Hunhu hwechiHindu Tsika netsika dzayo

India inyika yakazara mutsika, uye kune zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoiratidzira, zvakadai se: kuwanda kwayo kwechitendero, kunaka kwayo kwepanyama, gastronomy yayo nekunhuhwirira kunoshamisa, mitambo ine mavara uye zvivakwa zvakanakisa; Zvose izvi nezvimwe zvakakomberedza Tsika yechiHindu, uye kuburikidza nenyaya ino tinokukoka kuti uzvizive.

Tsika yechiHindu

Tsika dzechiHindu muunganidzwa wezvakakosha zvinoumba iyo yese budiriro yeIndia, mairi tinogona kuona maitiro ayo, zvitendero, zvekubika, mimhanzi, mitambo yemitambo, kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi, hunhu uye mararamiro evanopfuura zana vekuzvarwa. mapoka enyika ino.

Ndokusaka, nekuda kwekuwanda kwezvinhu, tinogona kuona misiyano maererano nekuratidzwa kwetsika yavo, munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika ino; Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo tsika yechiHindu inogona kutorwa semubatanidzwa wetsika dzakati wandei dzakapararira munzvimbo yese yeIndia, maitiro uye maitiro anga aripo kwenguva yakareba.

Tsika dzechiIndia dzakatangira pakati pe4nd millennium BC Zvakawanda kana zvishoma nguva iyo Rigveda, rinova bhuku rekare munhoroondo yeVedic, rakasikwa muSanskrit. Zviri mukati meizvi mubatanidzwa wenziyo dzakanyorwa muVedic Sanskrit yekare, sekuzvipira uye mutero kuna vamwari; Kune XNUMX zvinyorwa zvekare zvechinyakare ichi chinonzi Vedas, uye ichi chikamu chavo chiri chekare kupfuura ese.

Imwe yerevo dzetsika yechiHindu munyika yave iri gastronomy yayo nezvitendero zvayo zvedharmic zvakasiyana; Mukuwirirana norudzidziso, iyi nyika yakapa upenyu kuchiHindu, chiBuddha, chiSikh, chiJain marudzidziso akagamuchirwa kwete bedzi mukati meIndia, asiwo navanhu vakasiana-siana munyika yose, chiBuddha chiri chinoshandiswa zvikurusa nechakakurumbira kupfuura ose.

Nekudaro, mushure mekutevedzana kwezviitiko zvemhirizhonga munharaunda yeIndia, nemauto ekunze akadai seyechiIslam kutenderedza XNUMXth century, nyika ino yakatora humwe hunhu hwechiArab, Persian neTurkey tsika, ichiwedzera aya maitiro kune ayo anotenda, mutauro uye zvipfeko zvekupfeka. . Zvakare, nyika ino neimwe nzira yakafurirwa nenyika dzeAsia, kunyanya kubva kuSouth neEast Asia.

Nhoroondo yeHindu Tsika

Nguva dzinoumba nhoroondo yetsika dzechiHindu, dzinokura mumatanho maviri eVedic neBrahmanical; Pazasi isu tinotsanangura imwe neimwe yadzo:

Vedic

Iyi nhanho yenguva ndiyo yekare kana iri kure kwazvo yetsika yechiHindu, iyo maererano netsvakiridzo inofukidza makore kubva 3000 kusvika 2000 BC Huwandu hwepakutanga hwechikamu ichi vaive maDravidians, vaive vanhu vaizivikanwa nehupfupi hwavo uye ganda dema , aya akakwanisa kugara kwemakore akawanda zvichienzaniswa nemamwe mapoka emarudzi.

Budiriro iyi yaiwanzogara munharaunda, uye idzodzi dzakanga dzashanduka kusvika pakuti dzaifananidzwa nebudiriro huru netsika dzakadai seEgypt neMesopotamia. Pane pfungwa yokuti vaDravidians vakatanga mametropolises akadai se: Mahenjo-Daro neHarapa, mumupata weIndia; neBarigaza neSupara muNevada. Saizvozvo, izvi zvakabudirira mumabasa ekurima, kutengeserana uye kushanda kwebhuronzi. Chitendero chake chainamata vanamwari vakawanda; ndiwo manamatiro avaiita mai mwarikadzi, mwari akaorera, uye mhuka dzomusango.

Brahmanic

Mukati meichi nhanho yenguva India yaivepo pasi pehukuru hwemaBrahmin kana kuti prisita, nhanho iyi inogona kusiyaniswa nhanho mbiri dzakapfuura, idzi dzaive:

Pre-Buddha

Munguva iyi, budiriro yose yechiHindu yakanga iri pasi pesimba ravaBrahman, avo vakaumba mutsivi weboka romupristi kuvaAryans vakabva kunharaunda yeGungwa reCaspian, avo mukati memireniyumu yechipiri BC, vakapinda muIndia Valley neGanges, vachizivisa muna. nzvimbo iyi bhiza, zvombo zvesimbi nengoro yehondo muIndia. Munguva iyi, humambo hwakawanda hwekuzvarwa hwakatangwa uye nekudaro nhetembo dzeMahabarata neRamayana dzakabuda semhedzisiro yehondo dzevagari vemo pakati pavo.

Buddha 

Iyi nguva inoenderana nenguva yekuita kwevanhu vechiHindu vachipokana nekushungurudzwa kweBrahmanism, izvo zvakaguma nekukunda kwechikoro cheBuddha, icho neuchenjeri hwacho chakaita kuti chishuwo chekuzvidemba chinzwike pakati pebudiriro, ichiburitsa nguva yenguva yakazara nerunyararo. . Panguva ino, mutungamiri wemauto Chandragupta Mauria, mushure mekukunda nekubatanidza kuchamhembe kweIndia, akatanga Mauria Empire, iyo guta guru riri muguta rePataliputra (zvino rava Patna), pamahombekombe eGanges.

Nekufamba kwenguva, nyika ino yakawira mumaoko eBritish, semhedzisiro yekukunda kwakagadzirwa navo munharaunda yeIndia, kushandura nzvimbo yayo yese kuita koloni yeBritish zvakanyanya kana zvishoma pakati pezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe. Mhedzisiro yekoloni yakanzwika munharaunda iyi, sezvo nekufamba kwenguva musanganiswa wetsika imwe neimwe wakasiya mitsetse yakakosha mutsika yechiHindu, uye nechikonzero ichi vakati tsika yakadzora kugona kwayo kushanduka kuti irarame. .

Pakasvika zuva raNyamavhuvhu 15, 1947, India yakakwanisa kuwana rusununguko rwayo senyika, nekuda kwesangano rekuzvitonga raitungamirirwa naMohandas Karamchand Gandhi kana kuti anozivikanwa zviri nani saMahatma Gandhi, wezvematongerwo enyika wechiHindu, mutsigiri wepacifist, muzivi uye gweta. kupandukira hurumende kusina mhirizhonga, akakwanisa kuwana rusununguko rwevanhu vose.

Munguva imwe chete iyoyo, hazvina kumbobvira zvaita kubatanidza tsika dzechiHindu netsika dzechiMuslim sesangano rakabatana, ndosaka India yakazvarwa serudzi, uye kusikwa kwenyika mbiri itsva, Bangladesh nePakistan, kwakaitika.

Mitauro uye Literature

MuIndia mune mitauro inenge 216, inoshandiswa uye inoshandiswa nevanhu vanenge zviuru gumi, uye iyoyi iripo nokuda kwokuwanda kwematunhu; zvisinei, pane 10 lengas dzinozivikanwa sehurumende munyika ino.

Zvinenge zvakazara, mitauro iyi ine mavambo ayo mumhuri mbiri dzinokosha dzemitauro: iyo Dravidian, iyo iri pakati penzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba, uye Indo-Aryan, inova yakawanda panguva imwe chete mudunhu rekuchamhembe kwenyika. Mukuwedzera kune idzodzi, kune ndimi dzemhuri dzemitauro yakasiyana-siyana dzisina kubatana, dzakadai semitauro yeMunda neTibeto-Burman, iyo yakaganhurirwa kunzvimbo duku dziri munharaunda yeIndia. Nekudaro, bumbiro reIndia rinogadza Hindi neChirungu semitauro yepamutemo yenyika.

Pamwe chete neaya maviri ekupedzisira, kune mitauro makumi maviri nemiviri, iyo inewo chiremera chepamutemo, uye kushandiswa kweiyi kwakabatana navo padanho redunhu. Saizvozvowo, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti Sanskrit ndiwo mutauro wechinyakare weIndia neSoutheast Asia, ichichipa hunhu kana kufanana nebasa rinoitwa nechiLatin kana chiGiriki munharaunda netsika dzekuMadokero.

Mutauro uyu zvakare inyaya yekutsvagisa, kusanganisira muJapan uye nenyika dzekuMadokero, zvichikurudzirwa netsika nechitendero kukosha kwayo. Iwe zvakare une Old Tamil, unova mutauro wechinyakare wemhuri yeDravidian. Kune mitauro yakawanda munyika ino (yepamutemo kana isiri yepamutemo), zvekuti kunyangwe paine nguva mamirioni avanhu mudunhu rega rega vanoramba vachigovana tsika yavo uye kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva.

Nhoroondo yemitauro yeIndia

Maererano nenyanzvi yemitauro uye nyanzvi yeIndia yekare yekuwana kwake dzinza remitauro yeIndo-European, muRungu William Jones akataura zvinotevera muna 1786:

“Mutauro wechiSanskrit, pasinei nokuti ndewekare, une chimiro chakatanhamara uye chakaisvonaka; ichi chakatonyanya kunaka uye chakakwana kupfuura chiGiriki, chakadyiswa kupfuura chiLatin, kunyange chakatanhamara kupfuura ose ari maviri.

Zvisineyi, ine mufanano mukuru kumitauro miviri, iyo inogona kuonwa mose muri muviri mumidzi yezviito uye mumienzaniso yegirama yavo, kuti chingagona kuitika nokuda kwechikanganiso chiri nyore; Kufanana kwadzo kunoratidzwa zvekuti chero nyanzvi inoongorora mitauro mitatu inogona kugumisa kuti yese yakabva kune imwe nzvimbo, iyo pamwe isisipo.

Pane zvakafanana, asi pamwe zvisina kunyorwa kudaro, chikonzero chekufungidzira kuti maGothic neCeltic, kunyangwe akabatanidzwa nemutauro wakasiyana kwazvo, ane mavambo akafanana neSanskrit. "

Rig-Vedic Sanskrit iri imwe yepakutanga kuratidzwa kwemutauro weIndo-Aryan, zvakare yakanyorwa seimwe yekare dura remhuri yemutauro weIndo-European.

Kuwanikwa kweSanskrit nevaongorori vekutanga vekuEurope kwakatungamira mukuvandudzwa kwehuzivi hwekufananidza. Ndicho chikonzero, muzana remakore rechigumi nemasere, nyanzvi dzakashamiswa nekufanana kwemutauro uyu, zvose mumashoko egirama uye mumashoko, nemitauro yekare yeEurope.

Iyi ndiyo nzira, kuburikidza nezvidzidzo zvakazotevera zvesainzi uye tsvagiridzo, vakaona kuti kwakabva Sanskrit, pamwe nemimwe mitauro yeIndia, ndeyedzinza rine: Chirungu, French, Italian, Germany, Greek, Spanish, Celtic, Baltic, Persian, Armenian, Tocharian, pakati pemamwe madimikira.

Shanduko nekuvandudzwa kwemutauro muIndia zvinogona kuongororwa kuburikidza nenzvimbo nhatu munguva:

• Old
• Pakati
• Mazuva ano Indo-Aryan

Chimiro chekare cheIndo-Aryan chekare chaive chiSanskrit, chinotsanangurwa semutauro wakarongeka, wakadzidza, une tsika uye wakarurama (sezvakafanana neSpanish), zvichienzaniswa nePracrite (kuunganidzwa kwemitauro yakasiyana-siyana yaitaurwa muIndia yekare), inova. mutauro wevagari vekune dzimwe nyika wakashanduka zvisina tsarukano nemataurirwo nemataurirwo egirama.

Ndicho chikonzero nei maumbirwe omutauro wacho akachinjwa sezvo ava vanhu vanotama vakavhengana, apo vakanogara munzvimbo itsva, vakagamuchira mashoko aibva mumarudzi akanga ane rurimi rwaamai.

Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Pracrite akakwanisa kuita iyo Middle Indo-Aryan, izvo zvakapa kuPali (mutauro wepakutanga wevaBhudha vekutanga uye Ashoka Vardhana nhanho kutenderera 200 kusvika 300 BC), mutauro wePracrite wevaJain vazivi uye Apabhramsa mutauro. iyo inosanganiswa mumatanho ekupedzisira eMiddle Indo-Aryan. Vaongorori vakati wandei vanosimbisa kuti Apabhramsa yakazove: Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Punjabi, Marathi, pakati pevamwe; iyo parizvino inoshandiswa kuchamhembe, kumabvazuva uye kumadokero kumatunhu eIndia.

Mitauro yese iyi ine mabviro uye magadzirirwo akafanana neSanskrit, pakati pavo, pamwe nemimwe mitauro yeIndo-European. Naizvozvo, pekupedzisira, kune nhoroondo uye inoenderera yakachengetwa yemamwe makore 3000 enhoroondo yemitauro yakachengetwa muzvinyorwa zvekare.

Izvi zvinobvumira vaongorori kuti vadzidze kushandurwa nekuvandudzwa kwemitauro nekufamba kwenguva, pamwe nekuona musiyano usingaoneki pakati pezvizvarwa, apo kazhinji mutauro wekutanga unogona kugadziridzwa uchipa kupinda mumitauro yedzinza yakaoma kuziva sematavi emitauro. muti mumwe chete.. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Sanskrit yakasiya chiratidzo chakakosha mumitauro uye mumabhuku enyika ino yeIndia.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIxhB4A3aDE

Mutauro unonyanya kushandiswa muIndia iHindi, inova Sanskrit rekodha yeKauravi kana Khariboli dialect. Saizvozvo, mimwe mitauro yemazuva ano yeIndo-Iranian, iyo Munda neDravidian, vakawana akawanda emazwi zvakananga kubva kuSanskrit kana zvisina kunanga kuburikidza neinoshandura kana yepakati Indo-Iranian mitauro.

Mumitauro yemazuva ano yeIndo-Iranian inoumbwa neanosvika makumi mashanu muzana emazwi echiSanskrit, uye eiyo Dravidian Telugu, Malayalam uye Kannada zvinyorwa zvekunyora. Panyaya yeBengali, inova imwe yemitauro yeIndo-Iranian yeMiddle East uye kwayakatangira inogona kuverengerwa kuzana ramakore rechi 50 BC, kunyanya mumutauro weArdha Magadhi.

ChiTamil, iri imwe yemitauro yechinyakare yeIndia, inobva kumitauro yeproto-Dravidian, iyo yaishandiswa semutauro kutenderera 2nd millennium BC. C. munharaunda yepeninsular yeIndia. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinyorwa zvechiTamil zvave zviripo kweanopfuura makore XNUMX uye ekare epigraphic marekodhi anodzokera kuzana ramakore rechitatu BC. c.

Imwe yemitauro inonyanya kukosha yedunhu rino iKannada, iyo zvakare ine mabviro echinyakare mhuri yemutauro weDravidian. Yakanyorwa nemaepigraphs kubva XNUMXst millennium BC uye yakabuda maererano nekugadzirwa kwekunyora kubva kuKannada yekare mukati meRashtrakuta. dzinza rakapoteredza zana remakore rechiXNUMX nerechi XNUMX. Vamwe vanoti mutauro uyu semutauro unogona kuva wekare pane chiTamil, nokuda kwokuvapo kwemazwi ane zvimiro zvechinyakare kupfuura chiTamil.

Kana iri yekare Kannada, yaive mutauro weBarabasi pakutanga kwenguva yakajairwa, mumatanho eSatavahana neKadamba, saka ine huvepo hunosvika zviuru zviviri zvemakore. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti chirevo cheAshoka chakawanikwa munzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeBrahma-guiri yakapoteredza 2 BC ine mazwi muKannada.

Imwe pfungwa yekucherechedza ndeyekuti mitauro yeAustro-Asian neTibeto-Burman inoshandiswawo muIndia, kunze kweIndo-European uye Dravidian. Kune ongororo dzemadzinza emuIndia, dzinoratidza kuti vagari venzvimbo idzi vangangodaro vakabva kuSouth Asia.

Mutauro weIndia uye musanganiswa wetsika hauna kukonzerwa nekubuda kukuru kweIndo-Aryans kubva kuCentral Asia neWestern Eurasia kuburikidza nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, asi tsvakiridzo yegenome inoratidza kuti ungano huru yevanhu yakapinda muIndia kare kare. yeTibeto-Burmese yakabva.

Nekudaro, Fst kure kure genome kuferefeta kunoratidza kuti kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweHimalaya kwakashanda senzira yekubuda uye hodgepodge yemunhu kwemakore 5 apfuura. Madimikira anoshandiswa munzvimbo ino yeIndia anosanganisira Austro-Asian (seKhasi) neTibeto-Burmese (saNishi).

Literature

Mabhuku ekutanga ezvinyorwa zveIndia akatanga kuburitswa nemuromo, zvisinei, gare gare aya akaunganidzwa kuita zvinyorwa. Muunganidzwa wemabhuku aya une zvinyorwa zveSanskrit zvakaita seVedas yekutanga, nhoroondo dzenhoroondo dzakadai saMahābhārata naRāmāyaṇa, mutambo waAbhijñānaśakuntalā, nhetembo dzakadai saMahākāvya, uye zvinyorwa zveOld Tamil sangam zvinyorwa.

epics

Nhetembo dzechinyakare dzinonyanya kufarirwa munzvimbo yese yeIndia iRāmāyaṇa neMahābhārata. Izvi zvinyorwa zvakanyorerwa munyika dzakasiyana dzeAsia dzakadai seMalaysia, Thailand, neIndonesia.

Muchinoitika chaRāmāyaṇa, urwu rugwaro rwakaumbwa nendima dzinenge zviuru makumi maviri nezvina, uye gamuchidzanwa reRama rinorondedzera mufananidzo wamwari Vishnu, ane mudzimai anodiwa Sita akapambwa naRávana, dhemoni mambo weLanka. Nhetembo iyi yaive yakakosha mukutanga Dharma sesimba rinosunda kuseri kwemararamiro echiHindu.

Kana zviri zvekunyora kwekare uye kwakadzama kweMahabharata, zvinotendwa kuti inogona kunge yakagadzirwa makore akapoteredza 400 BC uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti chinyorwa ichi chakatora chimiro chayo chazvino kutenderera kwekutanga kwetembere yeGupta muzana ramakore rechina BC. dzakatorwa mamwe magwaro akagadziridzwa, pamwe nenhetembo dzisina hukama dzakadai se: Rama Mataram mumutauro wechiTamil, Pampa-bharata muchiKannada, Rama-charita-manasa muchiHindi, uye 'Adhyatma-Rāmāyaṇam muchiMalayalam.

Zvakare kunze kwenhetembo mbiri idzi huru, kune nhetembo ina dzakakosha dzakanyorwa nemutauro weTamil, idzi dzinoti: Silappatakaram, Manimekalai, Civaka Cintamani uye Valayapathi.

Gare gare evolution

Munguva dzekare, Kannada neTelugu zvinyorwa zvaivepo, kunyanya mukati meXNUMXth uye XNUMXth mazana emakore. Gare gare, mabhuku akatanga kubudiswa mune mimwe mitauro yakadai seBengali, Marathi, zvakasiyana-siyana zveHindi slangs, Persian uye Urdu.

Kwegore ra1923, Mubairo weNobel muchikamu cheLiterature, unopihwa mudetembi wechiBengali uye munyori Rabindranath Tagore, achiva munhu wekutanga kubva kuIndia kugamuchira kucherechedzwa kwepasirese semubairo uyu. Pamusoro pezvo, munyika yeIndia, kune mibairo miviri yakakosha yezvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zveIndia, aya Sahitya Akademi Fellowship uye Jnanpith Award. Kana iri mibairo iyi, kuzivikanwa kweJnanpith kwakapihwa zvinyorwa mumitauro inotevera:

• 8 kune tsanangudzo mumutauro wechiHindi.
• 8 mumabhuku akagadzirwa muchiKannada.
• 5 muBangali zvigadzirwa.
• 4 muzvinyorwa muMalayalam.
• 3 muzvinyorwa mumitauro yeGujarati, Marathi neUrdu.
• 2 mune imwe neimwe yemitauro iyi: Assamese, Tamil neTelegu.

Uzivi uye Chitendero

Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora zvinotendwa, zviratidzo, pfungwa uye pfungwa maererano netsika yechiHindu, iyo yakakonzera tsika iyi nenyika.

Dzidziso Fuzivi

Pakave nedzidziso dzinoverengeka dzakapesvedzera uye dzakakonzera pesvedzero munyika yepfungwa, pakati pedzidziso dzechitendero, pamwe chete nemaBhudha nemaHindu. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa kuti India yakaitawo mupiro wayo wenhoroondo mukuferefeta nekusimudzira nzvimbo dzakadai se:

• Mathematics
• Zvinonzwisisika uye Kufunga
• Sayenzi
• Kunyanya kuda pfuma
• Kusatenda kuti kuna Mwari
• Agnosticism

Zvisinei, mipiro yake muidzi nharaunda haisati ichizivikanwa chose chose, sezvo manyoro mazhinjisa aimutsigira akaparadzwa nokunyanyisa kworudzidziso. Zvinogoneka kuti pfungwa dzakaoma dzemasvomhu, senge zano rezero, rakaunzwa muEurope nemaArabu, rakatangira kubva kuIndia.

Nenzira yakafanana, chikoro cheChárvaka, chakakurumbira zvikuru nokuda kwokugovera mufungo wacho mukusadavira kuvapo kwaMwari, chinorangarirwa navakawanda kuva chinoitika chekare zvikurusa chendangariro yokudisa zvenyika, chakatangwa inodokusvika panguva imwe cheteyo neHindu Upanishad, pamwe chete nechiBuddha. nevaJain.

Zvimwe zvikoro zvouzivi hwechiGiriki zvakasvika pakuva ne fanano nedzidziso dzechiIndia, zvokuti mukati mehondo yaAlexander Mukuru uye zvakapesana, zviratidzo nemirangariro yorudzidziso yeIndia zvakapinzwa mutsika dzechiGiriki.

Saizvozvo, kuratidza kukoshesa uye kukoshesa uko nzanga ine dzidziso yeHindu, zvakakoshawo kusimbisa kuti India yanga iri chikoro chevazivi vane mukurumbira uye vakatanhamara pasirese, vakanyora pfungwa nemazano avo mumitauro yakawanda senge. zvizvarwa zvemo. uyewo muchiRungu nechiSpanish.

Nokudaro, munguva yeBritish colonization munharaunda iyi yeHindu, vazhinji vanofunga, vezvematongerwo enyika uye vechitendero, vakasvika pamwero wepamusoro maererano nekuzivikanwa, apo zvinyorwa zvavo zvakashandurirwa muchiChirungu, chiGermany nemimwe mitauro.

Sezvakaitika kuna Swami Vivekananda, mumwe wevekutanga uye ainyanya kufarirwa vatungamiriri vezvemweya vechiHindu muzana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe, akashanyira United States kuti atore chikamu muWorld Convention of Religions muna 1983, kwaakamira uye akarumbidzwa nekuda kwake. great Precursor speech, iyo kwenguva yokutanga yakabvumira nyanzvi dzokuMadokero kuti dzibatane uye dzijairane nedzidziso dzechiHindu.

chitendero muIndia

India ndiyo mavambo ezvinonzi dharmic maitirwo echitendero, akadai se: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism uye Sikhism. Tichatsanangura mumwe nemumwe wavo pazasi:

• Brahmanism uye Manu Code: ichi chitendero chokudavira Mwari mumwe chete chevaHindu vapakuvamba, chakavakirwa pakunamata mwari musiki Brahma; pamusoro pazvo, inosimbiswa mukusingaperi uye nekuzvarwa patsva kwemweya maererano nemabasa akanaka emunhu.
• Buddhism: ndiyo dzidziso yakagadzirwa naSiddharta Gautama, uyo akasiya pfuma yake kuti atore zita raBuddha. Ichi chitendero chinodavira kuti nharidzano yomunhu ndeyokuwana nirvana kupfurikidza nomuitiro wezvakanaka, inofuratira nzanga yakakamukana.
• ChiHindu: Ndechimwe chezvitendero zvakakurumbira pasi rose uye tsika dzechiHindu. Nenzira yevamwari vakawanda, yakavakirwa pazvinyorwa zvitsvene zveVedas, inoremekedza gadziriro yekirasi, rumuko uye kuvapo kwamwari mukuru Brahma.

Nhasi, chiHindu nechiBuddha ndizvo chaizvo zvitendero zvechina uye zvechipiri zvakaurayiwa zvakanyanya pasi rose, nekubatanidzwa kwevanhu vanosvika mabhiriyoni 2400. Zvakare, nyika ino inozivikanwa nekuwanda kwayo kwechitendero, iyo zvakare ine imwe yeakazvipira nzanga netsika pakutenda kwavo nezvitendero zvavo; Nechikonzero ichi kuti chinamato mutsika yechiHindu chakanyanya kukosha kurudzi urwu nevagari vayo.

Kana chiri chiHindu, ndicho chitendero umo 80% yevagari veIndia yakadzika midzi mairi, chitendero ichi chinoonekwa sechimwe chekare pasi rose. Saizvozvo, chiIslam chiripo mukati menzvimbo iyi, iyo inoitwa nevanenge 13% yevagari veIndia.

Kune zvakare Sikhism, Buddhism uye Jainism, idzo dzidziso dzine simba guru pasi rose. ChiKirisitu, Zoroastrianism, Chijuda neBaha'ism vanonakidzwawo nedhigirii ravo rekutanga asi vaine nhamba diki yevateveri.

Pasinei zvapo noukoshi hukuru nokupfuura kworudzidziso muupenyu hwezuva nezuva hweIndia, kusadavira kuvapo kwaMwari nokudavira kuti Mwari haazivikanwi zvinewo pesvedzero inooneka.

Zvematongerwo enyika uye Zvemagariro Sangano reHindu Tsika

Kare, dunhu rechiHindu rakakamurwa kuita humambo hwakazvimiririra hwakati wandei hwaitongwa nekumiririrwa kwamambo, maBrahmins uye feudal elite.

Mambo, anorangarirwa sowamavambo oumwari, akanga ane udzori hwakakwana hwoumambo hune simba, nepo vaBrahman vakagadzwa kushandisa mabasa okugovera ruramisiro muidzi umambo; Kana iri feudal elite, yaiumbwa nevakuru vakuru vadiki vaive nenzvimbo dzakakura dzaive pasi pesimba ravo. Chimiro chesocial chakavakirwa zvakanyanya pamutemo, tsika nechitendero, zvakakamurwa kuita:

• Brahmins: Vaimiririrwa sevapristi vaiva neuchenjeri hukuru, saka vaiva nesimba neropafadzo. Kwakanga kune chitendero chokuti mavambo avo aibva mumuromo wamwari Brahma, naizvozvo vakadzidzisa kunamata uye Vedas.
• chatrias: varwi vane mbiri vakazvarwa kubva mumaoko amwari Brahma.
• vaishias: inoumbwa nevatengesi, nyanzvi uye agronomists, vanobva kune zvakanyanyisa zveSuperior Brahma.
• Sudras: vazukuru vekwaDravidhiyani, vakabva patsoka dzamwari Brahma, uye basa ravo rakanga riri rokushandira boka rakabva kuvaAryans vanokunda.

Mamiriro emagariro etsika dzechiHindu akateverwa maererano neMutemo weManu, uyo muzvitsauko 18 wairayira mipimo yemufambiro wenzanga yechiHindu.

Zvemagariro evanhu

Muchikamu chinotevera, tichadonongodza magariro etsika dzechiHindu ane chekuita nenyaya yewanano dzekurongana dzaimbozivikanwa uye dzichiri kushanda mune mamwe matunhu nhasi. Zvakare, kwaziso dzinonyanya kushandiswa munyika ino uye dzave kuzivikanwa mune dzimwe tsika.

michato yakarongeka

Kwemazana emakore, budiriro yeIndia yakave netsika yokutanga michato yakarongwa. Kunyange muzana remakore rechiXNUMX, nokuda kworuzhinji rwenzanga iyi michato inorongwa uye inorongwa nevabereki vavo nedzimwe hama dzokunyama dzakakodzera, kunyange zvazvo varoorani vomunguva yemberi vanenge vari ivo vanopa mvumo yavo yokupedzisira.

