Nhasi kune dzidziso dzakawanda dzeuzivi, zvitendero uye zvitendero. Asi zvakasiyana zvakadaro here? Vanhu vazhinji vanotenda kuti vane chigadziko chakafanana, kuti vakabva kune imwe pfungwa, uye tinoda kutaura pamusoro peiyi pfungwa munyaya ino. Zvikurukuru, Tichatsanangura kuti animism chii uye tsananguro yayo.
Kana iwe uchinzwa kuda kuziva nezve misoro senge mweya, zvemweya uye nezvitendero zvekare, ndinokurudzira kuti utarise chinyorwa ichi. Animism ine zvakawanda zvekuita nemafungiro aya uye zvakakodzera kuziva kuti chii.
Chii chinonzi animism uye mienzaniso?
Izwi rekuti "animism" rinobva pashoko rechiLatin anima, iyo inoshandura se "mweya." Ipfungwa inosanganisira zvitendero zvakasiyana zvakasiyana umo chero chinhu chiripo kana chinhu chinopihwa nekuziva kwayo kana mweya. Sezvaunogona kufungidzira, pfungwa iyi inomutsa misiyano yakawanda, sekutenda mumweya yevanhu kana mune zvemweya. Chaizvoizvo, maererano neanimism, chose chose chipenyu kana chine mweya.
Mukati mezvinotendwa zveanimism mune idzo dzinoti zvinhu zvese zvenyama zvine zivo, hukama kune mumwe nemumwe uye kupa mweya wepasi rose, unozivikanwa se anima world. Naizvozvo, hapana mutsauko wakaoma uye unokurumidza, uye dzimwe tsika, dzakadai sedzeJapan, dzinoenda zvakatopfuura. Ngatitarisei mimwe mienzaniso pazasi:
- Japan: tsumogami y Kotodama. Mafungiro ese ari maviri chikamu chekutenda kweanima. Yokutanga inoreva zvinhu zvakasikwa, kunyanya zvekare. Nekune rumwe rutivi, chechipiri chinoreva zviito zvakaitwa, zvinogona kuturikirwa se "simba reshoko".
- America: ngen. Iwo mweya wezvisikwa izvo vamwe vanhu vanotenda mazviri.
- Africa: magara. Iwe unogona kuti zvinoreva "simba rehupenyu hwepasi rose." Imo muAfrica umo animism yasvika pakupedzwa kwayo uye kwakaoma vhezheni. Maererano nekutenda uku, magara inogadzira kubatana pakati pezvisikwa zvese zvipenyu. Uyezve, vanodavira chisungo chepedyo pakati pemweya yevakafa nevapenyu.
- Neopagans: Maererano nevatsvaki, avo vanotsanangura zvavanotenda sehupenyu, mwari ane nyanga uye mai mwarikadzi vanovapo pamwe chete muzvinhu zvose.
- Pantheism: Kune vahedheni, zvinhu zvose zvinofananidzwa nekuvapo, zvose zviri zviviri mwari wevanoda Mwari mumwe uye zvisikwa uye zvakasikwa, zvinotora zvose sechinhu chimwe chete.
Animism: Tsanangudzo naEdward Tylor
Yaiva anthropologist ainzi Edward Tylor uyo akagadzira pfungwa yeanimism mubhuku rake «Primitive Culture», rakabudiswa muna 1871. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, tichazotaura zvishoma nezve animism uye tsanangudzo yayo maererano nemurume uyu. Mubhuku rake, Edward Tylor anotsanangura pfungwa iyi sedzidziso huru yeyose mweya uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvemweya. Maererano naye, pfungwa iyi inenge nguva dzose inosanganisira pfungwa yekupinda mukuda kwezvisikwa uye hupenyu pachahwo. Uyezve, zvinoreva kutenda kuti zvinhu zvese zvisiri zvevanhu zvine mweya zvakare.
