzekutonga dzakavakwa muHumambo hwose, apo madzishe emunharaunda akasangana nenhamba dzehurumende dzinokosha; nenzira iyi, miitiro nezvinodiwa zvekuyanana zvinogona kuzadzikiswa.
Iyo inonyanya kukosha yenzvimbo idzi, nekuda kwenhamba huru yemadhipoziti, yaive Huánuco Pampa. Mumagwaro akawanda akachengetwa mareferensi anoonekwa ehuwandu hwezvirimwa uye zvekushandisa zvakanangwa kuHuánuco Pampa.
Maitiro ekushanda muhupfumi hweInca: iyo minca, ayni uye mita
Minka
Hwakanga huri gadziriro yebasa yakarongedzerwa kugutsa chinodikanwa chimwe chete icho chaibatanidza wirirano, kuzvipira uye tsinhirano. Muenzaniso weiyi gadziriro wakanga uri kusimudza goho reboka remhuri nokukurumidza kudzoka, uko kungagona kuva kudya kunofadza kana kuti kuzvipira kunowirirana mune ramangwana.
Zvimwe chete
Aynis akanga ari mabhenefiti ayo mutezo mumwe nomumwe weboka aigona kutora kubva kuvamwe uye izvo gare gare aifanira kudzorerwa. Vaiwanzobatanidzwa nokurimwa kwevhu uye kutarisira zvipfuwo.
hafu
Iri ibasa rekuchinja rinoitwa kwenguva. Vashandi vakasiya nharaunda dzavanobva ndokuendeswa kune mamwe matunhu kuti vazadzikise zvisungo zvakakumbirwa, izvo zvakabatana nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogovewazve.
Vatatu vanobata: Inca, Zuva uye Vanhu
Vaiva nepfungwa yakasiyana zvikuru yepfuma pane yanhasi, iyo yaireva nzira yakasiyana yekugovanisa nyika. Nhoroondo dzinotaura nezvenyika dzevaInca, zuva nevanhu.
Nyika dzevaInca dzakanga dziripo muUmambo hwose. Mabasa akaitwa nevagari vemo uye kubatsirwa kwenzvimbo idzi kwakaunzwa kumadhipoziti ehurumende. Zvichakadaro, izvo zvakatemerwa Zuva zvakashandiswa kuchengetedza chimiro chese chechitendero chehurumende, pamwe chete nezvitendero, vapristi nematemberi.
Pakupedzisira, zvakanga zvagadzirwa neguta racho zvakagoverwa zvakaenzana pakati pavagari vose vemo. Kugoverwa kwechigadzirwa chenyika kwaiitwa maererano nechiyero chechiyero chinonzi mole. Yaiva nhamba yakatarwa yezvigadzirwa. Imwe mole yakapa murume mukuru, uye apo vaviri vakaumbwa, mukadzi akagamuchira hafu.
inca Agriculture
Zvekurima ndiyo yaive chiitiko chikuru chehupfumi cheInca, ichipfuura nekure mamwe mapre-Columbian civilizations mubasa iri. Kusimukira kwayo kunoshamisa kwemateru ekurima ane mukurumbira, ayo anogona kuve makumi emamita akafara uye anosvika 1500 metres kureba.
Aya maturu akavakwa munzvimbo dzaisasvikwa pane dzimwe nguva, dzakadai semateru emakomo, kuti gare gare azadzwe nevhu, nokudaro achiwana nzvimbo itsva yokurima.
Zvipfuyo
Camelids yakaita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira tsika dzeAndean, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakakwirira, uko zvekudya zvaive zvishoma. Pakanga pasina mhuka inobatsira yakadaro munharaunda yeAndean selama, nekuti mashandisiro ayo aive akawanda.
Mhando mbiri dzekupfuya dzaive llama (Lama glama) nealpaca (Lama paco). Mamwe marudzi maviri emusango aiva vicuña ( Lama vicugna ) uye guanaco ( Lama guanicoe ).
Pamwe chete nedonje yakasimwa pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, makushe e<em>llama akaumba shinda dzokuruka jira (abasca), raishandiswa nevanhu. Ukuwo, vicuña nealpaca wool zvaishandiswa kugadzira machira akapfava uye eumbozha (cumbi).
Pamusoro pezvo, nyama yellama isina mvura uye yakaomeswa nezuva yaive nemukana wekuchengetedzwa zviri nyore uye kuchengetwa mumatura.
state deposits
Kuwana yakawandisa yakawedzera mukugadzirwa kwekurima kwakashandirwa kugovaniswa padanho rehurumende uye kwakafukidza kudzoreredzwa zvinodiwa. Mari iyi yakaitwa mumari zhinji yehurumende.
