Munhoroondo yose, vafungi vakawanda vakagadzira mienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana kuti vanzwisise nzira yekudzidzisa mumunhu. Ngationgororei pano chikuru dzidziso dzedzidziso yenhoroondo yedu.
Chii chinonzi pedagogical theories?
Kutyaira kukuru kwevanhu kubva pakutanga kwezvisikwa kwave kwakanangana nekutora zivo, kuisa mumapoka, kuishandisa. Muite chiredzo kuti atange kutonga pamusoro pechadenga chinozivikanwa. Iko kuvhima kwehuchenjeri ndiyo quintessential chiitiko cheHomo Sapiens.
Asi nekufamba kwenguva, vazivi vakawanda, masayendisiti, uye vafungidziri vakatanga kuzvinetsa kwete chete nezivo pachayo, asiwo nemitoo yedu, kuziva kana kusaziva, yakashandiswa kuibatanidza. Apa ndipo pane kuumbwa kweiyo dzidziso dzedzidziso: mukufungisisa kwedzidzo kuti vanhu vanodzidza sei uye kuti mumwe munhu angakurudzira sei mumwe kudzidza.
Mune mamwe mazwi, aya mamodheru anotsanangurwa kuti anzwisise nzira iyo ruzivo rwunopihwa nayo uye ruzivo rwunogamuchirwa. Aya mamodheru anogona kuvhara huwandu hwakasiyana hweakajairwa basa hunyanzvi hwemunda wezvidzidzo. Iyi nhanho kubva kupfungwa, kuburikidza neuroscience, kune sociology, philosophy uye pedagogy pachayo.
Tsvagiridzo yeunyowani mune imwe neimwe yeiyi ndima ine mhedzisiro yekukurumidza nemhedzisiro yayo pane yedu pfungwa yekuti kudzidzisa kunoitwa sei. Izvi zvinopedzisira zvaita hwaro hwepfungwa padzichavakwa veruzhinji nedzakavanzika marongero muzvikoro zvedzidzo. Tsika dzinosandurwa neiyi nzira dzoburitsa itsva dzidziso dzedzidziso neshanduko yemhepo yekufunga, mune isingaperi symbiosis.
Main pedagogical theories
Iri fungu rinotsvaga kubata zvizere maitiro ekudzidza, pasina kumboawana. Pfungwa dzemunhu dzichiri dzakanyanya kunzwisiswa uye dzakaoma muchina kuti udzikiswe kuita dzidziso iri nyore. Nechikonzero ichi, isu tinofanirwa kufunga zvikumbiro zvakasiyana zvakatsanangurwa panguva dzakasiyana dzenhoroondo setsanangudzo chaidzo dzemamwe maitirwo, anofambiswa nedzimwe tsananguro dzevamwe, mune yakakura network yebasa redzidziso.
Tichifunga izvi, ngationgororei rondedzero pfupi yedzidziso dzinoshandiswa pakudzidza nekudzidzisa. Kuverengera kunobva kunguva dzekare uye nguva dzeChiedza, kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nesainzi yazvino. Rudzi urwu runogona kutipa zano rekuti hurukuro yekudzidzisa yanga iripo sei munhoroondo yevanhu.
Theoretical Naturalism: Ngatipembererei Noble Savage
Nezvakasikwa tinowana chinhu chiri padhuze kune zero point yedzidzo mukati memunda wedzidziso. Yakagadzirwa zvakanyanya muzana ramakore rechigumi nenomwe, dzidziso yezvakasikwa inofunga kuti hunhu hwehunhu hwevanhu hunofanirwa kuremekedzwa uye kukurudzirwa nemaitiro ekudzidzisa, pasina kuranga kwesimbi kana hurongwa hwekumisikidza hwakafanana nedzidzo yechinyakare.
pasi pe motto yekuti munhu akanaka pachisikirwoRousseau, theorist par excellence, akakurudzira manyorerwo emahara ekudzidzisa anoenderana nekugamuchirwa kwekuzvimiririra kwevana uye kuongorora kwavo kwekutanga uye kwakananga kwemanzwiro. Hunhu hweruzivo hwekudzidza hunowedzerwa pamusoro pekutonhora kwekutanga kuyeuka kweLatinisms.
Tsika dzepakarepo dzaifanira kutungamirwa nemudzidzisi, pasina kudzirambidza, kuti dziwedzere zvinoenderana nechikonzero chakajekeswa. Kusawirirana pakati pezvakanakira hunhu uye basa rekumanikidzira remagariro raive remuzivi chikonzero chekusagadzikana kwakawanda kwevanhu uye uori hwemweya.
Saka, Rousseau akapa hurongwa umo mudzidzi aifanirwa kurongerwa kusvika pazera remakore gumi kuti angoona muviri wake chete uye nemhoteredzo yepedyo kuburikidza nehurongwa hwake hwekunzwa, achikwevera mhedziso dzinongoerekana dzaitika, dzakasimba uye dzakarurama pamusoro penyika. Ipapo akagoverwa kusvikira kugumi namashanu kumuraidzo woungwaru wokuda kuziva, uko kutanga kwake amene kwakanga kuchiri kudikanwa, uye ipapo kusvikira kugumi namasere kusvikira panhano yakakwirira zvikurusa yokudzidza, tsika nechitendero.
Kunyange zvazvo maonero erudo echisikigo asingatomboshandi mugadziriro yedzidzo yemazuva ano, pfungwa dzayo dzakanyanya kupinda muuchenjeri hwedu hwakakurumbira maererano nokunaka noungwaru hwomuzvarirwo hwevana, vanozivisa kuchena uko vanhu vakuru vakarasa. Kutarisa kumunhu oga oga kwemudzidzi uye zvinodiwa zvezera rega rega kunoramba kuri pfungwa huru yekudzidzisa kwakanaka.
Disciplinary order: kuumba munhu akakwana
Kana dzidziso yomusikirwo yaizivisa uchenjeri hwomukati hwomunhu, uyo ane murazvo waifanira kudzivirirwa pamhepo inotonhora yedzvinyiriro yenzanga, chirango chaidavira mukuumbwa kwakaoma kwomunhu maererano nenhevedzano yakagadzwa nechiremera.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kukurudzira kukuru kwedzidziso yakarangwa yeGreco-Roman, medieval uye Renaissance tsika yaive yekugadzira zvidzidzo zvine mubatanidzwa wakakwana wemukati pakati pehunhu hwehungwaru, tsika dzakanaka uye chimiro chakasimba. Kudzidza kwakanga kusiri kungonzverwa kwezivo asi nzira yokunatsa mudzimu, wakasimukira mumavambo, uduku muuduku.
Kubatanidzwa kwakatsvakwawo nekuda kweruzivo rwakabatanidzwa nemudzidzi. Ruzivo rwakadai segirama, pfungwa, mimhanzi, rhetoric, nyeredzi, mitauro, zvaive chikamu chedzidzo yekumanikidza kubva paudiki, mune inodaidzwa kuti Trivium neQuadrivium yenguva yepakati. Yakanga iri yeruzivo rwakakwana rweruzivo rwakaunganidzwa rwenguva, mune eclectic maonero, asina hunyanzvi uye akaisirwa nekutevedzera uye nemusoro, pasi pekutyisidzirwa kwechirango.
Sezvinoonekwa, chimiro chakanaka chehurongwa hwechirango chiri mukuomarara, hunhu uye hupamhi hwekudzidza. Mafungiro asina kunaka akashandiswa zvakanaka nevanoongorora zvemusikirwo: dzidziso yedzidziso yakasefa kuburikidza nekudzidzisa uye mukana wekubatwa zvisina kunaka mumasangano asina simba.
Behaviorism: kukurudzira uye mhinduro
Mukuita maitiro, pamwe ndiyo yakanyanya mechanistic theory yezvose dzidziso dzedzidziso, mucheche i tabula rasa, peji isina chinhu isina zvinofarirwa nemunhu kana ruzivo rwekare, inongoramba ichitungamirirwa nekunze kwekunze. Iyo dzidziso yakaburuka kubva mukuyedza mamiriro nemhuka, senge imbwa dzaPavlov dzakakurumbira, dzakazowedzerwa naSkinner.
Tichitarisa kumashure, maitiro anoita seakanyanya kucheneswa uye akarongeka musiyano wechirango chekare, pasina chero chayo chakazara kana chekunaka. Kurongeka kwechirango kwakaiswa munguva yemazuva ano kuburikidza nemaitiro akagadziriswa pamunhu asingaiti nemubairo uye kurangwa, mubairo uye kusatenderwa.