Kare, kuroorana kwakaitika apo vakaroorana vakanga vachiri vaduku zvikuru, kunyanya muRajasthan, asi nemazuva ano zera rakawedzera, uye mitemo yakadzikwa zvakare inogadzirisa zera rediki rekubatana kwevakaroorana.

Mudzinenge roorano dzose, mhuri yomwenga inobhadhara roora kuchikomba kana kuti mhuri yechikomba. Setsika, roora rairangarirwa somugove womwenga wepfuma yemhuri, sezvo mwanasikana akanga asina chiremera chapamutemo munhaka dzemhuri yaakaberekerwa. Saizvozvowo, roora racho raiva nezvinhu zvinotakurika zvakadai sezvishongo nezvinhu zvomumba zvaigona kuraswa nemuroora muupenyu hwake.

Kare, mhuri zhinji dzaitamisa midziyo yemhuri kuburikidza nemutsara wechirume chete. Kubva 1956, mitemo yeIndia yakadzikwa inobata varume nevakadzi zvakaenzana, maererano nenhaka kana pasina wiri yemutemo yemufi.

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Kana dziri kwaziso, kune nzira dzakawanda dzekutaura idzi zvichienderana nedunhu renyika yauri, idzi ndidzo:

• Telugu uye Malayalam: namaste, namaskar, namaskara kana namaskaram.
• Tamil:vanakkam
• Bengali: nomoshkaar
• Assamese: nomoscar

Maererano nezwi rokuti nomoskar, ishoko rinowanzoshandiswa kukwazisa nemashoko kana kugamuchirwa, izvo zvisinei, zvinonzi nevamwe ndezvechinyakare. Kana iri izwi rekuti namaskar, iyi inoonekwa seimwe yakasarudzika vhezheni yenamaste, asi ese ari maviri anoratidza ruremekedzo rwakadzama.

Kwaziso iyi inowanzoshandiswa muIndia neNepal nevaHindu, maJain, uye maBhudha, uye vakawanda vachiri kuishandisa kunze kweIndia. MuchiIndia uye Nepalese tsika, izwi rinonyorwa pakutanga kwekunyora kana nemuromo kutaurirana.

Zvisineyi, kuita kwakafanana nemaoko akapeta kunoitwa muchinyararire muchionekana kana kuenda. Izvo zvinopa chirevo chaicho, kubva: "Ndinokugwadamirai." Chirevo chinobva kuSanskrit (namah): kukotamira, kuzviisa pasi, kukotama uye kuremekedza, uye (te): "kwauri". Sokutsanangura kunoita imwe nyanzvi yokuIndia, mumashoko chaiwo, namaste zvinoreva “Mwari anogara mandiri anokotamira mwari anogara mamuri” kana kuti “Mwari anogara mandiri anokwazisa mwari anogara mamuri.

Mumhuri dzose dzenyika ino, vechidiki vanodzidza kukumbira chikomborero chevakuru vakwegura kuburikidza nekuita uta huduku kuburikidza nechiratidzo cheuta, iyi tsika inonzi pranāma. Dzimwe kwaziso kana kugamuchira dzinosanganisira:

• Jai Shri Krishna
• gondohwe
• Sat Shri Akaal, anomhanya muchiPunjabi uye akashandirwa nevakatendeka veSikhism.
• Jai Jinendra, kwaziso inowanzoshandiswa neJain society.
• nama shivaya

Arts Escenic

Kuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi zvine chekuita nehurongwa kwakasiyana, iyi tsika yechiHindu ine kutora kwayo chikamu kubva kubhaisikopo yayo kuburikidza neindasitiri yayo yemafirimu inonzi Bollywood, theatre, kutamba uye mimhanzi, yatichaongorora imwe neimwe yadzo zvakadzama. , inotevera:

Cine

Indasitiri yemafirimu yeIndia ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa uye akakura kwazvo pasirese, hapana chinopfuura huwandu hwayo maererano neasingaverengeki emhando mafirimu uye mapfupi mafirimu akabudiswa mumakore apfuura; indasitiri iyi yakatonga nzvimbo muAsia nePacific, chokwadi ichi chakabvumira kuwana zvakatenderedza 73% yepurofiti kune yega yega cinematographic mharidzo.

Pamusoro pezvo, mutsika dzechiHindu zvakajairika kuona vaHindu vachiwanzoenda kumabhaisikopo, ichi chikamu chezviitwa zvevaraidzo zvavanonyanya kunakidzwa nazvo, nekuda kwekusiyana-siyana uye kuwanda kwemafirimu anoburitswa neindasitiri iyi. Zvakare, indasitiri iyi yakawana kuzivikanwa uye kubudirira kunze kwenzvimbo yeIndia, kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa izvi kunonyanya kucherechedzwa mumatunhu ane nhamba yakati wandei yevaHindu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Yekutanga yakakurumbira kugadzirwa kwemafirimu emuIndia yakasimudzirwa muna 1913 pasi pezita rekuti Harishandra, inotungamirwa naDadasaheb Phalke, nhoroondo yayo uye kudhindwa kwakavakirwa panganonyorwa yetsika yechiHindu, iyo yakaratidza kubva panguva iyoyo dingindira repakati peiyi bhaisikopo.

Nekuuya kwemafirimu ane ruzha muna 1931, yekutanga yeIndia yaive Alam Ara, maindasitiri emafirimu aive munzvimbo dzakasiyana, pakuenzanisa nemitauro: Bombay (ichishandisa Hindi inozivikanwa seBollywood), Tollygunge (yefirimu muchiBengali), Kerala (muMalayalam ivo. zivisa seMollywood), Kodambakkam (muTamil vanodaidza seBollywood), Madras neCalcutta.

Kana iri Bollywood, zita remadunhurirwa rinoshandiswa kuHindi kugadzirwa kwemafirimu, riri muBombay, guta rinogarwa zvakanyanya muIndia. Izwi iri rinoshandiswa zvisizvo kureva kuzara kwechiHindu cinematographic kugadzirwa; zvisinei, ichi chinongova chikamu, icho chine mamwe epicenters akawanda mune mamwe madimikira. Iri izwi, rakagadzirwa muma1970, rinobva mukutamba pamazwi pakati peBombay neHollywood, nzvimbo yepakati pekugadzirwa kwemafirimu ekuAmerica.

Chinhu chinonyanya kusiyanisa chekugadzirwa kwemafirimu enharaunda ino yeBollywood maratidziro ayo emimhanzi; uko, kazhinji, firimu rega rega rine nziyo uye matambiro akajairika enyika, akasanganiswa neanonakidza pop choreography kubva kuMadokero.

Danza

Tsika dzechiHindu kwezviuru zvemakore dzakadhindwa nehunyanzvi hwekutamba, sezvo kuratidzwa uku kwakabatana nezvitendero zvavo zvechitendero, uye izvi zvakasimbiswa muzvinyorwa zvekare zveSanskrit, izvo zvinotangira kubva mukati megore 200 kusvika 300 BC izvi ndezvi:

• Iyo Nattia-sastra, inomiririra hunyanzvi hwekutamba.
• Abhinaia-darpana, inova chiratidzo chechiratidzo.

Matambiro ari mutsika iyi uye kuti anomiririrwa sei muzvinyorwa zvekare izvi, sekureva kwemutambi wechiHindu wekutamba Ragini Devi, akati:

“Matambiro aya chiratidzo chekunaka kwemukati nehumwari hwemunhu. Hunyanzvi hwekuzvidira, uko pasina chinosiiwa kuitika, chiito chega chega chinotsvaka kutaurirana mazano uye manzwiro echiso chega chega. "

MuIndia mune 8 makuru uye echinyakare matambiro, anozivikanwa neNational Academy yeMimhanzi, Dhanzi uye Dhirama yenyika ino. Aya maitiro masere ekuratidzwa kuburikidza nekutamba, irondedzero yenganonyorwa, yakabatanidzwa neimwe melodrama, mazwi, mimhanzi uye imwe yezviito uye kutaura kwemanzwiro anoratidzwa kuburikidza nemitambo iyi; Kunyangwe matambiro aya aine mamwe akafanana, zvisinei, anosiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda yavo uye mafambiro aakavakirwa, aya ndeaya:

Bharatanatyam

Inobva paizwi kuratidzwa kwenziyo uye kutamba, akaberekerwa kuSouth India. Mushure mekupinda kweBritish, India yakabata simba rayo kuratidza tsika dzayo kuburikidza nekutamba. Ndokusaka matambiro echiHindu achibatanidzwa nemwoto nemativi ekusingaperi nechisiko chapose pose. Kutamba uku kunogona kuitwa nemunhu mumwe chete uye kunobva pakufamba kwemurume nemukadzi.

Katak

Iri nderimwe remadhanzi echiHindu akakurumbira, akagadzwa kare muIndia uye tsika dzayo dzepamusoro dzinodudzwa kuburikidza nekufamba. Kutamba uku kuratidzwa kwemuviri kunoyera kweIndia uye kunosanganisira kufamba kwakatsetseka kunowedzera nenguva nemimhanzi.

odissi

Inobva kuEast India, inobva pakupona uye kwakabva. Kutamba uku kunonyanya kukosha sezvo kunokamura muviri muzvikamu zvitatu zvemuviri: musoro, chifuva uye hudyu, zvichigadzira nzvimbo dzinogona kuonekwa mumifananidzo yakawanikwa muIndia.

Mohiniyattam

Inofanana nedunhu reKerala. Uko mukadzi anokwezva veruzhinji kuburikidza nekufamba kwakanaka uye kwakapfava. Kutamba kunoreva kufamba kwehudyu uye nzvimbo yakarurama yekunakidzwa nekufamba kwega kwega, mune izvi kufamba kwemaoko kunoshandiswawo, iyo inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kune rumwe rutivi.

Kuchipudi

Inobva kunharaunda yeAndhra Pradesh muSouth India, iyo yakavakirwa pakufamba kuburikidza nezvinoera nyaya. Kufamba kwekutamba kweHindustani uku kuri kuburikidza nekuratidzwa uye diction kutaura chiitiko kana nyaya kubva kare.

manipuri

Ndiko kutamba kunobva kudunhu rekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva. Inomiririrwa nekufamba kwakapfava uye kwechikadzi. Kutamba uku kune mavambo echitendero akakosha, pamwe netsika, mutinhimira nevatambi vawo. Kutamba uku kunoratidzwa kuburikidza ne "Pung" chiridzwa umo kutamiswa kunopihwa kusimbisa nhanho imwe neimwe yekutamba.

 sattriya

Inobva mudunhu reAssam kuchamhembe kweIndia, uye ine hunhu hwakakosha hwekunamata. Kutamba kwakavakirwa pakutenda kwaVaishnava, uko kwaimboitwa nemamongi nemhemberero dzakakosha dzevakadzi sechikamu chetsika dzavo dzemazuva ose; izvo zvinonyanya kutaurwa pakutamba uku zvipfeko, maitiro uye nyaya.

Kathakali

Iyo yekupedzisira ndeyedunhu reKerala uye ndiyo yega yekutamba inoitwa kuburikidza nestaging, saka inoratidzwa munhandare ine mavara anozviratidza kuburikidza nekutaura kwemuviri wavo. Humwe hunhu hwayo hukuru mapfekero uye hunhu hwemunhu wega wega ane yakanyatso dhizaini uye magadzirirwo ebvudzi; iyi ndeimwe yemitambo inonakidza uye inodiwa muIndia.

Theater

Theatre mutsika iyi yakanyatsobatanidzwa nemimhanzi uye kutamba. Mabasa akagadzirwa akasiyana-siyana, pakati pavo ndeaya: Shakuntala naMeghaduta mabasa nemunyori wechiHindu uye mudetembi Kalidasa, mabasa maviri aya pamwe chete neaya emunyori wemitambo Bhasa, chikamu chemuunganidzwa wemabasa ekare echivanhu ichi.

Saizvozvo, imwe yetsika yedunhu reKerala inotaurwa, iyo Kutiyattam, inova nzira yemitambo muSanskrit yakajairwa yave iripo kweanopfuura kana mashoma zviuru zviviri zvemakore. Nenzira imwecheteyo, nehunhu hwakafanana nehwekare, ndiyo tsika yeNatya Shastra.

Zvakakosha, muimbi wechiHindu Mani Madhava Chakiar anonzi akamutsiridza tsika dzekare dzemitambo kubva mukutsakatika. Uyu muimbi aizivikanwa nehunyanzvi hwake hweRasa Abhinaya; zvimwe chetezvo, zvekutamba mumitambo yaKalidasa, pamwe nemuBhasa's Pancharātra, uye Harsha's Nagananda.

mumhanzi

Mutsika dzechiHindu nziyo chinhu chinokosha zvikuru. Pane chirevo chekare kwazvo kune ichi, icho chakaratidzwa kweanoda kusvika zviuru zviviri zvemakore muSanskrit kunyora Natyasastra, umo 2 taxonomic masisitimu anotsanangurwa kurongedza zviridzwa zvemimhanzi. Imwe yeaya masisitimu anoisa mumapoka mana, zvichienderana neawo 5 mabviro makuru ekuzunguza, anoti:

• Tambo
• Makandira
• membranes
• Mhepo

Mukuongorora kwekuchera matongo, vatsvakurudzi uye vanochera matongo vakawana munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeOrissa, 20-kiyi lithophone yakagadzirwa nebasalt uye yakanyatsokwenenzverwa, chiridzwa ichi chakapoteredza makore anopfuura 3 zviuru.

Mienzaniso yepakutanga yakasara yemimhanzi yeIndia ndiyo mimhanzi yeSama-veda kubva panguva ye1000 BC Izvi zvichiri kushandiswa munziyo kune dzimwe zvibayiro zveVedic srauta; idzi dzinoumba muunganidzwa wekare wenziyo dzemuIndian nziyo. Izvi zvinoratidza kugoverwa kwetoni kunogadzirwa nezvinomwe zvinomwe, zvakatumidzwa mukudzika:

• Krusht
• pratham
• dwitiya
• Tritiya
• chaturth
• mandra
• Aiswar

Iyo inotsanangura zvinonzwika zvenyere, icho chaiva chiridzwa chinoshamisa chekumira-mira; Mukuwedzera, kune manyoro echiHindu akaratidzira ndokupesvedzera nziyo dzetsika yechiHindu, dzakadai samaSama-veda namamwe; iyo nhasi ine 2 akasiyana marudzi emimhanzi: Carnatic uye Hindustani. Idzi mhando mbiri dzenziyo dzakanyanya kuvakirwa paraga, inova melodic base, inoimbwa mutala, inova rhythmic cycle; zvinhu zvakanatswa muzvinyorwa zveNatia-sastra neDattilam, pakati pe200 ne300 BC.

Mumhanzi wazvino wetsika yechiHindu unosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvenziyo uye zvikamu kubva: zvechitendero, zvekare, zvechinyakare, zvakakurumbira uye pop. Iwo makuru mapoka emimhanzi yeIndia nhasi mafirimu uye indipop. Panyaya yefirimu, aya marudzi ezvinyorwa anoshandiswa muBollywood mafirimu, uye iyo inova rudzi rwemimhanzi inomiririra kupfuura 70% yekutengesa mukati menharaunda yeIndia.

Pamusoro pezvo, kune mhando yemimhanzi musanganiswa wengano dzechiIndia, mimhanzi yechinyakare kana mimhanzi yeSufi ine tsika dzekuMadokero mimhanzi.

visual arts

Pakati pezviratidziro zveunyanzvi mutsika yechiHindu, mabasa ekuvaka anomira pachena, mazhinji acho ane kukosha kwechitendero kune ino tsika, kwaachiri kuyemurwa nhasi uye ari chikamu chezvishamiso zvenyika. Saizvozvo, tsika iyi yakaitawo foray yayo munzvimbo yekupenda nekuveza. Zvadaro, tichatsanangura chimwe nechimwe chazvo:

Kupenda

Uyewo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika, India inewo mifananidzo yekare, kureva, prehistoric petroglyphs inogona kuonekwa pamasuo emapako ayo vanhu vekare vakashandisa sekugara kwavo. Imwe yeaya maratidziro ehunyanzvi anogona kuwanikwa muBhimbetka, uko imwe yeiyi inowanikwa kubva kumakore ane zviuru zve9 inowanikwa.

Humwe hunhu hunonyanya kuratidzwa mukutaura kuburikidza nekupenda munguva dziri kure munzvimbo idzi, kufarira kwavo zvisikwa, tinogona kuona izvi mumifananidzo inowanikwa mumapako eAjanta, Bagh, Ellora naSittanavasal nemifananidzo yematemberi. Kazhinji, mifananidzo yechitendero inogona kuratidzwa pazviri; Zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvitendero zvinomiririra zvakanyanya munguva dzekare muIndia zvaive Hinduism, Buddhism uye Jainism.

Kusikwa kweaya mabasa ane dhizaini yechisikigo, vakashandisa hupfu hweruvara kana, sekuzivikanwa kunoita rangoli munharaunda ino, rudzi urwu rwezvinhu rwakanyanya hunhu kumaodzanyemba kweIndia, sezvo iri tsika kuti vagari vechiHindu vashongedze. masuo edzimba dzavo nemhando iyi yezvinhu.

Mumwe wevatambi vane mukurumbira mukirasi iyi aive Raja Ravi uyo akaita mabasa mazhinji chaizvo mukutanga medieval nguva. Pakati peakanyanya anomiririra pendi maitiro eaya maart muIndia ndeaya:

Madhubani

Icho chimiro cheHindu chekupenda chakashandiswa muMithila yeNepal uye munharaunda yeIndia yeBihar, izvi zvinogadzirwa neminwe, blade, mabhurashi, minhenga nemachisi, nedhayi dzechisikigo uye nuances; Iyo inozivikanwa neinofadza maitiro ejometri.

Mysore

Chimiro chakakosha chekare cheSouth Indian pendi inotangira mukati nekutenderedza guta reMysore muKarnatak. Izvi zvinozivikanwa nekunaka kwavo, zvinyoro zvinyoro uye kutarisa kune zvakadzama, uko zvirongwa zvekumiririra vaive vamwari uye zviitiko zvengano dzetsika iyi.

Iwo mavara aive echisikigo uye emuriwo, mineral kana kunyange organic mavambo, akadai: mashizha, matombo nemaruva; Mabhurasho aigadzirwa kubva kubvudzi retsindi kuti rive basa rakapfava, asi kudhirowa mitsetse yakakwenenzverwa kwaida bhurasho rinogadzirwa kubva kumashizha akapinza. Nekuda kwekutsungirira kwemhando yepasi uye yezvinomera mavara anoshandiswa, Mysore pendi ichiri kuchengetedza kutsva uye kupenya kwavo kunyangwe nhasi.

rajput

Aizivikanwawo saRajasthani, akakura uye akafambira mberi munzvimbo dzehumambo dzeRajputana muIndia. Humambo hweRajputana hwakaratidza chimiro chakasiyana, asi chine zvimwe zvinhu zvakafanana. Izvi zvinomiririra mutsara wezvirongwa, zviitiko zvinorondedzera seRamayana.

Zviratidziro zvidiki muzvinyorwa kana mapepa emahara ekusevha mumabhuku aive akasarudzika nzira yerudzi urwu rweRajput, asi mapendi mazhinji akagadzirwa pamadziro edzimba dzehumambo, makamuri enhare, dzimba dzakaita seakanyanya Shekhawati havelis, forts uye mansion yakavakwa naShekhawat. Rajputs.

Mavara akatorwa kubva mune zvimwe zvicherwa, zvicherwa, mateko ehozhwa, uye akatowanwa nokugadzira matombo anokosha. Ndarama nesirivha zvakashandiswa. Kugadzirira kwemavara aidiwa kwaive kwakareba, dzimwe nguva kutora mavhiki maviri. Mabhurashi akashandiswa aive akanaka kwazvo.

• Tanjore

Iyo inzira yechinyakare yekupenda kubva kuSouth India, iyo yakatanga muguta reThanjavur (muAnglo seTanjore) uye yakapararira munzvimbo yese yakatarisana nemuganhu weTamil. Mamiriro eizvi anoburitsa zvinhu zvawo e motion akapoteredza 1600 AD nhanho apo Nayakas yeThanjavur mukutonga kweVijayanagara Rays yakasimudzira hunyanzvi.

Unyanzvi uhwu hunoratidzwa nemavara akajeka, akati sandara, akajeka, chimiro chakapfava, chakaturikidzana shizha regoridhe rinopenya pamusoro pezvakapfava asi zvakanamira plasterwork uye inlay yemaparera nezvimedu zvegirazi kana kashoma matombo anokosha uye semi-anokosha; kumiririra mifananidzo yekunamata, sezvo misoro yemifananidzo yakawanda iri vanamwari navamwarikadzi vechiHindu.

• Mughal

Iyo inzira yakasarudzika yeSouth Asia, inowanzo gadziridzwa kuita mafomu mudiki, semumifananidzo yezvinyorwa kana semabasa ega ekuunganidza mumabhukwana, akabuda muPezhiya madiki art. Kunyanya kuratidzwa nehuchokwadi hwayo.

Kana vari vemazuva ano maIndia maartist, maererano nerudzi urwu rwekuratidzwa kwehunyanzvi, tine zvinotevera:

• Nandalal bose
• Maqbool Fida Husayn
• Akadaro Haider Race
• Geeta Vadhera
• Jamini roy
• B.Venkatappa

Pakati pevapendi vekutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, vanomiririra nguva itsva yeunyanzvi hwechiHindu umo hunyanzvi hwepasi rose hunosangana nemhando dzechiIndia dzechinyakare, tine:

• atul dodiya
• Bose Krishnamacnahri
• Devajyoti Ray
• shibu natesan

Chivezwa

MuIndus Valley uchawana zvivezwa zvekare muIndia, zvakagadzirwa zvakanyanya mumatombo nebhuronzi. Sezvo marudzidziso akasiana-siana orudzi urwu akashanduka-shanduka, imwe nguva gare gare vakaita mabasa akashandiswa nounyanzvi hunogona kuonwa mumifananidziro yawo yavamwari uye/kana kuti tembere; rimwe remabasa akanyanya kudarika inzvimbo tsvene yeEllora, iyo yakavezwa kubva padombo regomo.

Nenzira yakafanana, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIndia, zvimwe zvivezwa zvinogona kuonwa zvine udzame hweiyi nharaunda, pamwe chete nepesvedzero yakati yeGirisi neRoma; izvi zvakaumbwa kuburikidza nezvinhu zvakadai sestucco, ivhu uye schist. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvivezwa zvepink sandstone zveMathura zvakaitwa.

Pakavambwa Humambo hweGupta kutenderera XNUMXth kusvika XNUMXth mazana emakore, rudzi urwu rwehunyanzvi rwakawana mwero wepamusoro wekutsanangurwa uye kunaka mukuenzanisira. Iyi modhi yebasa, pamwe nemamwe munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeIndia, yakashanduka ikava kugadziriswa kwechinyakare cheIndia art, kubva makabuda zvivezwa zveBuddhist neHindu kubva kuSoutheast neEast Asia.

Architecture

MuIndia, zvivakwa zvinosvika kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutaura zvinofamba nenguva, zvichiramba zvichitora pfungwa itsva. Chigadzirwa cheichi ndicho chifananidzo chekuvaka kwekuvaka, iyo ikozvino inochengetedza kuenderera kusingaverengeki munguva uye nhoroondo. Zvakati wandei zvezvivakwa izvi zviri mumupata weRwizi rweIndus kubva munenge muna 2600 kusvika 1900 BC umo mametropolises akanyatsorongwa uye dzimba dzinogona kucherechedzwa.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chitendero nevakuru havana kubatanidzwa kana kumiririra mukuronga uye nheyo dzemaguta aya.

Panguva iyo iyo Maurya neGupta Empires nevakazogara nhaka gare gare pakagadzwa, akasiyana matembere echiBuddha akavakwa, akadai seAjanta neEllora mapako uye Sanchi Stupa. Imwe nguva gare gare, munharaunda yokumaodzanyemba kwenyika iyi, nzvimbo tsvene dzechiHindu dzakasiana-siana dzakatangwa, dzakadai se:

• Chennakesava muBelur.
• Hoysaleswara in Halebidu.
• Kesava muSomanathapura.
• Brihadeeswara in Thanjavur.
• Suria muKonark.
• Sri Ranganathaswami in Srirangam.
• Buddha - Chinna Lanja Dibba uye Vikramarka Kota Dibba muBhattiprolu.

Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti chiratidzo cheIndia chakaonekwa mumavakirwo eSoutheast Asia, zvivakwa izvi zvine maitiro akafanana anogona kusimbiswa seakada kufanana nenzvimbo dzekare dzeIndia; Tinogona kuona izvi munzvimbo tsvene dzeHindu neBuddhist uye temberi dzakadai se: Angkor Wat, Borobudur nevamwe.

Pakuitwa kwezvivakwa muIndia, zvakatevedzana zvezvinhu zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa zvinotsvaga kupa mwero uye kuwirirana kuburikidza nenzvimbo uye/kana nharaunda. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo Vaastu Shastra iripo, iyi ndiyo tsika yechinyakare inokanganisa kuronga, dhizaini uye kuwirirana kwenzvimbo, yakafanana chaizvo neiyo Feng Shui muAsia tsika. Hazvizivikanwi kuti ndezvipi zvezvirongwa zviviri zvekare, zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti mitemo ine mamwe maitiro akafanana.

Kushandiswa kweFeng Shui kwakapararira pasirese, uye kunyangwe Vastu aine pfungwa imwechete yeFeng Shui pakuti inotsvagawo kuenzanisa kuyerera kwesimba (rinonzi life force kana Prana muchiSanskrit uye Chi / Ki muchiChinese / Japanese. ), imba yega inosiyana maererano nezvinhu, senge mirairo chaiyo yekuti zvinhu zvakasiyana, makamuri uye zvinhu pakati pezvimwe, zvinofanirwa kuiswa sei.

Nekusvika kwesimba reIslam kuMadokero, zvivakwa muIndia zvakaumbwa kuti zvienderane netsika itsva dzakaiswa murudzi urwu. Nokudaro, sezvo mabasa anotevera akava chiratidzo cheIndia, aya ndeaya:

• Fatehpur Sikri
• Taj Mahal
• Gumbaz Chinangwa
• Qutub Minar
• Red Fort muDelhi

Munguva yehutongi hwehumambo hweBritish Humambo, iyo Indo-Saracenic maitiro akaiswa uye kuumbwa kwemamwe akawanda masitayipi, akadai seEuropean Gothic, ayo anogona kuoneka muzvimiro zvakaita se:

• Chirangaridzo Chokukunda
• The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus

Zvipfeko

MuIndia, chipfeko chega chega chinosiyana zvichienderana nedunhu renyika kwachiri, uye fashoni yaro inowanzorairwa netsika, mamiriro ekunze, geography uye mamiriro emudhorobha kana ekumaruwa. Mutsika iyi, pamwero mukuru pane chipfeko chinofarirwa munyika yose uye kunze kwacho, iyi ndiyo sari inoshandiswa nevakadzi, uye dhoti kana lungi yevarume.

Pamusoro pezvo, maHindu anogara achipfeka zvipfeko zvakagadzirirwa izvo zvine misiyano ine chekuita nehukadzi, pazasi isu tinotsanangura zvidimbu izvi:

• Vakadzi vanowanzopfeka bhurugwa rechuridar rinowanzoita rakati twii mukucheka, uye/kana salwar-kameez iyo inowanzopfekwa mune yakasununguka fit, dupatta inova sikavha yakasununguka inovhara mapendekete uye inotambanukira pamusoro pechipfuva.
• Varume vanopfeka bhurugwa remhando yepijama rine kurtas, idzo hembe dzisina kusimba dzinowira pazvidya kana pasi pemabvi, pamwe nemabhurugwa nehembe dzine maEuropean cuts.

Mukuwedzera, kushandiswa kwe jeans, flannels, zvipfeko zvekupfeka, shati uye mamwe marudzi ekugadzira mukucheka zvipfeko zvinogona kuonekwa mumaguta.

Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uye dzechitendero, kuratidzwa kweganda uye kushandiswa kwembatya dzakajeka kana dzakasimba dzinofanira kudziviswa.

Nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze anodziya, jira rinogaro gara richiitwa kugadzira mbatya munyika ino idonje; Kana iri mhando yeshangu, ivo kazhinji vane imwe uye yakasarudzika kuravira kweshangu.

Semubatsiri kuzvipfeko zvavo, vakadzi vechiHindu vanowanzozora uye vanopfeka zvipfeko zvakaita sezvinotevera:

• Bindi: ndiyo nzvimbo yakakurumbira iri pahuma kunyanya pakati petsiye, pfungwa iyi ine zvirevo zvakasiyana maererano nemuvara wayo: tsvuku inoshandiswa nevakadzi vakaroorana, vatema nevakadzi vasina kuroorwa, yero yehupfumi, pakati pevamwe. Zvisinei, pari zvino mavara ose anogona kushandiswa, pasina muganhu.
• mehndi: inova chimiro chehunyanzvi hwemuviri umo madhizaini ekushongedza anogadzirwa pamuviri wemunhu, achishandisa tsvuku uye nhema yemavara henna
• Zvishongo zvakawanda nemhete.

Panguva yezviitiko zvakakosha semhemberero, michato, mitambo, pakati pezvimwe; vakadzi vanowanzopfeka zvipfeko zvine mavara, zvinopenya uye zvine mavara ane shongedzo dzesimbi dzinokosha segoridhe nesirivha, pamwe nematombo edunhu nematombo anokosha.

Pamusoro pazvo, vakadzi vanowanzozora sindoor, iyi ipoda yecosmetic tsvuku kana yeorenji inoiswa semutsara wakatwasuka pabvudzi, vamwe vozora kubva pakati pehuma vakananga kubvudzi, kune dzimwe nzvimbo vanodaidza mang.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti chishongedzo ichi chinowanzopfekwa nevakadzi vakaroorwa chete, vakadzi vasina kuroorwa havapfeki sindoor; uyewo vakadzi vechiIndia vanopfuura mamiriyoni 100 vanonamata zvisiri zvechiHindu nevasingatendi kuti Mwari ariko kana kuti hakuna Mwari vangave vakaroorwa.

Zvipfeko muIndia zvakave nekushanduka-shanduka nguva dzose munhoroondo yenyika iyi; Nokudaro, munguva dzekare, maererano nemagwaro eVedic, vanotaura zvipfeko zvakagadzirwa nemakwati uye mashizha anonzi phataka. Saizvozvo, iyo Rigveda inotangira muzana ramakore regumi neshanu BC inotaura nezvezvipfeko zvakadhayiwa uye zvakarukwa zvinonzi paridhan, zvichireva kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekusonesa munguva yeVedic. Munguva yezana remakore reXNUMX BC, munyori wezvakaitika kare wechiGiriki Herodotus anotaura nezvehupfumi hwehupfeko yekotoni yenyika ino.

Muzana remakore rechipiri BC, kuburikidza nekutengeserana kwenharaunda iyi neHushe hweRoma, yakaunza kunze machira emuslin akagadzirwa kumaodzanyemba kweIndia; machira esirika akanaka nezvinonhuhwirira ndizvo zvinhu zvikuru zvaitengeswa neIndia nedzimwe tsika.

Nechekare munguva dzapashure dzezana ramakore rechi XNUMX, musika wembatya wehaute couture wakanga washanduka, uchiva wakakurumbira pakuvamba somuzana ramakore rechi XNUMX mukati mokupinda kwamaMuslim muiyi ndima yechiHindu; kutozosvikira maMuslim vasarudza kupfeka zvidimbu zvakagara zvakagadzirirwa nepo zvipfeko zvakadhindwa zvakave zvakakurumbira pakati pevaHindu.

Munguva yekutonga kwevagari vekuBritain, indasitiri yezvemachira, yembatya neyekugadzira yeIndia yakavhara mikova yayo kuti iwane nzira yemusika weBritish.

Panguva iyi ndipo apo Mahatma Gandhi, mutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu, akasimudzira rudzi rwembatya yaaidana kuti khadi, aive mapfekero aigadzirwa nemaoko nezvizvarwa zvetsika iyi, mumumvuri wakajeka; chinangwa chekushandisa uye kuita kuti chipfeko ichi chizivikanwe chaiva chekudzikisa kudiwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi eBritish.

Pakazosvika gore ra1980, tsika dzechiHindu dzakaratidzwa nekushanduka kwakazara munzira dzekupfekedza nzanga iyi, uko kuwedzera kwekutora chikamu muzvikoro zvefashoni muIndia kwaigona kuoneswa, pamwe nekuiswa kwakawanda kwevakadzi mumachira uye. indasitiri yezvipfeko; Uyezve, kuchinja kwemafungiro kunogona kuonekwa maererano nokugamuchirwa uye kugamuchirwa kwezvimiro zvedzimwe tsika, zvichiratidzirwa mumapfekero adzo kubvira panguva ino kusvikira nhasi.

Gastronomy

Gastronomy mutsika yechiHindu yakasiyana seyayo nyika. Nekugadzirira kwemidziyo yavo, vanowanzoshandisa zvinhu zvakawanda, vanewo nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirira kudya, nzira dzekubika uye kuratidzwa kwemidziyo yavo. Iyo gastronomic yakasiyana-siyana inosanganisira:

Saladhi, sosi, midziyo yemiriwo ine nyama, marudzi akasiyana ezvinonhuwira uye zvinonaka, zvingwa, dhizeti, pakati pezvimwe; Muchidimbu, chimwe chinhu chinogona kusimbiswa uye ndechekuti gastronomy yeIndia yakaoma kwazvo.

Iyo gastronomy yetsika yechiHindu yakasarudzika zvekuti nyanzvi yezvekudya munyori Harold Mcgee akataura uye akasimbisa zvinotevera:

"Kubva kugadzirwa kwayo mukushandisa mukaka sechinhu chikuru, hapana nyika inogona kukwikwidza neIndia." Zvinonhuwirira zvinonhuhwirira uye silky sosi zvimwe zvinhu zveIndia cuisine.

Zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa mukicheni yayo, senge zvingwa zvemarudzi ese, sosi, macondiments uye magaka anozadzisa ndiro huru dzeIndia. Chikafu cheIndia chakajairwa, chinokanganisa pfungwa dzinenge dzine mavara akasiyana-siyana, zvinonhuwira, zvinonhuhwirira uye maumbirwo."

Zvinonhuwira

Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha, chiri mundiro dzese dzeIndia pasina kusarudzika, zvinonhuwira, izvi zvinoumba muchikamu chinoumba gastronomy yetsika yechiHindu. Ndokusaka, kwemakore akawanda, vanga vari mufaro wevashanyi vekunze uye mabikirwo epasirese kuburikidza nekutenga kunze kwenyika nekuda kwekunhuhwirira kwavo uye nekunakirwa. Mhando dzinonyanya kushandiswa mune iyi gastronomy ndeaya anotevera:

• Cinnamon
• Tsangamidzi
• Turmeric
• Mhiripiri
• cloves
• Cumin
• Ajo
• Cardamom
• Cilantro
• Bay mashizha
• Peppers

Pamusoro pezvo, ivo vanowanzo wedzera kubata kwakakosha pakudya kwavo nezvinhu zvinotevera:

• Dema, shava uye chena yemasitadhi
• celery mbeu
• Mhiripiri
• Nesafironi
• Tamarind

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti ndiro imwe neimwe inosiyana zvichienderana nenharaunda yeIndia, ndicho chikonzero iwe uchakwanisa kuona ndiro umo zvigadzirwa zvakadai sekokonati, mamwe marudzi enzungu uye anyanisi anogona kubviswa kana kuwedzerwa. Sechikamu chetsika dzechiHindu, kune musanganiswa wezvipenyu izvo zvagara zvine zita rekuti masala, gadziriro iyi inogara ichishandiswa kupa yakasarudzika kubata kune madhishi makuru uye sosi.

Chimwe chinhu chinoratidzira rudzi urwu rwechikafu ndechekuti yakabatanidzwa uye inopindirana, yakawanda zvekuti kana mhando zhinji dzichishandiswa, hapana kana imwe yadzo inodzima kunaka kwevamwe, asi inobatana ichiita kuputika kwekunhuhwirira uye kunhuwirira, izvo zvinozoguma madhishi akasarudzika.

Makosi makuru

Pakati pekugadzirira kukuru kwegastronomy yetsika yechiHindu, tine masosi. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru, sezvo zvichishandiswa kuperekedza kana kuwedzera mamwe madhishi. Anowanzo kupihwa pachigadziko chemupunga uye anowanzo kudyiwa pachishandiswa chingwa chakatetepa kwazvo chisina mbiriso kuti chinyike mumuto.

Chikafu chakakurumbira zvikuru kubva munharaunda yePunjab makhani, iyi muto wenyemba uye bhotela, yakaiswa pachigadziko chemupunga; Chimwe chikafu chakakurumbira ndisambhar yakagadzirwa nenyemba uye tamarind.

Pamusoro pezvo, kune mamwe madhishi ane mukurumbira mutsika iyi sehuku curry, dhishi rakagadzirwa nemuto wakagadzirwa nematomatisi. Iko kunewo tandoori huku ndiro, iyi ndiro yakaoma isina muto, iyi huku yakabikwa mu yogurt uye masala; Zvakare, kumadokero kweIndia kune yechinyakare uye ine mukurumbira huku tikka dish.

Mufambidzani akatanhamara mundiro dzose dzetsika dzechiHindu mupunga, une mhando huru yakadai sebasmati, iri tsanga yakanaka uye yakareba.

Maitiro

Tsika dzechiHindu dzave nesimba guru kutsika dzekuMadokero nedzekuEurope, muenzaniso weizvi wakaonekwa munguva dzeGreece yekare apo tsika dzese dzakatora mativi uye zvinhu kubva mazviri. Nekudaro, iyi yaive nyaya yeshanduko yechokwadi yakaitika munguva kana kuti kutanga kweRenaissance.

Panguva imwe cheteyo apo budiriro dzokumwe dzakasiana-siana dzakauya kuIndia, vatengesi vazhinji veIndia vakagara kuti vagare kune dzimwe nyika, izvo zvinoreva kuti nepo India yaipesvedzerwa nedzimwe tsika, yakapfuudzawo tsika yayo imene kune imwe.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti izvi zvichiri zvakadaro nhasi uye izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuona kuti vagari vedzimwe tsika vanga vachifarira sei kutora zvinhu zvakakosha zvetsika yechiHindu, senge zvitendero zvakasiyana uye chikafu.

Festivals

Nekuti India inoumbwa nenzanga ine tsika nezvitendero zvakawanda, mitambo yakawanda nezviitiko zvezvitendero zvakasiyana zvinoitwa. MuIndia, mazuva mana akatemerwa ayo anoonekwa senyika uye mazororo pagore, aya ndeaya:

• Zuva reIndependence - Nyamavhuvhu 15
• Republic Day - Ndira 26
• Gandhi Jayanti - Gumiguru 2
• Zuva reVashandi, mhemberero inopembererwa nemufaro mukuru muIndia yose - Chivabvu 1
• Gore Idzva - Ndira 1

Pamusoro pezvo, imwe neimwe yematunhu eIndia inopemberera mitambo yakavakirwa pazvitendero zvakakurumbira munzvimbo idzodzo uye mitauro. Pamitambo yechitendero ine mukurumbira, zvinotevera zvinotaurwa:

• Navratri - Gunyana 17 kusvika Gumiguru 17
• Diwali - Mbudzi 14
• Ganesh Chaturthi - Nyamavhuvhu 22
• Durga puja - Gumiguru 22 kusvika Gumiguru 26
• Holi - Kurume 9
• Ugadi - Kubvumbi 13
• Rakshabandhan - Nyamavhuvhu 3
• Dussehra - Gumiguru 25

Uye maererano nemhemberero dzekurima uye kukohwa kwakakurumbira munyika ino, tinogona kutaura zvinotevera:

• Sankranthi - Ndira 15
• Pongal - Ndira 15
• Raja sankranti - Chikumi 15 kusvika 18
• Onam - Nyamavhuvhu 22
• Nouakhai - Nyamavhuvhu 23
• Vasant Panchami - Ndira 29

Saizvozvowo, kune mhemberero nemitambo inogoverwa nekupembererwa nezvitendero zvakasiyana, izvi zvinotevera:

• Diwali - Mbudzi 14, mhemberero dzinopembererwa nevaHindu, maSikh uye maJain
• Buddha Purnima - Chivabvu 7, nemaBhudha.
• Guru Nanak Jayanti - Mbudzi 25 uye Vaisakhi - Kubvumbi 14, inopembererwa nekushamisira kukuru nemaSikh nemaHindu.

Saizvozvowo, kune mutambo weDree unowedzera ruvara kune tsika yetsika dzechiHindu, iyi ndeimwe yemitambo yemadzinza eIndia inopembererwa neApatanis yemupata weZiro weArunachal Pradesh, iyo ndiyo nzvimbo yekumabvazuva kweIndia.

Kune zvakare mhemberero dzakabatana neIslam, izvi nezvikonzero zvekuti ndiyo yechipiri chitendero chekunze chakatorwa nebudiriro iyi. Pakati pemazuva echiIslam akagadzwa uye, akapembererwa nekuziviswa zvakaenzana neIndia, tine:

• Eid ul Fitar - Chivabvu 24
• Eid ul Adha (Bakr Eid) - Chikunguru 3 kusvika Nyamavhuvhu 3
• Milad un Nabi - Gumiguru 29
• Muharram - Nyamavhuvhu 20
• Shab-e-Barat – 14 uye 15 yemwedzi waSha'ban, mwedzi wechisere wekarenda yechiIslam.

Saizvozvo, kune mazuva ane chekuita nechitendero ichi akatemerwa sezororo padanho redunhu, pakati pawo ndeaya:

• Arba'een - Gumiguru 8
• Jumu'ah-tul-Wida
• Shab-e-Qadar

Sezvo chiKristu chiri chitendero chechitatu chekune dzimwe nyika chakatorwa nevagari vayo, icho chakakamurwa pakati pemaKristu nemaKatorike, ivo vanewo mazororo avo akadai se:

• Kisimusi - Zvita 25
• Chishanu Chakanaka - 2nd zuva reIsita Triduum

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mitambo yenharaunda inoonekwa semitambo, tsika iyi yakajairika muIndia; Nokudaro, hazvishamisi kuti iwe unogona kuona mitambo inopembererwa yakadai sePushkar, iyo ndiyo misika huru yengamera munyika yose, kana Sonepur Mela, iyo huru yezvipfuwo muAsia.

Chokwadi chinonakidza

Tevere, tinokuratidza zvimwe zvinodakadza uye zvinonakidza chokwadi izvo zvinozoita kuti iwe ude kuziva zvakawanda nezve tsika yechiHindu, aya anogona kunge ari ruzivo ausingazive, aya ndeaya:

1 - India ndiyo nyika ine demokrasi yakakura kwazvo pasi rose uye yechipiri nyika ine vanhu vakawanda ine vagari vanopfuura bhiriyoni imwe chete. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti ne1.200 ichapfuura China, nhasi iyo nyika ine vanhu vakawanda.

2 – Mhou imhuka inoera muIndia. Vanogara murusununguko rwakazara munharaunda yese, kusanganisira mumadhorobha, uye zvakajairika kuvawana chero kupi uye hazvisi pamutemo kuvauraya kana kuvapedza sechikafu.

3 - Imwe yemaitiro avo anoshamisa kune vekuMadokero kana chero mutorwa ndeye pavanodzungudzira misoro yavo parutivi, iyo yatinonzwisisa seaiwa asi muchokwadi mutsika iyi vanoda kuratidza hongu. Uye ichi chiratidzo chinowanzoitika, chakanakira kuchirangarira nekuti chinogona kugadzira yakawanda nyonganiso uye mafaro mamiriro.

4 - Ganges rwizi rutsvene uye guta reVaranasi idzvene, uye iyi ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo huru iyo vaHindu vanoenda kunopisa vakafa vavo pamahombekombe erwizi. Kwavanozorasa madota, kana kuti chisaririra chemuviri, murwizi, urwo pamvura yakaderera rinogona kushandura Ganges kuita chishamiso cheDantesque uye chinotyisa.

5 - Kune anopfuura mazana matatu ezviuru emamosque muIndia, kupfuura mune chero imwe dunhu pasi pano. 300.000% chete yemaIndia maMuslim, zvichiita kuti India ive yechitatu nyika yechiMuslim pasi rose (mushure meIndonesia nePakistan).

6 - Mutungamiriri wemweya weTibet, Dalai Lama, akagara muhutapwa kubva kuma1950 nenharaunda huru yeTibetan kuchamhembe kweIndia, kunyanya muDharamsala.

7 - Zvakajairika kumhanyira muSadhus, ava mapilgrim mamongi anogara akatakura zviwanikwa zvavo uye anofamba nenyika kunotsvaga kujekerwa; mavara aya anonakidzwa nerusununguko rwakasiyana senge kuputa psychotropic zvinhu kana yemahara chitima kufamba.

8 - Midzi yeIndia yakarasika kare, mireniyumu yezvakaitika kare vakaona kuti tsika yakasiyana yeIndus Valley yakagadzirwa sei, pamwe chete nezvitendero zvina (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism uye Sikhism), pamwe neyoga, iyo chirango chemuviri nepfungwa icho chave chiripo kwemakore 4.

9 - MuIndia, mutambo wehunyanzvi, chess, uye matavi emasvomhu akadai sealgebra netrigonometry akazvarwa.

10 - Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa zvekare zvechiHindu, kune vanopfuura mamirioni mazana matatu nemakumi matatu vamwari. Anonyanya kukosha ndiBrahma, Vishnu naShiva.

11 - Zvinofungidzirwa kuti kune pakati pe5 kana 6 miriyoni Hijras kana vanhu vakaonekwa vane yechitatu pabonde, sezviri pachena varume vanopfeka sevakadzi asi vasingazvione ivo pachavo. Mapurojekiti ari kuitwa kuitira kuti rudzi urwu runyoreswe padanho repamutemo uye repamutemo.

12 - Mambo wemitambo munyika ino uye anenge ega ndiye cricket, akagara nhaka kubva kuChirungu colonization. Mutambo umo machisi anogona kutora kubva pamaawa mashoma kusvika kumazuva mashoma uye uko vana vanotamba mune chero dhorobha, patio kana mugwagwa.

13 - India inyika ine mhirizhonga uye isina kurongeka yekumaodzanyemba inopesana nemaguta akazarisa anobatanidza skyscrapers neakadzika-akakwira nharaunda uye mashantytown kune mamwe marenje uye akanyarara nzvimbo dzekumaruwa dzeHimalaya nzvimbo kana kumahombekombe kumaodzanyemba uko minda yemupunga neminda yezviyo. , minda yemichindwe nemombe dzenyati dzakarindwa nevakuru. Pamwe chete nemagwenga, masango umo mhuka dzomusango dzinoramba uye dzimba dzemadzimambo dzekare dzeMarahajas dzakakomberedzwa nemataundi akaderera zvikuru.

14 - Zvitsuwa zveAndaman, zvinoumbwa ne204 paradisiacal zvitsuwa zveIndian Ocean zveIndia kunyangwe ichipfuura 950 km kubva kuIndia Peninsula, asi chete 193 km kubva Burma.

Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi cheHindu Tsika chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe zvinyorwa izvi:

• Indian Social Organisation
• Toltec Ceremonial Centers
• Maya temberi