Kunyangwe yakabviswa nemutemo muma1950s, iyo yekare hereditary stratification hierarchies yakatemerwa necaste system yakatangwa neHinduism ichiri kukanganisa Indian social sangano zvichidzikamisa kukura kwayo.
Indian Social Organisation
Mukuwirirana nechiHindu mweya uri mukuberekwazve kunopfuurira (saṃsāra), muiri denderedzwa mweya zvishoma nezvishoma unokombamira kuva wakachena zvikuru kana kuti kushoma kuchitsamira pakunaka uko munhu anorarama nako.
Hinduism inotsigira kuti kuberekwa muboka rakaderera kunoreva kuti munhu muupenyu hwake hwekare akanga ari mutadzi, kana zvakasiyana-siyana munhu wacho akazvarwa muboka repamusoro-soro, iro reBrahmins rinoratidza kuti mweya wake wakachena uye, kana achirarama hupenyu hwakanaka, unogona kusvika nirvana uye kukanganisa kutenderera kwerufu nekuzvarwa patsva. Zvikasadaro, hupenyu hwake hunotevera huchava hwenhengo yeboka rakaderera.
Iyo caste system inosarudza sangano rezvemagariro muIndia ine humwe hunhu hunotaridza, imwe yacho ndeyekuti inoumbwa nemakasi mana makuru kuwedzera kune iyo yeDalits, inozivikanwawo sevanodzingwa kana vasingabatike. Mapoka aya mapoka akavharwa, kuroorana kunobvumirwa chete pakati penhengo dzeboka rimwe chete uye vana vanobva mumubatanidzwa uyu vanobva muboka rimwe chete nevabereki.
Humwe hunhu hweiyo caste system ndeyekuti ma castes akaiswa muchikamu maererano nekuchena kwavo kana kusachena, asi ivo vanoiswawo maererano nemabasa avo nehunyanzvi. Mugadziriro yeboka mune mifungo miviri inokosha: Varna, iyo inonongedzera kuruvara, uye Jāti, “iyo inoreva chimiro chokuvapo.
Varna
Mukuwirirana nechiHindu, Puruṣa wokutanga (munhu wemuchadenga, ishe wokuvapo) aipirwa uye mapoka akaberekwa nomuviri wake. Vanhu vanoiswa mumapoka mana anokosha zvichienderana nechikamu chemuviri waPurusha kwavakabva, rudzi urwu runotsanangura mamiriro emunhu munzanga, waanogona kuroora uye rudzi rwebasa ravanogona kuita. Hapana munhu anogona kuedza kupfuudza kubva kune imwe caste kuenda kune imwe mukati mehupenyu hwake, nzira chete yekufambira mberi kana kudzoreredza mumagariro evanhu ndeyekuzvarwa patsva muhupenyu hunotevedzana.
Varume nemabasa avo munzanga anorondedzerwa muzvikamu zvina, zvikwata zvakafara umo nzanga yakakamurwa maererano nenhevedzano yetsika: vaBrahmin, vaShatrias, vaVaisya, uye vaSudra.
brahmins
Mukuwirirana negadziriro yemapoka inodzora sangano renzanga reIndia, vaBrahman ndivo boka rakakwirira zvikurusa, vanotaura kuva vatakuri veBrahman mumwe cheteyo, iro riri simba rinoyera rinotsigira chisiko chapose pose. Kare vaionekwa savamwari pakati pavanhu. Mabasa emabrahmin ndiko kudzidza uye kudzidzisa kwezvinyorwa zvinoera zveHinduism, Vedas uye smriti. Vane basawo rokuitira vamwari zvibayiro.
Mabrahmins ane basa rekuve vachengeti vekuchengetedzwa kwedzidziso dzeVedas, vanewo chisungo chekuendesa ruzivo urwu kune vanhu vari vemamwe mapoka maviri epamusoro, chatrias, mauto uye vezvematongerwo enyika; uye kuvaVaishya, vatengesi nevarombo. MaBrahmin haafanire kupfuudza ruzivo urwu kune sudras, nhapwa, zvishoma zvisingabatike sezvo ichi chiri chitadzo chinorangwa nekurwadziswa kwepanyama.
Dzidziso dzakapfuudzwa nemaBrahmin kune mapoka maviri epamusoro dzinosanganisira uzivi, chitendero, mishonga, unyanzvi, uye mazano ehondo. Dzidziso idzi ndidzo kutsiva kunoitwa nemaBrahmin kunzanga.
the chatrias
Ndivo rudzi rwechipiri mukati mehutano hwekasi hunosarudza sangano revanhu veIndia, ivo vari pasi pemabrahmins uye pamusoro pechatrias, vaishyas uye shudras uye zvechokwadi ma pariahs. Iri ndiro boka revarwi, vemauto, kureva, avo vanoshandisa simba nekutonga, nemamwe mazwi, vatongi. Maererano neVedas, Rajá (madzimambo) anosarudzwa mukati meboka rechatrias.
Maererano neMitemo yeManu, chisungo chekutanga chamambo wechatria caste ndechekudzivirira vadzorwi vake, anewo basa rekuwedzera humambo achishandisa "nzira dzakanaka dzemweya" uye kana zvichidikanwa kuburikidza nemakakatanwa ehondo. Basa guru renhengo dzechatria caste dzaive dzisiri madzimambo kwaive kutora chikamu muhondo, kufa kana kuurayiwa vachirwa nemuvengi.
ari Vaisyas
Vaisyas vamiririri vechitatu yakakosha varna yesangano rekare remagariro eIndia, iro raisanganisira varimi, vatengesi, mercantile profession, mhizha, varidzi veminda, vafudzi, uye vashandi. MaVaisya aive neakajairwa mabasa evarimi nevapfuri muzvinyorwa zvechitendero zvechiHindu, asi nekufamba kwenguva vakave varidzi veminda, vatengesi uye vanokweretesa mari. Zvavaiva veboka rakaderera, mumwe wemitoro yavo wakanga uri wokugovera zvokudya nokuda kwamapoka akakwirira.
MuIndia yekare, varimi vakasununguka, vafudzi vemombe, pamwe chete navamwe mhizha navashambadzi mumaguta namataundi vaiva vavaVaisya. Kubva mumazana emakore ekutanga enguva yedu, varimi, varimi (pamwe chete nevakawanda vemhizha) vakarasikirwa nerusununguko rwavo uye vakatanga kunzi sudras, uye vatengesi vakawanda vainzi vaisyas.
VaSudras
Sudras inoumba chikamu cheimwe yeakaderera pane ina varnas yeHindu caste system uye yesocial sangano reIndia. Muchirevo, boka remasudras rinoumba boka rekugara nhaka repasi pasi iro riri pabasa remamwe matatu epamusoro castes, mabrahmins, chatrias uye vaisyas, zvisinei, maererano nezvinyorwa zvekutanga zveIndia, vakapinda mukugadzwa kweumambo. madzimambo, Vaive vashumiri uye kunyangwe madzimambo.
Zvinyorwa zvinoera zveHinduism Dharma sastra hazvitenderi masudras kuwana dzidzo yekuverenga uye vanongotenderwa kudzidziswa humwe hunyanzvi nehunyanzvi sekudzidziswa kwenzou. MaSudras aiwanzova varimi uye mhizha. Muzvinyorwa zvekare sudra yaitsanangurwa se "mupi wezviyo" uye chimiro chake chekudya chakatsanangurwa se "jeko nehura dzezviyo".
Mutemo wekare, "Vedas ndivo vaparadzi vekurima uye zvekurima ndiye muparadzi weVedas", inoratidzwa sechimwe chezvikonzero nei sudras isingabvumirwi kudzidza Vedas. Sudras vaiwanzova varanda, varimi, vaumbi vehari nevamwe. Vakarambidzwa kuita zvaiitwa nevamwe vatatu vepamusoro. Masudra aingopihwa pekugara nekudya, hapana muhoro wavaiwana saka vaive vasina midziyo uye vaisakwanisa kusiya nhaka.
Mamiriro emagariro evanhu veSudras akasiyana kubva muuranda chete pakuti ma sudras aisagona kushandiswa mumabasa aionekwa se "asina kuchena" uye kuti aisaonekwa sechinhu chekutengesa.
VaPariah kana Vasingabatike
Muhurongwa hwekasi hunotonga sangano revanhu veIndia, vakadzingwa kana vasingabatike vari kunze kwevana varnas. Kuve kunze kwevarnas, vasingabatike vanongobvumidzwa kuita mabasa akanyanya, anosanganisira mamwe akadai sematehwe, varimi varombo, varimi vasina minda, vashandi vezuva, mhizha dzemumigwagwa, pakati pevamwe.
Izvo zvisingatauriki hazvisi chikamu chevana varnas. Ivo vanoonekwa sevanokwanisa kusvibisa nhengo dzepamusoro castes, kunyanya maBrahmins. Vasingabatike vanoumba pakati pegumi nenhanhatu negumi nenomwe muzana yevanhu veIndia (vanopfuura mazana maviri emamiriyoni evanhu). Nharaunda dzakafanana dzinowanikwa kune dzimwe nyika dzeSouth Asia, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh, neSri Lanka, uye chikamu chepasi rose cheIndia diaspora.
Nekuda kwemamiriro avo ezvinhu, vakadzingwa vanowanzoitirwa mhirizhonga, kazhinji vachitambudzwa, kuponda uye kubatwa chibharo. Mudunhu reRajasthan, pakati pa1999 na2003 chete, makanga mune vanhu vanopfuura 2006 vakabatwa chibharo uye 2008 vakapondwa. Kuurayiwa kwevanhu kwaisanganisira kubatwa chibharo kwevakadzi uye kupondwa kwevarume nevakadzi vakadzingwa kunotaurwa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX muChondur, Neerukonda, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Kherlanji, achangoburwa ari Maharashtra (XNUMX) naRajasthan (XNUMX). ).
Teak
MaJati anonzi endogamous magariro mapoka anoumba zvikamu zvekutanga zvechinyakare chimiro chesocial sangano reIndia. Jati inoshandura chaizvoizvo se "kuberekwa". Iyo jati kupatsanurwa kwesangano rezvemagariro eIndia rakasiyana neiyo yevarna system. Zvinoenderana neAnthropological Survey yeIndia ye1993, iyo jati inosvika zviuru zvina nemazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu neshanu, inova ndiyo chaiyo chikamu chiripo mumabasa.
Iyi sisitimu, yakafanana nesangano revanhu veIndia kuita makambani, pamwe yakatangira varna system. Hapana jati inoyambuka muganhu wemitauro, uye naizvozvo nzvimbo dzose dzemutauro weIndia dzine maitiro avo ejatis. Hapana chinyorwa chechitendero chechiHindu chinobvumira hurongwa hwejati, zvinopesana nemafungiro evanhu vekuMadokero, dzidziso yechiHindu inoishora.
Kazhinji surname yemumwe munhu inoratidza kuti ijati kana nharaunda yaanoshamwaridzana nayo. Semuenzaniso, zita rekuti Gandhi rinoratidza mutengesi wepefiyumu, zita rekuti Srivastava rinoreva mabharani wemauto. Nhengo dzemajati akasiyana dzinogara dzakaparadzana zvachose. Basa rinoitwa nemunhu musangano remagariro eIndia rinotemerwa nejati ravari uye vanogona kungoroora nhengo dzejati ravo kubva kune inbreeding mitemo mune ino system.
Mujati rimwe nerimwe mune tsika dzakasiyana dzine chokuita nezvokudya nezvokupfeka, dzimwe nguva vanotova nemutauro wavo uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange vamwari vavo, apo izvi zvinoitika vanhu vane mutoro wezvitendero inhengo dzejati pacharo uye havasi Brahmins . MuchiHindu kunorangarirwa kuti kuva wejati chipingamupinyi chokuzvisunungura pakuberekwazve, ndiko kuti, kuwana moksha, rusununguko rwomudzimu.
Munguva dzakare jati imwe neimwe yaitungamirirwa nedare rayo pachayo uye yakanga iri tsika yakajairika kurarama upenyu hwokuzvitonga hwakakwana. Nhengo dzejati dzinogara nhaka basa reunyanzvi revakavatangira. Izvi zvaive zvechokwadi kune ma castes anonyanya kuita mabasa emaoko nemabasa, pamwe chete neavo vaiita basa rekufudza uye kutama-tama. Iwo akawanda ma castes akabatanidzwa nehukama hwekuchinjana hwakagara huchitemwa nezvigadzirwa nemasevhisi.
Evolution
Munguva yehutongi hwemakoloni inopinda musimboti wekuenzana waisanganisirwa mumutemo, mutsika uye musangano remagariro eIndia, maChirungu akaunzawo zviitiko zvitsva zvehupfumi izvo zvakavhurika kune ese emagariro castes, izvi zvakagadzira imwe dhigirii yekuputsika kwekufamba kwevanhu. nehurongwa hwekasi kunyange shanduko iyi yainyanya kushandiswa nevepamusoro-soro kuti vave vakadzidza zviri nani.
Hurumende yeIndia yakabuda mushure mekuzvitonga muna 1947, yakadzika mutemo unoshanda unovavarira kumisa hurongwa hwekasi, uchirambidza rusarura munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uye nekumisikidza quotas dzekutora chikamu kune vakadzingwa mumayunivhesiti, muhurumende, muparamende yemuno neyemubatanidzwa. Asi kuumbwa kwechikamu chepakati chemaguta nekusimuka kwemabasa emuhofisi uye kushanduka kwemaitiro ebasa kwaratidza kuva nzira yakanakisa yekukunda hurongwa hweboka revashandi.
Kufambira mberi kwevashandi uku kwakamisa hukama hwejatis kumabasa musangano resocial sangano reIndia. Mumaruwa, zvisinei, gadziriro yemapoka ichiri yakakosha muupenyu hwavanhu. Asi mumaguta kunyange kurambidzwa kuroorana kwemapoka ari kuramba kuchikurirwa.