Iwo madhipoziti aive ari muzvitubu zvepurovhinzi yega yega uye muguta reCusco. Izvi zvakapa hurumende yeInca muunganidzwa wezvinhu zvine mhindu zvaifananidzira simba rayo. Kutevedzwa kwemitemo mimwechete yakadzikwa zvirimwa nembesa kwakakosha zvikuru mubudiriro yematura aya, zvichireva kuti kune mamaneja aigara kure nematura avanotaririra.
Nenzira iyi, zvese zvakachengetwa mumatura uye, kunyangwe kukundwa kweSpain, vanhu veko vakaramba vachizadza matura sekunge hurumende yeInca yaivepo, sezvo vachifunga kuti kana rugare rwadzoreredzwa vanozofunga nezvezvinhu zvinogadzirwa kusvika. nguva iyoyo.
dura rekuchengetedza
Mumatura, zvinhu zvese zvakachengetwa zvakarongeka uye kusimba kwezvigadzirwa kwaitorwa. Matura aya aiwanzovakwa pamateru ezvikomo, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakakwirira, dzinotonhorera uye dzine mhepo. Dzakanga dzine chitarisiko chetureti dzakavakwa mumitsara uye dzakaparadzaniswa kudzivirira kupararira kwemoto kana moto.
Nzira yekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa
Zvigadzirwa zvakachengetwa nekuchenjerera kukuru, izvo zvakabvumira kuti maakaunti anyorwe muquipu inotarisira quipucamayoc. Chibage chaichengetwa chisina masaga muhari huru dzedongo, dzine ndiro duku dzakafukidzwa; Mbatata, semashizha e<em>coca, dzaichengetwa mumabhasikiti etsanga, kuva nechokwadi chokuti huwandu hwakachengetwa hwakaenzana.
Kana dziri nguo, imwe uwandu hwadzo dzakanga dzakasungwa. Michero yakaomeswa uye shrimp yakaomeswa zvakaiswa muhomwe duku dzetsanga.
Arithmetic Notation System
Iyo Inca State, kunyangwe isina kunyora, inosiyaniswa nehukuru hwayo hwekuita mukutonga hupfumi. Izvi zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwequipu, inova arithmetic notation system.
Iyo quipu ine tambo huru uye dzimwe tambo dzechipiri dzinorembera pairi. Mukupedzisira, nhevedzano yemapfundo yakaitwa yairatidza uwandu, nepo mavara aimirira zvimwe zvigadzirwa kana kuti zvinyorwa.
Mukuru mukuru aichengeta akaunzi kuburikidza nequipu ainzi quipucamayoc. Vashoma vanhu vaiziva manejimendi ehurongwa uhu sezvo dzidziso yacho yaichengeterwa vamwe vakuru vakuru nenhengo dzevakuru.
Ruzivo rwese rwakagadzirwa nequipus rwakachengetwa mumatura akakosha ari muguta reCuzco. Aya madhipoziti akashanda sebazi guru rehupfumi.
Economic Organisation muInca Empire
Zvichitevera tsananguro dzevanyori vezana ramakore rechigumi nenhanhatu, zvaitendwa kuti kubudirira kwehupfumi hwevaInca kwakakonzerwa nekugovewa kwakanaka kwezviwanikwa uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwekurima nemhuka.
Neiyi nzira, kupedzwa kwourombo nenzara kungadai kwakavapo. Nekudaro, nhasi tinoziva kuti hupfumi hweInca hunogona kunzwisiswa chete mumamiriro ehukama hwehukama, hunosunga nhengo dzemhuri yakakura pamwechete kuburikidza nezvisungo zvakasimbiswa.
Hupfumi hweInca hwaive hwakavakirwa pahurongwa hwekudyidzana kwakawanda. Izvi zvakabvumira kuchinjana kunobva pane zvakanakira basa rakarongwa kuburikidza nehukama hwehukama.
MuTahuantinsuyo pakanga pasina mari, pasina musika, pasina kutengeserana, pasina mutero, sezvatinovaziva nhasi. Naizvozvo, hupfumi nehurombo hunoenderana nekushanda kune nharaunda kwete pahuwandu hwezvinhu izvo munhu anounganidza.
Mukutaura kweAndean, murombo kana kuti huaccha - iyo mumutauro weQuechua inoreva "nherera" - aive mumwe munhu aive asina vabereki.
Zvekurima
Zvekurima ndiro raive basa guru rehupfumi, iro rakawedzerwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwakagarwa nhaka kubva kumagariro zvisati zvaitika.
Kumwe kutaura kwaishamisa kwaiva kuvakwa kwemapuratifomu aibvumira kuwedzera kwenzvimbo yekurima. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuwedzera kweTahuantinsuyo Empire kwakavabvumira kuva nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana; kunyanya sembesa yechibage nembatatisi.