Kubva pakuona kwaTylor, Animism yakanga iri rudzi rwokutanga rwuripo rworudzidziso. Kubva kwaari, mukati megadziriro yemhindumupindu yamarudzidziso ose, nhano dzakasiana-siana dzakapfuura uye iye anopwiswa kuti, pakupedzisira, rudzi rwomunhu ruchaguma rwaramba chose chose rudzidziso, ruchipa nzira kunzwisiso yesayenzi. Saka, nyanzvi iyi yeanthropologist inofunga kuti animism yakanga iri kukanganisa kwakatangira zvitendero. Kunyange zvazvo chiri chokwadi kuti akanga asingafungi kuti kudavira uku kwakanga kusina musoro, akadavira kuti kwakabva muzviratidzo nezviroto zvavanhu vokutanga. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iri rational system.
Pakutanga, Edward Tylor aida kudana iyi pfungwa "zvemweya". Zvisinei, akaziva kuti zvinogona kuvhiringidza zvikuru, sezvo izvi zvazvino, kunyange zvazvo zvemazuva ano, zvatovako munyika dzokuMadokero. Saka akasarudza izwi rekuti "animism", rakafuridzirwa nezvinyorwa zvaGeorg Ernst Stahl, munyori wesainzi kubva kuGermany. Mugore ra1708, chiGerman ichi chakagadzira animism sedzidziso yebhayoloji. Maererano naye, musimboti wakakosha wakaumbwa nemweya uye zviitiko zvisina kujairika zvine chekuita nezvirwere uye zvinowanzoitika zvehupenyu. vaigona kuva nezvikonzero zvomudzimu.
General Characteristics of Animism
Pamwero mukuru, musimboti weanimism kutenda mune simba rinokosha uye rakakura chinova chikamu chezvisikwa zvese zvipenyu. Mukuwedzera, anodzivirira kuti kune hukama hwepedyo pakati penyika yevapenyu uye nyika yevakafa. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti inotsigira kuvepo kwevamwari vakati wandei avo vanogona kudyidzana navo.
Kusafanana namarudzidziso anorangarirwa souporofita, mavambo e<em>animism haagoni kurondedzerwa nenzira chaiyo. Pamwe chete ne shamanism, Ndiyo imwe yedzidziso dzekare. Zvechokwadi, chitendero chekare cheEgipita hwaro hwakavakirwa pahwaro hwemweya. Ngationei kuti ndeapi maitiro akajairwa eiyi pfungwa:
- Zvinokwanisika kushamwaridzana nezvose zvakasikwa uye nemweya zvakananga.
- Mweya unokwanisa kusiya muviri panguva yetrance, zvinhu, zvakasikwa, kufungisisa kana kurota maitiro.
- Kune zvisikwa zvemweya zvinogara mumweya wevanhu kana mweya yezvimwe zvisikwa.
- Zvibayiro kana zvipiriso zvinoitwa zvine hunhu hweexpiary.
- Tese tiri chikamu chese.
- Zvose zvakanaka nezvakanaka zvinogara zviripo.
- Gara wakasununguka kune pfungwa itsva uye mazano.
- Tinofanira kuisa kunzwisisa, ruzivo, kuzvininipisa uye ruremekedzo pakutanga, uye nguva dzose kugoverana.
- Hupenyu hahupere mushure mekufa, asi hunoenderera.
- Kuvapo kwevamwari vakasiyana-siyana, masangano uye mweya kunozivikanwa.
- Kune vanhu vanoera vanozadzisa basa ravo sevayananisi: varoyi, masvikiro, n'anga, n'anga, nezvimwe.
- Fusion yepfungwa: nguva + nguva, chinhu + chiratidzo, yapfuura + yazvino + ramangwana, munhu + nharaunda, pakati pevamwe.
- Kuziva uye kubatana kwepasirese: Zvese zvine zivo uye zvipenyu.
- Zvese zvinopihwa simba uye zvinopedzisira zvakanganisa.
- Zvirimwa uye zvinhu zvakasikwa zvinoshandiswa kubvumidza, kudzidza uye kuratidza zvinhu.
- Kunyangwe zvese zvichigona kufurira, sarudzo yekupedzisira ndeyedu.
Zvino iwe unoziva kuti animism chii uye tsanangudzo yayo. Asi mubvunzo mukuru ndewekuti: munozvitora semaanimists here?