Pasinei nekukosha kwaro senheyo yenheyo dzedzidzo dzakawanda dzemazuva ano, maitiro ane matambudziko ari pachena. Mudzidzi anogona kuvakira basa rake pakuwana giredhi, pasina kumwe kurudziro. Ukama nemudzidzisi hunogona kufarira uye kutonhora. Uye sezvo dzidziso yacho isingatarisi nezvehunhu hwemunhu, maitiro achange asina fungidziro.
Associationism: kudzidza kwakabatana
Kugovera tabula rasa imwechete semaitiro, kushamwaridzana kunoona kudzidzisa sekuvaka kunofambira mberi kwezivo pavhu remhandara. Nzira yekuisa pamwechete mapakeji eruzivo rwedu kuburikidza nekubatana kwekubatana pakati peruzivo, kunyanya pakati pezivo yakatowanikwa uye ihwo hutsva.
Zvino, basa remudzidzi nderekuita kuti masangano aya ave pachena, achigadzira hukama panzvimbo yega yega pakati pezvidzidzo kuti akurudzire pfungwa dzevadzidzi dzakatenderedza zvakanangwa. Vazhinji vatsoropodzi vesonganiro vakaratidza chaizvo izvo zvakanangidzirwa zvakanyanya padzidziso, vasingabvumire kumwe kuongorora kwemunhu. Zvakadaro, dzidziso yaPiaget ndiyo inoramba yakakurumbira.
Muvhidhiyo inotevera, dzidziso yekuziva yaPiaget inotsanangurwa nemifananidzo.
Gestalt: simba rekugadzirisa
Gestalt psychology, dzidziso yechiGerman yakatanga mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, inopa mwero wakakura wokuoma kunzwisisa kupfuura uyo watinorangarira munhevedzano yokubatanidzwa.
Kuve nezita rinoreva kumisikidzwa, Gestalt inobata nekuongorora zvimiro zvepfungwa izvo munhu anosefa nekubatanidza ruzivo kubva muchokwadi. Kutora hakuna kumbokwana, nekuti chimiro chinotora chete zvikamu izvo mitsetse yayo inokwanisa kubatanidza.
Tichifunga nezvemitemo yekukosheswa uku, iyo inotora manhamba achitevedza mucherechedzo unobva panhanho yadzo yekusiyana nemashure uye kuwanda kwadzo kusvika pakufanana kuri pakati padzo, dzidziso yedzidzo yakaenzana inotangwa maererano nemudzidzisi nemudzidzi. Mudzidzisi anoita nekuzvininipisa zvakanyanya semufambisi wekuumbwa kwepfungwa kunoitwa nemudzidzi pachake, akabatikana nepuzzle yake yakasiyana.
Iyo Gestalt yeWertheimer, Köhler naKoffka ndeyekugona kudzidzisa kwepfungwa dzakakura uye dzakajeka. Kuwedzera kwayo mukondinendi yose yeEurope kwave kusingamisiki kubva pakurudziro yayo.
Cognitive theory: kutevedzana kwepfungwa
Kunyange kana iine chinangwa chechimiro chepfungwa yekuedza zvakanyanya, cognitive theory inhanho inoenderera mberi nekuremekedza maitiro. Kana chirevo ichi chakaramba chiri muhumbowo hwemuviri hwekukurudzira uye maitiro, iyo yekuziva inofunga kunyatso kunyudza mumiganho yepfungwa inotungamira pakudzidza.
Semuyenzaniso, mu common reality scan sequences. Kuda kuziva senyika yekutanga, dambudziko rakaongororwa, kuyedzwa kwekufungidzira uye kusarudzwa kweimwe kunyanya yekugoneka kwayo.
Kushandisa izvi pakudzidzisa, zivo inosimbirira pakuremekedza kutevedzana kwekukura kwepfungwa kwemudzidzi. Zera rinotara rudzi rwedzidzo yakagamuchirwa uye danho rekuda kuziva remudzidzi rakakosha pakudzidzisa. Imwe mhando yesainzi inotenderera pane yekare yezvakasikwa.
Kana wanga uchifarira chinyorwa ichi nezve dzidziso dzedzidziso, pamwe iwe uchafarira iyi imwe yakatsaurirwa kune Kudzidza nekuwana. Tevedza chinongedzo!