Muridzi wevhu
Pfungwa yepfuma yakasiyana kwazvo neyeMadokero, iyo yaireva imwe nzira yekugovanisa nyika. Kunyange zvazvo nhoroondo dzichitaura nezvenyika dzeInca, Zuva uye vanhu, nhasi kupatsanurwa uku kunokurukurwa, sezvo zvichida vakaruramiswa nevakunda kuti vaenderere mberi nekutonga kwenyika kuSpain Crown.
VaInca vakagamuchira nyika kubva kumapoka emadzinza ane simba, ayo akabva apfuudzwa kumapanaca avo. Kugadzirwa kwe "nyika yevaInca" kwakashanda kupa chikafu kune avo vaishandira manejimendi uye zvakare yekugoverazve.
Izvo zvinonzi "nyika dzezuva" dzakashandiswa kugovera temberi nevashandi vakatsaurirwa kuchitendero, uye zvakasara zvekugadzirwa kwavo zvakagadzirirwa kugoverwazve.
The mole
Kugovewa kwenyika kwakaitwa maererano nechiyero chechiyero chinonzi topo. Yakanga isiri kuronga, sekufunga kunoita vamwe, asi huwandu hwezvigadzirwa. Nenzira iyi, imwe mole yakapa munhu mukuru uye yakabatanidza murume, uye apo vaviri vakaumbwa, mukadzi akagamuchira hafu.
Kuchengeta mombe
Illama, alpaca, vicuña uye guanaco zvakashandiswa zvakanyanya nemaInca. Panyaya yellama, nyama yayo, dehwe, makushe uye kunyange tsvina yakaomeswa zvakashandiswa, iyo yaive yakanakisa fetereza uye mafuta. Uyewo, ngamera dzaive mhuka dzekutakura zvinhu.
The curacas nemamwe ayllu angava neboka rengamera. Idzo dzaishandiswa muzvipiriso nezvibairo zvakasimudzwa muhuacas.
Jasi remangwanani
Iyo chaqué kana rodeo inosanganisira yakapoteredza nzvimbo huru nezviuru zvevanhu uye kufudza vicuñas mumapeni ematombo apo inotemwa uye inosunungurwa. Dzidziso yokuti vamwari vomumakomo ndivo vane mhuka dzomusango yakaita kuti vicuña ive mhuka tsvene kuvaInca. Inofungidzirwa kuti panguva yeTahuantinsuyo pakanga paine misoro yemamiriyoni maviri muPeruvian Andes.
Makushe acho aishandiswa kugadzira mbatya dzevakakwirira chete. Kuti vawane fiber, maInca akaronga kutora muumambo hwega hwega makore matatu kana mashanu. Zvinyorwa zvekuchera matongo zvinoratidza kuti nzira iyi yekubata mhuka dzesango yakagarwa nhaka kubva kuvagari vekare veAndes.
Economic Administration
Vakuru vakagadzwa neInca vakaumba hutongi hwakabatana nesangano uye manejimendi ehurumende. Kazhinji, vakuru veCuzco ndivo vaive nezvinzvimbo zvakakosha. Pakati peizvi, zvinotevera zvinonyanya kukosha:
El Tocricoc: gavhuna wedunhu
El Tucuyricuc: muongorori wemunharaunda uye murevereri wemakakatanwa madiki.
The Quipucamayoc: Nyanzvi mukubata kwequipus.
Qhapac ñan tocricoc: Muvaki wemigwagwa yeumambo.
Le Collac camayoc: Deposit maneja.
the quipu
Iyo quipu yakanga iri hurongwa hwakaoma kunzwisisa hwemasvomhu inoumbwa necheni huru nedzimwe cheni dzomumativi dzairembera pairi. Mukupedzisira, nhevedzano yemafundo akaitwa, ayo anoratidzira uwandu, nepo mavara aimirira zvimwe zvigadzirwa kana kuti zvinyorwa. Basa rekududzira quipus raive nequipucamayoc. Ichi chiitiko chakanga chiri rudzi rwetsika yemhuri, yaipfuudzwa kubva kuna baba kuenda kumwanakomana.
Inca nzira
Iyo Capac Ñan kana nzira huru yeIncas yaive network yenzira dzaiyambuka iyo yese Tahuantinsuyo. Migwagwa yakabvumira kuendeswa kwezvinhu zvinogadzirwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana nekuda kwemita, iyo yaienda kumatura kuti igoverwe gare gare. Saizvozvowo, vakabvumira kufamba kwemapoka akaungana kuti aite mita. Nzira idzi dzaishandiswa nechasquis, vachitarisira kutumira mameseji muTahuantinsuyo yose.
Kana wawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe izvi: