MaToltec aive mamwe emagariro eMesoamerican akakwanisa kushandura zvivakwa munguva yavo, izvo zvainyanya kuitirwa zvinangwa zvechitendero nemhemberero, rakawanda raive basa ravo rakanaka mukuvaka Toltec Ceremonial Centers, kuti izvi zvakashanda sekurudzira kune dzimwe nyika.
Hunhu uye mashandiro enzvimbo dzemhemberero dzeToltecs
VaToltec vaizivikanwa nokuda kwechipo chavo chikuru pakuvaka munguva dzekare, izvi zvakaita kuti vanzi vavaki vakuru. Kuvakwa kwemapiramidhi uye nzvimbo dzemhemberero dzeToltec, dzakashandiswa zvakadzama izvo zvaive uye zvinoramba zviri chiratidzo cherunako rwakasiyana, mukuvandudzwa kweizvi vakawedzera pfungwa dzavo dzengano uye dzechitendero.
Nzvimbo dzemitambo yeToltec dzaive nzvimbo dzekunamatwa, kuremekedzwa nekunamatwa kwevamwari. Idzi dzakawanikwa pakati pemaguta ebudiriro iyi, uye dzaiwanzozivikanwa nenzvimbo dzadzo dzakakura dzakaita sikweya, dzakasimudzwa paruware rwakachekwa zvakakwana, mukuwedzera pakuva nemamwe masitepisi aishandiswa kusvika pamusoro peidzi . Vaivawo nenzvimbo huru dzakafukidzwa, dzakatsigirwa nematanda nembiru dzematombo.
Makoramu acho aiwanzotemerwa zvimiro zvevarwi vane minhenga kana kuti nyoka, pamwe chete nezviono zvinotyisa zvevanhu nemadehenya. Pachivakwa cherudzi urwu pakanga paine mamwe mabasa akaitwawo nematombo, kunova ndiko kwaigara vanhu vepamusoro-soro vakaita sevatungamiriri, vaprista nevakuru vesangano iri.
Dzimwe dzimba dzaive muguta uye dzaimiririra nzanga yakaderera sevarimi, mhizha uye vatengesi, dzakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisinganyanyi kupikisa nguva sezvidhinha nedhaka.
Munguva dzazvino, kwave kune vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakataura kuti budiriro yeToltec ndeyengano, kuti iyi yaingove iyo utopia yevaAztec kuti vatore zita rezvizvarwa zvevanyanzvi vavaki. Zvisinei, tsika dzechiNahuatl dzinosimbisa kuti vaToltec ndivo vakatanga budiriro uye kuti vakagadzira fungidziro huru muunyanzvi, zvivakwa, uye tsika.
Yakakosha Ceremonial Centers ye Toltecs
Yakasimbiswa zvakanyanya seToltec ceremonial centre. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pasinei nokuti dzimwe temberi dzinotaurwa pano dzine chokuita nedzimwe tsika dzakavakidzana, mavakirwo edzimba dzemhemberero anoratidza simba rakanyatsojeka retsika yeToltec. Tevere, tichatsanangura kuti ndeapi aive akakosha uye akanakisa mabasa akagadzirwa nebudiriro iyi, aya ndeaya:
Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Temple
Munharaunda yeMexico City, 80 km kubva kure kuTenochtitlán, tinowana Tula, iyo munenge muna 700 AD ndiyo yaiva guta rakabudirira zvikuru reToltecs nenharaunda yeMesoamerican; kunofungidzirwa kuti vagari vemo vanopfuura 85.000 XNUMX vaigara imomo. Zita rekutanga reTula, iri kure reToltec metropolis yaive Tollan Xicocotitlan, iyo muNahuatl zvinoreva "nzvimbo ye tul (muti muhombe) kana tsanga".
Iri munzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba kweHidalgo uye yakavakwa pagomo duku, iro rinoita kuti ridzivirire kune vanokunda. VaToltec vaigara imomo vainyanya kuve varwi, asi maigarawo varombo vakawanda.
Tula raive guta rakakosha mune zvehupfumi, rinozivikanwa nekudzora kutengeserana kweturquoise uye obsidian, kukosha kwayo kwaive kwakakura zvekuti tsika yaro yakapararira kuYucatan, yakasvika El Salvador uye kunyange Nicaragua. Tula's heyday yaive nekuda kwekudonha kweTeotihuacán, sezvo vanhu vazhinji vakatamira kunzvimbo dziri pedyo.
Nhoroondo yekuparara kweguta iri haina kunyatsojeka, asi zvinotendwa kuti zvakakonzerwa nezvikonzero zvechitendero. Vatendi vamwari Quetzalcoatl vakaramba vachiitirana nharo nevateveri vamwari Tezcatlipoca, uyo akakunda ndokudzinga vadzidzi veQuetzalcoatl muguta.
Parizvino, guta reTula ipaki yenyika inochengetedzwa zvivakwa zvekare uye zvinonyanya kukwezva kutarisa kwevashanyi inzvimbo dzayo dzemhemberero, dzakadai se:
Temberi yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli yakavambwa kutenderera kuma1100s, ibasa rakaenzana uye rakashongedzwa zvachose. Temberi yemasitepisi emamita 43 inogumira muatari; tsanangudzo yetemberi iyi inoratidza kunetseka kwetsika iyi yezviitiko zvenyeredzi.
Madziro emakamuri ayo ezuva mashanu akavezwa ane mafrieze akawanda anoratidza boka rinoshatirwa remaocelots, coyotes uye makondo anoputira mwoyo yevanhu, uye mifananidzo yepasi Venus yakabatana nemwarikadzi werudo muchiGiriki tsika, Venus inoratidzwa pano seTlahuizcalpantecuhtli , Mwari wemambakwedza mwari ane unhu hwakasimba.
Temberi ye9-mita-yakakwirira inovhara kamuri refu yakafukidzwa nematanda uye ichizorora pamatombo ematombo anofananidzira varwi veToltec, nepo zviedza zvetemberi zvinorairwa neVenus.
Huacapalco
Nharaunda yese yeHuapalcalco inokosheswa seimwe yenzvimbo dzakapfuura dzepasire-Hispanic budiriro, sezvo maToltec ekutanga akagara muchikamu ichi. Munzvimbo iyi iri kumadokero kutsetseka kweCerro del Tecolote, iyo inosanganisirwa ne2 ensembles ekuvaka. Pamusoro pekuyeverwa nematemberi nezvimwe zvakawanikwa zvekare, dunhu iri rine mifananidzo yakawanda yemapako inotangira makore angangoita 13.
Yakanga iri chigaro cheChipiri cheToltec Empire, isati yatamira kuTula; Munzvimbo ino, nzvimbo yemitambo yezvikamu zvitatu inomira pachena nehunhu hweTeotihuacan, hwaro hwayo hunoyera 12 metres uye kureba kwayo 8 metres. Saizvozvowo, kune atari painotendwa kuti yakashanda sedhipoziti yezvipo, seti yemifananidzo yemubako ine makore akati wandei sezvatotaurwa, inoita kuti nzvimbo iyi ive imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga kugarwa muAmerican continent.
Tembere yeVarwi - Chichen Itza
Temberi yevarwi veChichen Itza yakavakwa mugore ra1200 uye nderimwe remabasa akanaka kwazvo uye anochengetedzwa zvakanaka munzvimbo ino. Kunyanya, kuvakwa kwayo kunopa hunhu hwakafanana nehweTlahuizcalpantecuhtli tembere muTula, iyo transcendental metropolis yeToltecs; kunyanya, nokuda kwehwaro hwayo hutsva hutsva hweMayan-Toltec hwakagadzirwa muno muChichén Itzá.
Kubva pane maitiro ane chekuita nekuvakwa kwemamwe matembere eToltec, tinogona kuona zvinotevera zvakafanana:
- Murangariro wose wetemberi, iyo inotsigira nzvimbo tsvene huru yepamusoro.
- Kune imwechete inomiririra yeChac Mool pamusuwo.
- Irwo rudzi rwakafanana rwekushongedza, semakondo uye ocelot pasi pematanho.
- Iine mbiru dzakaita senyoka, musoro wayo uri pasi uye muromo wakashama, ukuwo muviri wayo uchiita axis uye muswe wayo uchisimuka kuti utsigire nechepamusoro pemukova.
- Nechepazasi petemberi, unosangana nemhando imwe chete yembiru dzine mifananidzo yevarwi.
Temberi yevarwi yakanga yakanyorwa zita rekuti El Castillo, nebasa rekutanga rakawanikwa mukati metemberi yaivepo. Temberi yepakutanga yaivewo neChac Mool mukati uye mafomu akachekwa anoshandiswa nemaMayans.
Ichi chivakwa chine chikuva chine masikweya chimiro chinoyera angangoita 40 metres parutivi rumwe norumwe. Iine miviri yakatsikwa inoumbwa nemateru uye cornice yakashongedzwa ne-bas-relief umo tinoona varwi, makondo uye ocelots vachidya mwoyo yevanhu.
Masitepisi akatarisa kumadokero uye anoratidza zvidhori zvenyoka dzakapfava dzine misoro yakabuda. Kune temberi yakaita sikweya ine hwaro hwemamita makumi maviri nerimwe kurutivi rumwe norumwe, ichisiya chikuva chakafara pamberi ine mapilasta akashongedzwa nemifananidzo yevamwari nevarwi vaisimudza matanda padenga.
Pamberi petemberi inosanganiswa nemadziro akarerekera uye akatwasuka, senge plinth inomira yekutanga kupinda, uye yakashongedzwa pane imwe neimwe nzvimbo nepaneru ine matatu superimposed Chac masks, 1 ine mufananidzo wamwari Kukulkan achibuda kubva muromo wenyoka yakapfava nerurimi rweforogo, uye mamwe matatu maChac masiki mukona, imwe pamusoro peimwe uye ine mhino dzakakombama uye dzine mukurumbira. Ipapo imwe plinth inotsvedzerera pakati pemakona maviri akaumbwa, anopera neshongwe padenga, pasina chasara.
Pachikuva uye pamberi pemusuo mukuru pane Chac Mool, kare kare yaionekwa semwari akashanda semurevereri pakati peMwari Mukuru nevanhu, kuti atore zvipo zvavakaita.
tzompantli
Iyi yakanga iri atari apo misoro yeropa yenhapwa dzakanga dzaurawa yairovererwa pamberi pavanhu kuti ikudze vamwari vavo. Iko kugoverwa kunobva kutsika pakati peMesoamerican yekugura misoro yevakabirwa nezvipiriso zvevanhu uye kuchengeta matehenya avo murudzi rwefenzi yehuni. Mhando iyi yeatari inogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeMexico dzakadai seChichen Itza, Tula uye muTemplo Mayor iri muCentral of Mexico City.
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi nezve Toltec Ceremonial Centers chinonakidza, tinokukoka iwe kuti unakirwe nezvimwe zvinyorwa izvi: