Chitendero cheEgipita nemaitiro acho

Muchinyorwa chino tinokuunzira ruzivo rwakakosha nezve Chitendero cheEgipita, chimwe chezvitendero zvakaoma zvikuru zvakavapo munhau yose yenyika, sezvo yakanga iri imwe yenzanga dzine simba zvikurusa uye dzinotenda dzave dziriko, kuva rudzidziso rwavamwari vakawanda pfuma yarwo yakawanda yakarongedzerwa kupa mipiro kuna vamwari vakasiyana-siyana kunze kwezvose!

CHITENDERO CHEIJIPITI

chitendero cheEgipita

Yaive budiriro yakaumbwa makore akapoteredza 4000 BC. Mushure mekunyora kwakasimuka. Budiriro yeEgypt yaive imwe yemasangano ane simba uye anoyevedza enguva dzese. Budiriro iyi yakavambwa pamahombekombe erwizi rwaNile, iri kuchamhembe kwekondinendi yeAfrica. Rwizi urwu rwakakosha zvikuru kubudiriro yeEgipita kubva parunokura. VaEgipita vaigona kuzviwanira vamene mvura yakawanda ndokuishandisa mukurima nokudiridza muminda.

Nepo budiriro yeEgipita yaiita basa ravo rose rezuva nezuva ivo vaivewo nehupenyu hukuru hwechitendero uye hwakazara nezvitendero zvakawanda. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chitendero cheEgipita chakaitwa kwenguva refu, inofungidzirwa kuti chakatora makore anopfuura zviuru zvitatu.

Neiyi nzira, budiriro yeEgipita yakanga yagamuchira chitendero chakaoma zvikuru, dzidziso dzorudzidziso dzakanga dzatobatanidzwa mubasa radzo rezuva nezuva, dzichipa rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakazara navamwari vakasiana-siana. Kwaitenda vaIjipita kuti zvisikwa zvitsvene izvi zvaigona kutonga zvisikwa kuburikidza nesimba ravo.

Ndicho chikonzero nei murudzidziso rweEgipita rwaishandiswa zvakafara navaEgipita sezvo ava vanhu, kupfurikidza nokugovera vamwari zvokudya nezvinopiwa, vaigona kuwana nyasha dzavo. Ndicho chikonzero nei vaEgipita vainangidzira ngwariro pakushandisa rudzidziso rweEgipita naFarao akanga ari munhu wepedyo zvikuru kuvamwari veEgipita. Ndizvo zvakanga zvakaita mumwe munhu aizivikanwa samambo weIjipiti.

VaEgipita vazhinji vakasvika pakudavira, nemhaka yorudzidziso rweEgipita, kuti vanafarao vakanga vane simba roumwari nemhaka yenzvimbo yavo munzanga. Ndosaka aiyemurwawo achipa mutero kune zvaaimiririra. Uyewo, Farao aikwanisa kupa zvibayiro netsika kuna mwari mumwe nomumwe weEgipita kuitira kuti budiriro yeEgipita irege kuva nengwavaira ipi neipi kana njodzi yaigona kuitika. Kupfurikidza nokusapa mutero kuna vamwari vakasiana-siana veEgipita, ngwavaira dzomusikirwo dzaigona kuitika.

Ndicho chikonzero nei gadziriro yehurumende yevaEgipita yaishandiswa yakasvika pakudzora zvitsama zvikuru zvemitero nezviwanikwa zvokuvaka nokuvaka tembere nenzvimbo tsvene dzavamwari vakasiana-siana veEgipita avo vakanga varongerwa kuripa mutero sezvo vaEgipita vakanga vakatendeka zvikuru kurudzidziso rweEgipita .

CHITENDERO CHEIJIPITI

VaEgipita vakawanda vakaedza kukurukura navamwari vakasiana-siana kuti vagutse zvinodikanwa zvavo vamene. Vaizviita kuburikidza nemunamato, minamato kana kushandisa mashiripiti ayo aitoshandiswa panguva iyoyo. Kunyange zvazvo kwakanga kune miitiro yakawanda yakasiyana-siyana yaishandiswa mukukurukura navamwari veEgipita, chinhu chinokosha zvikuru murudzidziso rweEgipita.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chitendero cheEgypt chakakura nekukurumidza uye zvakanyanya munhoroondo yeEgipita. Nepo chimiro chaFarao chakanga chichidzikira nekufamba kwenguva. Chimwe chinhu chatingada kutaura nezvechitendero chevaIjipiti itsika dzemariro dzavaiita.

Sezvo vaEgipita vakaita nhamburiko huru kuti vave nechokwadi chemweya wavo muupenyu hwapashure porufu, pashure pokunge vafa, vakagadzira makuva, fenicha uye mipiro yakasiyana-siyana kuchengetedza muviri usina upenyu. Kugona kurishandisa pamwe chete nemweya.

Nhoroondo yeChitendero cheEgipita

Mukati mechitendero cheEgypt icho chaizviratidza munguva yekare yeEgipita, budiriro yeEgipita yakazvipa imene mukunatsa zvinhu zvose zvomusikirwo zvakanga zvichiitika nokufamba kwenguva, sezvo zvinhu izvi zvakanga zvichivhiringidza vaEgipita uye zvaiita kuti vanhu vatye. . Nokuti havana kuwana chikonzero chokuti izvi zviitike.

Ndosaka budiriro yaigadzira chinamato chayo cheEjipita ichibatanidza vamwe vamwari nehunhu hwemhuka dzakasiyana uye ivo vaimiririra vanamwari veEjipita vane muviri weamorphous nekuti waive nemuviri wemunhu une musoro wemhuka yavaitenda kuti muIjipita. mwari..

Somuenzaniso, Mwari weEgipita uyo akapiwa zvipiriso zvakawanda nemiitiro akanga ari Mwari Horus uyo aiumbwa nomuviri womunhu une musoro worukodzi uye aizivikanwa murudzidziso rweEgipita satenzi wedenga kana kuti mukuru.

CHITENDERO CHEIJIPITI

Mumwe mwari weEgipita akasikwa muchitendero cheEgipita nebudiriro iyi akanga ari mwari Anubis kana kuti anonzi Mwari Garwe, mwari aityiwa zvikuru sezvo aigara ari ngozi huru kumunhu mumwe nomumwe aipinda mumvura dzeRwizi rwaNire pasina kungwarira. Asi panguva imwe chete iyi mwari Anubis airemekedzwa zvikuru nebudiriro yeEgipita. Saizvozvowo, mwari uyu akasikwa vatatu vakaumbwa nemudzimai wake nemwanakomana.

Vamwari vazhinji vakazadzwawo nezvishuvo zvavanhu izvo miitiro yakawanda nezvinopiwa zvaiitirwa munzvimbo tsvene dzakasiyana-siyana netembere dzakanga dzakavakwa nokuda kwenyasha dzakagamuchirwa navaEgipita.

Kunyangwe zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti vanhu veIjipita vakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri izvo zvaizivikanwa seUpper uye Lower Egypt. Imwe neimwe yenzvimbo idzi yakachengeta chitendero chavo cheEgipita nekugadzira vamwari vavo netsika dzavo nezvitendero. Izvo zvakaguma mukunamatwa kwevamwari vazhinji veEgipita panguva imwe chete.

Vanamwari ava vakanga vachiwana kukosha kunokosha maererano neguta ravainamatwa. Somuenzaniso, muguta reThebes, mwari weEgipita ainamatwa zvikurusa akanga ari Amuni. Ari muHeliopolis akanga ari mwari Ra. Asi muguta reMemfisi makanga mune vamwari vaviri vokupira zvipiriso kwavari vakanga vari mwarikadzi Hathor naMwari Ptah.

Kuti vaunze kurongeka kune seti yevamwari veEgipita uye chitendero cheEgipita kuti chinzwisiswe nebudiriro, vapristi vaive vakuru vetembere nenzvimbo tsvene vakatanga kuronga huwandu hukuru hwevamwari veEgipita nekutsanangura chimwe nechimwe chehunhu hwavo. Nekuwirirana kwavaiita pakati pevaviri ava.

Hunhu huzhinji hwakatorwa kuita hurongwa hwaive kusikwa kwenyika nemafashamo erwizi Nire.Zvinhu zvese zvechitendero cheEjipita zvakarongwa nekurongwa nezvitendero zvakasiyana zvaive nemaEjipita. Mumaguta akasiyana akadai seHeliopolis neThebes. Manyoro ose aya akaratidzirwa muzvinyorwa zvinosanozivikanwa zvepiramidhi nebhuku ravakafa, pamwe chete nokudzokororwa kwakawanda kwakafanana kwakanga kuriko.

CHITENDERO CHEIJIPITI

Muchitendero cheEgipita, yakanga yakavakirwa pavaprista vaipa chiverengero chavagari vapasi kuti Egipita yakanga iri nyika ine nyika yakawanda yakaorera sezvo yakanga iri pedyo neRwizi rwaNire uye yakanga yakakombwa nerenje guru. Naizvozvo muzvitendero zvavo zvechitendero vakapatsanura nyika kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvaiva:

Kudenga: yaizivikanwa seNum uye ndiyo nzvimbo yaigara vanamwari kubvira kwainzi mwarikadzi weKudenga Nut. “Mwarikadzi mukuru uye akabereka vamwe vamwari veIjipiti” vaEgipita vaimumiririra nomuviri womukadzi uye izvi zvakafukidza Nyika yose.

Nyika: Ndiwo musha wainge wakarongerwa varume nevakadzi waizivikanwa kunzi imba yaGeb musiki Mwari uye waimiririrwa semurume aive pasi pamwarikadzi Nut.

Zvinopfuura: Yaizivikanwawo seDuat kana humambo hwevakafa, yakatanga kutongwa naMwari Osiris kozoti Mwari Horus aitonga humambo uhwu. Asi uyo akayambuka nechikepe chake chezuva usiku akanga ari Mwari Ra. Midzimu yevakafa yaifamba-famba imomo ichinzvenga ngozi dzose kuti idzokerezve kuupenyu hwepanyika.

vamwari veEgipita

Muchitendero cheEgipita, vaEgipita vaidavira zvikuru kuti zvinoitika zvomusikirwo zvakanga zvichiitika akanga ari masimba oumwari avamwari. Ndicho chikonzero nei vaEgipita nokufamba kwenguva vakagadzira boka ravamwari veEgipita ravaipa mwari mumwe nomumwe masimba oumwari pamwe chete nokuzvibatanidza nemhuka.

Neiyi nzira, miitiro yorudzidziso yaiitwa navaEgipita yakanga ine donzo rokunyaradza zvinoitika zvomusikirwo zvakaunza nhamo kunzanga dzavo. Asi zvipiriso nemitambo zvaiitwawo kuvamwari vakasiyana-siyana kuti vatende nyasha dzavakagamuchira.

Ndosaka chitendero cheEgypt chaive chakavakirwa pahurongwa hwekunamatira vanamwari vakawanda sezvo vaIjipita vaive nechokwadi chekuti vamwari vaigona kuzviratidza mune dzakasiyana zviitiko zvechisikigo. Asi panguva imwe cheteyo vakanga vane mabasa akasiyana-siyana engano. Semuenzaniso, zuva muchitendero cheEgypt raive nehukama nevamwari vakawanda sezvo riine masimba emusikirwo akawanda.

Ndokusaka vamwari veIjipiti vakanga vakarongeka zvikuru nokuti vanamwari veIjipiti vaiva nemabasa akasiyana-siyana muchitendero cheIjipiti. Sezvo vaisiyana kubva kuvamwari vaiita mabasa anokosha muchisiko chapose pose kusvika kune vanonzi vamwari vaduku vaisanozivikanwa mumaguta nedzimwe nharaunda dzakazadzika zvimwe zvinangwa zvechiverengero chavagari vapasi cheEgipita.

VaEgipita vakagamuchirawo vamwari vokune dzimwe nyika uye dzimwe nguva vakawedzera kuchitendero cheEgipita vanhu vakanga vari vanafarao vakafa uye vairangarirwa kuva vanhu vamwari nebudiriro yeEgipita. Asi kwakanga kune vamwe vanhuwo zvavo vaiitwa vamwari norudzidziso rweEgipita, vakadai saImhotep, uyo muupenyu akabatira somurume akachenjera, muvambi, chiremba, nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga, uye muvaki wamapurani nounjiniya wokutanga anozivikanwa munhau yeEgipita.

Muchitendero cheEgypt, vamwari vakasiyana vakaumba mwari wevaIjipita havana kupihwa mufananidzo chaiwo wechitarisiko chavo sezvo zvaidavirwa kuti pakanga pasina kana mumiriri mumwe chete wavamwari veEgipita sezvo hunhu hwavo hwaive husinganzwisisike. Ndicho chikonzero nei vaEgipita vakagadzira nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti vakwanise kuziva vamwari vakasiyana veEgipita. Pamusoro pezviverengero zvisingaoneki kukwanisa kuratidza basa iro mwari mumwe nomumwe akanga anaro murudzidziso rweEgipita.

Tinogona kuratidzira muenzaniso wakajeka zvikuru weizvo vaEgipita vakaita namwari Anubis, uyo akamumirira ane muviri womunhu nomusoro wehunguhwe. Sezvo mhuka iyi ine maitiro ekutsvaira uye inoparadza muviri usina hupenyu. Asi kuti vadzivirire kutyisidzira uku vakaishandisa kuchengetedza mutumbi wemushakabvu.

Zvinocherechedzwawo kuti ganda dema remhuka iyi raienderana neruvara rwenyama yemufi kana yangoiswa chitunha. Nenzira yakafanana, vaEgipita vakabvuma kuti pasi dema rakanga riri chiratidzo chorumuko. Ndokusaka pakugadzira iconography yevamwari vaimiririrwa nenzira dzakasiyana.

CHITENDERO CHEIJIPITI

VaEgipita vaibatanidza vanamwari namaguta akati nenharaunda ndokuvanamata, asi nokufamba kwenguva vakachinja nzvimbo uye Mwari weEgipita ainamatwa muguta aisafanira kubva panzvimbo iyoyo kana kuti akatanga chitendero chake muguta iroro. Muenzaniso weizvi waiva mwari weEgipita Monthu uyo ​​aizivikanwa samwari mukuru weguta reThebes.

Asi izvo zvaive munguva yeHumambo hwekare hweEgipita, asi nekufamba kwemakore Mwari weEgipita uyu akatsiviwa naMwari Amuni. Ndiani angadai akabuda mune rimwe guta asi akava akakurumbira zvikuru pakati pevaEgipita zvokuti zvipiriso nemitambo zvakavamba kuitwa muguta reThebes.

Masangano eVamwari veEgipita

Mubudiriro yeEgipita nokufamba kwenguva vakanga vachirondedzera vamwari vakasiana-siana nokuda kwezvavaimirira murudzidziso rweEgipita namasimba masimba nesimba zvavaiwana, neiyi nzira vaEgipita vakanga vachiisa vamwari vakasiana-siana mumapoka kuti varatidzire ukama .

Kwavari mamwe mapoka avamwari akanga ane ukuru husingaverengeki hwavamwari ndokuvasarudza kupfurikidza namabasa avaiita murudzidziso rweEgipita. Mazhinji aaya mapoka akanga akaumbwa navamwari vaduku veEgipita avo vakanga vane zviziviso zvishoma.

Nepo misanganiswa yevamwari veEgipita yakaitwa zvichienderana nengano dzavo uye chiratidzo chehuwandu hwavo. Naizvozvo, vakabatanidza vaviri vevamwari veIjipita avo vanenge nguva dzose vaimiririra huviri hwezvinhu zvakapesana. Musanganiswa weVamwari vanoshandiswa zvakanyanya muchitendero cheEgipita ndiwo utatu hwemhuri hunozivikanwa.

Muutatu hwemhuri iyi vakabatana navamwari veEgipita semhuri yakaumbwa nababa, amai nomwanakomana. Uko budiriro yeEgipita yaibhadhara mutero nemitambo kune vatatu vatatu mutembere dzakasiyana dzeEgipita nenzvimbo tsvene. Mapoka mazhinji evamwari aive akakosha kwazvo kubudiriro yeEgipita, pakati peiyo inozivikanwa kwazvo Ennead, iyo yaiumba seti yevapfumbamwe vamwari veEgipita.

CHITENDERO CHEIJIPITI

Iri boka ravamwari veEgipita rakanga rakaumbwa navamwari Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Nut, Geb, Isis, Osiris, Nephthys, uye Seti. Mutero nezvipo zvakabhadharwa kwavari muguta reHeliopolis. Muhurongwa uhu hwevamwari vapfumbamwe hwaizivikanwa sehurongwa hwezvidzidzo zvouMwari umo nzvimbo zhinji dzechitendero cheEgipita dzaibatanidzwa izvo zvaive kusikwa kwenyika, humambo panyika uye hupenyu mushure mekufa.

Zvakare hukama hwakaitika pakati pevamwari veEgipita vakasiyana hwakaratidzwa nenzira inozivikanwa se syncretism apo vamwari vaviri kana kupfuura veEgipita vaiva nehukama kuumba Mwari mutsva anoumbwa. Kuita uku kwakaitika kakati wandei muchitendero cheEjipita uye kwaive kwakavakirwa pakuzivikanwa kwaMwari weEgipita mukati memuviri weumwe Mwari.

Kunyange zvazvo hukama huri pakati pevamwari vekuEgypt hwaizivikanwa semvura yekubatanidza, hwakanga husina kuitirwa zvechigarire, sezvo kusanganiswa kwevamwari vaviri veEgypt kuita mumwe chete kwaigona kugadzira multiplex syncretic connections.

Nokuda kweiyo syncretism yakashandiswa nenzira yakanakisisa yakabatanidza vamwari vazhinji veEgipita vaiva nemaitiro akafanana. Nepo mune zvimwe zviitiko vamwari veEgipita vaiwirirana nehunhu hwavo hwakasiyana.

Mune mumwe muenzaniso wehukama uhwu, huya hwaMwari Amun hunomira pachena, uyo anozivikanwa muchitendero cheEgipita saMwari wesimba rakavanzwa uye akanga ane hukama naMwari weEgipita Ra. Ikoku kwakakonzera kuti simba rakanga riri shure kwezvinhu zvose rive simba guru rinooneka muchisiko.

Genesisi muChitendero cheEgipita

Apo mapoka avamwari akanga achiumbwa navaEgipita, akanga achirasikirwa nepesvedzero mubudiriro sezvo zvitendero izvo vanhu vakanga vanazvo pamusoro pavamwari zvakanga zvine simba zvikuru uye mumapoka avamwari zvitendero izvozvo zvakanga zvichishandura, kubatanidza uye kubatanidza. yevamwari vakaumbwa naMwari Ra pamwe chete naMwari Aton akatumidzwa zita rekuti Aton-Ra, uye hunhu hwaMwari Ra hwakanga hwakanyanya.

Zvino nekufamba kwenguva Mwari Ra akatorwa naMwari weEgipita Horus. Uye boka iri raizivikanwa nezita rekuti Ra-Horajti. Nenzira imwe cheteyo zvakaitika kuna Mwari weEgipita Ptah akazova Ptah-Seker, sezvo akanga atorwa naMwari Osiris, boka iri ravamwari raizivikanwa saPtah-Seker-Osiris.

Izvo zvinodikanwa kusimbisa kuti mumwe wevamwarikadzi vanonamatwa zvakanyanya muchitendero cheEgipita ndimwarikadzi weEgipita Hathor. Ava vamwarikadzi, nokuda kwomukurumbira wavakanga vanawo murudzidziso rweEgipita nebudiriro, nokufamba kwenguva, masimba oumwari avamwe vamwari akawedzerwa. Asi pakupedzisira akabatwa namwarikadzi weEgipita Isis.

Mubudiriro yeEgipita maiva navamwari vazhinji vakanaka navakaipa, asi ava vamwari vakanga vane mbiri yokuva vakashata vakabatanidzwa navamwe vamwari veEgipita vane mbiri yakafanana. Sezvakaitwa naMwari Seti, aizivikanwa saMwari wegamba. Izvi zvakamupa maitiro mazhinji evamwari vaive vakaipa.

Zvinoenderana nezvinotaurwa munhoroondo, akave nekuzivikanwa nebudiriro yeEgipita nekuti budiriro yeHisco yakatora Mwari uyu semudziviriri wayo uye vaIjipita vakashora Mwari Seti saMwari akaipa achipesana nebudiriro yeEgipita.

Ndeipi yaive pesvedzero yevaGiriki mubudiriro yeEgipita. Mukuwedzera, chakanga chine ukoshi hukuru murudzidziso rweEgipita rakanga riri boka ravamwari iro rakazozivikanwa savatatu avo vakaumbwa naMwari Horus, Mwari Osiris nomudzimai wake Mwarikadzi Isis. Apo muvengi wake mukuru akanga ari Mwari weEgipita Seti.

Zvose izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa muchitendero cheEgypt kuburikidza nenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana dzakataurwa nekufamba kwenguva, dzakadai sengano ye "Legend yaOsiris naIsis". Iri boka revamwari raizivikanwawo sevatatu sezvo vakagamuchira chinamato chikuru chevamwari uye maitiro mazhinji evamwari pamberi pavo.

Kunyange zvazvo mwari mumwe nomumwe wavatatu ainamatwa mutemberi yake yeEgipita kana kuti munzvimbo tsvene. Sezvo Mwari Horus ainamatwa muguta reEdfu, Mwarikadzi Isis akabhadharwa muguta reDendera uye pakupedzisira Mwari Osiri akapiwa zvipiriso muguta reAbydos. Kunyangwe kwaive nematanho mazhinji muchitendero cheEgypt ekunamata vamwari ava sezvo pane imwe nguva Mwari Osiris aive nechimiro chakada kufanana nechaMwari Horus.

Idzi nzira dzekuita kuti vamwari vaenzane dzaive nechinangwa chekutungamira chinamato cheEjipita kuchitendero chimwe chete. Asi chimiro ichi chechitendero cheEgipita chaive chatova nenhoroondo asi chiri chidiki kwazvo muzana ramakore rechigumi nemana BC. Izvi zvakaitika padanho raFarao Akhenaten uyo anongoda kunamata Mwari weEgipita Aten.

Ndicho chikonzero Pharaoh Akhenaten akashandura Mwari Aten kuita dhisiki yezuva, asi ichi chaiva chimiro chakanaka chechitendero cheEgipita chakarambwa nechisimba nevapristi uye gare gare nevanhu vose veEgipita.

Asi kune magwaro enhoroondo akadai seRoyal Canon yeTurin apo pakanyorwa mune hieroglyphics kuti vamwari vakati wandei veEgypt mumatanho akasiyana vaive magavhuna eEgypt, pakati pavo Ptah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seti, Thot, Maat naHorus. kuva nemutsauko;

Mwari mumwe nemumwe aive nenguva yakanaka sekutonga. Mushure mechikamu ichocho vaive nevainzi Shemsu Hor vaizivikanwa sevateveri vaMwari Horus. Danho iri rakatora makore angangoita 13.420. Kusati kwazvarwa dzinza rekutanga revafarao. Ipapo avo vaizviti vaMenesi vakatora chigaro cheushe cheEgipita uye vakaramba vari musimba kweanenge makore 36.620.

Chitendero cheEgipita uye Ma'at

Chitendero cheEgypt chaive chakanangana nepfungwa yeizwi rekuti Ma'at, iro rakaturikirwa muchiSpanish rinoreva kuti rine chekuita nekururamisira, kurongeka uye chokwadi. Sezvo iyi yakanga iri mitemo yechisiko chapose pose uye inofanira kudzorwa nenzanga yavanhu. Iri izwi riripo kubva pakusikwa kwedenga uye pasina mazwi aya nyika ingadai isina kurongeka kana kubatana.

Zvisinei, muchitendero cheEgypt zvaidavirwa kuti Ma'at yaigara iri pasi pekutyisidzirwa kwakakurumidza kuita kuti iende kunze kwehurongwa. Zvaaida nzanga yeEgipita kuti imuchengete ari muchimiro chake chehurongwa nekururamisira. Izvi padanho revanhu zvinoreva kuti vanhu vese vari chikamu chevanhu vanofanirwa kubatsira nekugarisana.

Nekuita izvi, iyo cosmic level yakasimuka uye masimba ese echisikigo, ndiko kuti, simba revamwari veEgipita, rakaungana kuti ripe kuenzana kwepasi. Ndicho chikonzero chaiva chinangwa chikuru muchitendero cheEgipita.

Ndicho chikonzero budiriro yeEgypt yaive nechinangwa chekuchengeta Ma'at mu cosmos uye kuna vanamwari nhevedzano yezvipo nemhemberero dzinofanira kuitwa kubvisa nhema uye kusagadzikana muhuwandu hwevaIjipita uye kugara vachitevera nzira yechokwadi.

Chinhu chakakosha muchitendero cheEgypt ndechekuti budiriro yakave nekutora nguva yaive yakanangana nekuchengeta Ma'at achienda. Ndosaka pese painodzidzwa chitendero cheIjipita mumutsara wenguva, cyclical pateni inogara ichidzokorora inomira pachena sezvo Ma'at yakaitwa patsva panguva yezviitiko zvepanguva mukusikwa kwekutanga, chimwe chezviitiko izvi chaizivikanwa semafashama erwizi rwaNire. yaigadzirwa gore negore.

Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha chaiva chekukwanisa kuvandudza Ma'at muchitendero cheEgipita apo Farao mutsva akasarudzwa. Asi chiitiko chakanga chakakosha zvikuru muchitendero cheEgipita chekuvandudza Ma'at chaiva rwendo rwakaitwa naMwari Ra zuva nezuva kuburikidza neanonzi masuwo gumi nemaviri.

Vaine pfungwa pamusoro pechadenga, budiriro yeEgipita yakanga ine chiono chakati sandara chepasi. Kwavakafananidzira Mwari Geb uye mwarikadzi Nut akafukidza Mwari uyu. Asi vamwari vose veEgipita vakaparadzaniswa naMwari Shu.

Ndiani aizivikanwa saMwari wemuchadenga uye pasi penyika yose pakanga pane nyika yepasi uye kumusoro mudenga pasi pedenga rakanga rakafanana nekuwedzera kwakafanana uye kure kure kwaiva kuwedzera kusingaperi kweNu iyo yaizivikanwa semhirizhonga yaivapo kusati kwasikwa. nyika.

Kunyangwe vaIjipita vazhinji vaitendawo mune imwe saiti yaizivikanwa seDuat. Nharaunda isinganzwisisike yaive ine chekuita nekufa nekuzvarwa patsva kwevanhu. Kuti maererano nevaprista vazhinji veEgipita yakanga iri muchikamu chedenga uye vamwe vakasimbisa kuti yakanga iri imwe nzvimbo mupasi.

Vazhinji vakatsigira iyi dzidziso sezvo Mwari Ra aifanira kufamba pasi rose zuva nezuva nekuseri kwedenga uye pakasvika usiku Mwari Ra aifanira kufamba Duat rose kuti aberekwe patsva mambakwedza.

Nekuda kwekutenda kune budiriro yeEjipitori, iyo cosmos yaitenda maEgypt yaigarwa nemhando nhatu dzevamwari vane hanya. Vokutanga vaizivikanwa sevamwari veEgipita.

Vamwe vacho vaiva mweya yevafi vaiva nenzvimbo murufu uye vazhinji vavo vaiva nehunhu hwevamwe vamwari. Vekupedzisira uye vainyanya kukosha vaive vanafarao vaive nechinangwa chekuve zambuko pakati penzvimbo yevamwari nevanhu.

Kukosha kwaFarao muChitendero cheEgipita

Nyanzvi dzakawanda uye vatsvakurudzi pamusoro pekubudirira kweEgypt vakakakavadzana kuti Faro aionekwa sei Mwari weEgipita muchitendero cheEgipita. Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vakafunga kuti zvakanga zvisingabviri kuti vaEgipita vaiziva Farao sechiremera cheumambo uye panguva imwe chete sesimba roumwari.

Nekuda kweizvo vaIjipita vakaziva Farao semunhu aive pasi pekuva nekushaya simba kwevanhu. Asi panguva imwe cheteyo akamutarisa sokunge akanga ari mwari. Nokuti simba roumwari neiro roumambo rakanga riri pamapfudzi ake. Nenzira iyi Farao aifanira kuita somurevereri pakati pebudiriro yeEgipita navamwari vakasiyana vaimupa mutero muEgipita.

Ichi chaive chinhu chakakosha kuita kuti Ma'at atonge. Sezvo raishandiswa kusimbisa mitemo nekururamisira sekuwirirana pakati penharaunda yese yeEgipita yaivepo kuitira kuchengetedza kurongeka uye vagari vemo kuchengetedza zvipiriso zvavo netsika kune vakasiyana vamwari veEgipita.

Nemhaka yeiyi migariro, farao akanga ane chinodikanwa uye chinangwa chokutarisira mibato yose yakanga ine chokuita norudzidziso rweEgipita. Asi hupenyu hwaitungamirirwa naFarao hwemukurumbira wakachena hunogona kukanganisa zvakanyorwa mumitemo yepamutemo uye muchikamu chekupedzisira cheEgypt New Kingdom chimiro chaFarao chakaderedzwa zvakanyanya muchitendero cheEgipita.

Naizvozvo, budiriro yeEgipita yainyanyobatanidzwa nezvakawanda zvehunhu hwevamwari veEgipita uye vanhu vazhinji vakazivisa farao naMwari Horus. Ndiani aitungamirira kumiririra umambo hweEgipita. Uyewo vaIjipita vakaona Farao semwanakomana waMwari Ra. Sezvo Mwari Ra aifanira kutonga nekudzora simba rechisikigo nepo Faro aifanira kudzora mitemo munharaunda.

Pakatanga danho reHumambo Hutsva hweIjipita, budiriro yakatanga kubatanidza farao naMwari Amun. Sezvo Mwari Amun aive mumiriri wesimba guru remuchadenga. Ndiko kusaka Farao paakauya nguva yekufa kwake. Muchitendero cheEgipita akanga ane muviri wake kuti auraye chitunha ndokuchichinja kuva rudzi rwamwari wapasi nokuda kwavaEgipita.

Pavakanga vatomuita mwari wepanyika, vakamuenzanisa naMwari weEgipita Ra. Ipo mune mamwe matunhu eEgypt yakaenzaniswa naMwari Osiris aimiririra hupenyu nekuzvarwa patsva. Nepo vamwe vakaibatanidza nehunhu hwamwari mukuru weZuva Horus. Nenzira iyi, dzinonzi temberi dzemochari dzakavakwa, saka chitendero cheEgipita chakavashandisa kupa mutero kuna vanafarao vakasiyana vakanga vatofa, sezvakaita Shafer.

hupenyu mushure mekufa

Chimwe chezvakakosha zvikuru muchitendero cheEgypt ndechekuti budiriro yakange yatora chitendero pamusoro perufu uye hupenyu muhupenyu hunotevera. Ndosaka vakasimbisa kuti munhu wose aiva nesimba raizivikanwa seKá rairondedzerwa sesimba rinokosha raizobuda mumuviri kana wafa.

Munhu wacho achiri mupenyu, ka aidyiswa nechinwiwa nezvokudya zvaaidya zuva nezuva nenzira iyi kuti arambe ari muumambo hwevakafa. Iyo Ka yemunhu wega wega aifanira kuramba achigamuchira chikafu chakasiyana ndosaka muIjipita zvipiriso zvechitendero netsika zvakaitwa kuti zvirambe zvichipa chikafu chakasiyana kuKa.

Sezvo dai izvi zvisina kuitwa, iyo Ka yaigona kupedzwa uye kubviswa, nepo pakanga paine zvakare inozivikanwa seBa, iyo yakatsanangurwa seti yezvimiro izvo munhu wega wega mune zvemweya izvo zvaive zvakasiyana kumunhu wega.

Ndosaka paiva nemusiyano mukuru pakati paBa naKa, saka Ba yaigara yakanamatira pamuviri kunyange munhu akafa. Naizvozvo, miitiro yamariro yaichengetwa yakanga ine sebasa radzo guru rokukwanisa kusunungura mutumbi womushakabvu kubva kuna Ba kuti ugogona kufamba wakasununguka munzvimbo yavakafa.

Asi mativi ose ari maviri, Ka naBa, aifanira kubatanidzwa kuitira kuti mweya womushakabvu ugogona kumuka kuupenyu pashure pokunge afa uye waizivikanwa seAKN. Asi kuti izvi zviitike, muviri wemunhu waisagona kukuvadzwa uye waifanira kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka sezvo vaEgipita vaidavira kuti Ba rinogara richidzokera kumutumbi wemushakabvu.

VaBa vaidzokera kumutumbi manheru ega ega kuti vagamuchire hupenyu hutsva, kuti hugobuda mukutanga kwezuva seAKN. Asi zvakakosha kujekesa kuti muchitendero cheEgypt vanhu chete vaiva neBa vaiva vafarao nekuda kwekubatana kwavakaita nevamwari veEgipita uye ndicho chikonzero chaigona kubatanidzwa nevamwari.

Nepo budiriro yeEgipita yakajairika kana kuti vanonzi vanhuwo zvavo panguva yerufu mweya wavo wakaenda kunzvimbo yakanga ine rima guru uye isingagarwi zvachose uye izvi zvakanga zvakapesana noupenyu. Vamwe vapfumi vaizivikanwa sevakuru vakuru vaive nesimba rekugamuchira makuva nezvinhu zvekuachengeta sezvo chaive chimwe chezvipo zvaFarao.

Zvipo izvi zvakaitirwa vakuru nekuti vaiitira faraoh uye zvaitendwa kuti kana vachiitira faraoh zvakawanda, vaigona kupa humambo hwevakafa vozvarwa patsva.

Mumazuva ekutanga echitendero cheEgypt chimwe chezvitendero zvakajairika ndechekuti mushure mekufa kwaFarao mweya wake wakaenda kudenga uye wakawana nzvimbo pakati penyeredzi zhinji mudenga. Asi mukufamba kweEgypt Old Kingdom iyo yakagadzwa pakati pemakore (c. 2686-2181 BC), yakasimbiswa kuti mufananidzo wefaro akafa akaperekedza mwari Ra parwendo rwake rwezuva nezuva.

Chitendero cheEgipita uye Kutonga

Pakupera kweHumambo hwekare (2686-2181 BC) uye kutanga kweKutanga Kwepakati Period (c. 2181-2055 BC), budiriro yeEgipita zvishoma nezvishoma yakatanga kutenda kuti munhu wese aive neBa, uye kuti vanhu vese vaikwanisa. kuva neupenyu mushure mekufa. Mushure maizvozvo vanhu vazhinji vakatanga kupa kutenda uku muhumambo hutsva hweEgipita. Mweya wemunhu mumwe nemumwe waifanira kunzvenga ngozi ipi neipi yemashura yaizobva kuDuat.

Sezvo panguva yerufu mweya waizopiwa mutongo wekupedzisira, mutongo uyu unozivikanwa muchitendero cheEgipita se "Kurema Kwemoyo"Maererano nezvinodavirwa nevaIjipita, vamwari vese vevamwari veEgipita vaizoona kuti zviito zvemufi zvaive zvakanaka kana zvakaipa sei uye kuti maitiro avo aive akaita sei muhupenyu hwavo maererano nezvakanyorwa muMaat.

Zvaitendwawo kuti vose vakafa vakaenda kunyika yevakafa yaitongwa naMwari Osiris, yakarondedzerwa senyika yakasvibirira uye inofadza yaiva pakati penyika nepasi. Vamwe vaIjipita vakadzidza hupenyu mushure mekufa kubva muchiratidzo chaMwari weEgipita Ra, uyo akafamba nzira yake yezuva nezuva nemweya yose yeavo vakanga vafa.

Kunyange zvazvo iyi nzira iyo vaEgipita vaitenda nayo pamusoro paMwari Ra yaishandiswa zvikuru nevakuru vakuru veEgypt, asi yakasvika kune vamwewo zvavo vaigona kutenda zvakafanana nevanokudzwa. Nepo nguva yakapfuura pakati peMiddle Kingdoms neHumambo Hutsva hweEgypt, pfungwa yekuti AKH yakabatwa, mweya wemufi unogona kufamba uye kuve munyika yevapenyu uye neimwe nzira inogona kukanganisa zviitiko zvakaitika. munyika yepasi.

Izvo zvakanyorwa mu hieroglyphs

Kunyange zvazvo mukubudirira kweEgypt kwakanga kusina magwaro akawanda echitendero akabatana, kana zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvechitendero zvakabudiswa uye pamisoro yakasiyana-siyana, nekuva neruzivo rwemisoro yakasiyana-siyana yaikurukurwa muchitendero cheEgypt, munhu anogona kuva nekunzwisisa pamusoro pechitendero chavo, asi. panguva imwecheteyo chidzidzo chinofanira kuitwa.chidzidzo chetsika dzakasiyana dzechitendero dzavaishandisa, pachaitwa ongororo yenyaya dzezvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana muEgypt zvichibva pazvinhu zvinotevera:

Mythology yeEgipita: Ngano dzevaIjipita dzakabva panheyo dzemadimikira uye ngano dzaiitirwa kutsanangura nekuenzanisira mabasa nezviito zvaiitwa naMwari wega wega wekuEgipita zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo. Zvichienderana nekuti nyaya yacho yakataurwa sei uye kusimbiswa kwaiiswa paudzame hwechiitiko chimwe nechimwe, maonero akasiyana emamiriro acho ezvinhu anogona kupiwa.

Sezvo nhoroondo yese yeEgipita yakanga izere nechiratidzo uye chakavanzika maererano nezviitiko zvakasiyana zvehumwari zvakaratidzwa munhoroondo. Naizvozvo, dzakawanda dzengano dzeEgipita nengano dzaive neshanduro dzisingaverengeki uye chokwadi.

Kunyange zvazvo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nhoroondo dzose dzeEgipita hadzina kumbonyorwa zvachose, sezvo dzakasiya zvakawanda kune zvisikwa zvemunyori kana accountant yebasa uye mabasa aya aiva nemabasa akawanda akapa ngano chiitiko chinonyanya kufadza.

Naizvozvo, kuva neruzivo rwengano dzeEgypt kwaitaurwa kunziyo dzaidudza hunhu nehunhu hwevamwari veEgipita. Mune akasiyana hieroglyphs akawanikwa nevatsvakurudzi, data pamusoro pemitambo yemariro uye zvipo zvakawanikwa. Izvozvo zvinorondedzera mabasa aiva nawo vamwari vakasiyana veEgipita.

Nenzira yakafanana, mashoko akawanda pamusoro porudzidziso rweEgipita akawanwa mumabhuku orudzidziso enyika. Kusvikira vaRoma nevaGiriki varondedzera dzimwe dzengano dzakakosha munhoroondo yekupedzisira yeEgipita.

Pakati peidzo ngano dzine hukama paive dziya dzekusikwa kwenyika, sezvo dziri nganonyorwa dzinorondedzera mafambiro akaita nyika kubva pasina apo pakanga paine nzvimbo yakaoma pakati pegungwa uye zvinhu zvese zvaive nyonganyonga uye sezuva. chikamu chakakosha kukwanisa kusika hupenyu paPasi.

Nokudaro, kusimuka kwaMwari weEgipita Ra kunoverengwawo. Kukwanisa kugadzira kurongeka, kururamisira uye kuwirirana paPasi. Kubva pakukwira kwekutanga, zviuru zvenyaya dzeEgypt pamusoro pekusikwa kwenyika dzakataurwa, asi nguva dzose dzine chirevo chimwe chete uye tsika dzakafanana.

Nhoroondo yeEgipita yakavakirwa pakushandurwa kwamwari weEgipita Atum uye pazvinhu zvose zvinowanikwa pasi pano, hurukuro yekufungidzira zvikuru yaMwari wenjere Ptah inoshandiswawo uye nechiito chesimba roumwari icho Mwari Amun anacho asi chichiita muchivande.

Asi pasina kunyatsoteerera kune dzakasiyana nyaya dzinotaurwa, chiito chekusikwa kwenyika chinangwa chekuenderana nemitemo nemirairo yeEgypt Ma'at uye canons zviripo mukutenderera kwenguva.

Saizvozvowo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti imwe yenhema dzinokosha uye dzakapararira dzechitendero cheEgypt inhema yaMwari Osiris pamwe chete neyamwarikadzi Isis. Ngano iyi inobva pakuti Mwari weEgipita Osiris ndiye mutongi wedunhu rose reEgypt. Asi Jehovha Mwari akanyengedzwa akaurayiwa nomunun'una wake Seti, Mwari weIjipiti.

Mwari ava vanobatanidzwa nenyonganyonga nenhamo. Asi Mwarikadzi Isis uyo aiva hanzvadzi uye panguva imwe cheteyo mudzimai wake waMwari Osiris akakwanisa kumutsiridza kuti Mwari Osiris aizosiya vadyi venhaka munyika yeEgipita. Neiyi nzira akanga ari baba vamwari Horus. Izvo izvo Mwari Osiris akapinda mupasi uye akava Mwari mutsva uye mutongi wepasi.

Mwanakomana wake Mwari Horus paakakura, akasarudza kurwa nababamunini vake Mwari wenyonganyonga Seti kuti uyu ave mambo wenharaunda yose yeEgipita. Izvi zvakapa chitendero cheEgipita kuzivikanwa sezvo vaibatanidza Mwari Seti nenyonganyonga. Nepo Mwari Horus uye Mwari Osiris sevatongi vechokwadi vechokwadi veEgypt yese.

Neizvi, budiriro yeEgipita yakanga ine hwaro hunonzwisisika hwekukwanisa kuita kutevedzana kwevafarao uye nenzira imwechete kuva nemafarao senheyo yekuchengetedza kurongeka uye kururamisira muEgypt.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, vanaFarao vakarondedzera Mwari Osiris nerufu uye kuzvarwa patsva nematenderedzwa ekurima kweEgypt kubva zvirimwa zvakapihwa sezvo Rwizi rwaNire rwakanga rwakazara nemvura.Izvi zvaizivikanwa muchitendero cheEgipita semuenzaniso wekupa hupenyu kumweya yevanhu mushure mekunge vafashukira. vakaparara.

Chinhu chakakosha muchitendero cheEgipita chaive rwendo rwakaitwa naMwari Ra zuva rega rega kuburikidza neDuat. Murwendo urwu rwengano Mwari Ra anosvika pakuziva Mwari wepasi pevhu Osiris. Pavakasangana izvi zvaizivikanwa sechiito chekuzvarwa patsva kweEgipita, apo hupenyu hwakavandudzwa nenzira imwecheteyo Mwari Ra aive nehondo dzakawanda naMwari Apophis aive Mwari wemasimba akaipa.

Kukundwa uku kwakawanikwa naMwari Apophis uye kusangana kwakaita Mwari Ra naMwari wepasi Osiris akapa Mwari Ra mukwidza akananga kuZuva uko zuva nezuva aifanira kutevera nzira imwe chete, ichi chaive chiitiko chaiitika zuva nezuva. mangwanani pakuzvarwa patsva kwezvakanaka pane zvakaipa.

Zvinyorwa zvemashiripiti uye tsika: Muchitendero cheIjipiti, miitiro yechitendero yakanyorwa panhokwe yose inooneka uye yaishandiswa semirayiridzo kune vamwe vanhu vaizoita tsika yacho. Magwaro apo tsika imwe neimwe yairondedzerwa aichengetwa mumaraibhurari etemberi kana nzvimbo tsvene umo miitiro yakasiyana-siyana yaiitwa.

Mukuwedzera, mabhuku aya aiperekedzwa nemifananidzo yakawanda nemienzaniso inotsanangura maitirwo ose emhemberero kana kuti tsika yacho. Kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kuratidza kuti, kusiyana nemamwe mabhuku, mifananidzo iyi yakarongedzerwa kusimbisa tsika dzekufananidzira nenzira imwechete kuitira kuti hupfumi hweEgipita hurege kuchinja chimiro chayo uye hurege kurega kuzviita.

Nenzira imwecheteyo magwaro aionekwa semashiripiti muchitendero cheEgipita akanga achitsanangura nhanho dzetsika imwe neimwe. Kunyangwe zvitsinga zvaishandiswa kune chinangwa chaicho muhupenyu hwevaEgipita. Pasinei nokuti izvi zvaiva zvinangwa zvemazuva ose, zvakadzivirirwawo mumaraibhurari akasiyana-siyana etemberi nenzvimbo tsvene. Zvinangwa izvi zvakadzidzwa nevanhu vese vekuEgipita.

Minamato yeEgipita uye Nziyo: Muchitendero cheEgypt, budiriro yakazvitsaurira pakunyora uye kufunga kusingaperi kweminamato nenziyo izvo zvakanyorwa muchimiro chenhetembo. Kunyange zvazvo nziyo zhinji neminamato yakanyorwa nechimiro chakafanana zvikuru, dzaisiyana nokuda kwedonzo radzakaitirwa.

Semuyenzaniso, nziyo dzaiitirwa kurumbidza vamwari veEgipita uye zhinji dzenziyo idzi dzakawanikwa dzakanyorwa pamadziro etemberi nenzvimbo tsvene, zhinji dzenziyo idzi dzakarongwa muzvinyorwa zvekunyora zvakagadzirirwa kuburitsa pachena zvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa uye zvengano nemabasa. chitendero cheEgipita.

Nenzira yakafanana, vakakudza mano namabasa zvamwari weEgipita, kunyange zvazvo akazvitaura amene pamusoro porudzidziso rweEgipita kupfuura rumwe rutivi rwupi norwupi rwebudiriro yeEgipita, rwavakava vanofadza zvikuru mukati moUmambo Hutsva hweEgipita. Nguva apo hurukuro yezvidzidzo zvoumwari yakaitika.

Minamato yacho yaive chimwe chinhu chakakosha muchitendero cheEgypt asi yakanyorwa nechimiro chimwe chete nenziyo dzacho. Uye zvakanyorwa kuti zvigadzirise hunhu nemashandiro emumwe mwari weEgipita asi neimwe nzira yakafanira sezvo vakakumbira makomborero, ruregerero kana rubatsiro nekuda kwekunge vaita zvakaipa kana kurwara.

Asi minyengetero yaishandiswa muUmambo Hutsva hweEgipita, sezvo isati yamboshandiswa zvikuru sezvo kukwanisa kubatanidzwa namwari weEgipita kwakanga kusingadavirwi kunobvira nomukurumbira weEgipita kana kuti munhuwo zvake, vanafarao bedzi vaiva neiri boka. Uye zvakanga zvisingatomboiti kuti vataure nevamwari veIjipiti nokunyora.

Munguva yekuongorora kwakaitwa nenyanzvi neEgyptologists, minamato yacho inowanikwa yakanyorwa mumifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yevanamwari pamwe chete nemutemberi umo mitero nemitambo yaibhadharwa kwavari.

Zvinyorwa zverufu: Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mukati mechitendero cheEgypt magwaro anokosha uye anokosha aripo uye aitarisirwa nevaIjipita nokuda kwezvavaimiririra aiva magwaro emariro ayo chinangwa chake chikuru chaiva chekuva nechokwadi chokuti mweya yevanhu vakafa inosvika kurufu. Nzira yakanakisisa.

Zvinyorwa zvaive zvakanyanya kutarisirwa zvaive izvo zvinonzi zvinyorwa zvepiramidhi, zvinyorwa izvi zvaive nemashoko akawanda pamusoro pehuwandu hwezviperengo zvakanyorwa mukati memadziro emapiramidhi ekare ehumambo kubva kuOld Kingdom.

Aya magwaro akaitirwa zvemashiripiti kupa vanafarao vekuIjipita nzira yekuchengeta vamwari veIjipita kambani munyika yevakafa kana mushure mekufa. Asi zvinodikanwa kuratidza kuti zviperengo zvekuvigwa zvinowanikwa zvakanyorwa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana uye musanganiswa uye mazhinji acho anowanikwa akanyorwa pamadziro emapiramidhi akasiyana.

Apo Humambo hweEgypt yekare hwakapera. Boka idzva rezvitsinga zvemariro rakatanga kuitwa, iro raive nezvinhu zvakawanikwa mumadziro emapiramidhi. Ipapo vaEgipita vakatanga kunyora zvitsinga pamakuva. Asi ivo vakatsanangurwa zvirinani pane sarcophagi. Muunganidzwa wezviperengo wakanyorwa pasarcophagi nemakuva wakazozivikanwa seCoffin Texts.

Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvakanga zvisingawaniki mune sarcophagi yeumambo asi mumakuva akasiyana-siyana evanhu vevakuru vakuru vakanga vasiri madzimambo. Ndicho chikonzero nei muEgypt New Kingdom zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvemariro zvakabuda, izvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiro rinonzi Bhuku revakafa.

Iri bhuku rine nhevedzano yezvitsinga zvinoshandiswa kubatsira mweya wemushakabvu kukunda kunonzi Kutonga kwaOsiris uye kumubatsira murwendo kuburikidza neDuat, nyika yepasi kusvika asvika kuAaru uye kuwana hupenyu hwepashure perufu. Kusiyana nemamwe mabhuku emariro, bhuku revakafa ndiro rine mifananidzo yakawanda uye mavignettes. Naizvozvo, bhuku racho rakakopwa pamapepa enhokwe kuitira kuti vanokudzwa navanhuwo zvavo vagone kuriwana uye rigogona kuiswa mumakuva kana vafa.

Mazhinji ezvinyorwa zvemariro uye magwaro e sarcophagus aive neruzivo rwakawanda uye tsananguro yakadzama pamusoro penyika yepasi uye mirairo yekuti mweya ikunde njodzi dzakasiyana-siyana dzaigara imomo. Asi apo Umambo Hutsva hwakatanga, zvinhu nemashoko ari mubhuku ravakafa zvakamutsa kugadziridzwa nokukopwa kwemabhuku akasiyana-siyana pamusoro penyika yepasi.

Rimwe remabhuku akakosha echitendero cheEgypt uye Humambo Hutsva iBhuku remikova, kana inozivikanwawo seBhuku remapako. Aya aive mabhuku aiita zvinomiririra zvakaita nyika yepasi uye izvo Mwari weEgipita Ra aifanira kupfuura neparwendo rwake kuburikidza neDuat.

Naizvozvo rwendo rwemweya wemunhu wese akafa uye anofanira kupfuura nemunzvimbo yevakafa. Kunyangwe mabhuku aya airambidzwa kushandiswa mumakuva epharaonic. Asi apo nhambo yechitatu yeEgipita yakaberekwa kushandiswa kwaaya mabhuku kwakawedzerwa mukushandiswa kworudzidziso rweEgipita.

Kusvikira kutambanuko iyo Egipita yakavandudza rudzidziso rweEgipita, miitiro yekare yakatsiviwa nemiitiro mitsva nemitoo iri nani mukuwedzera pakuva sainzi. Nekuti vaEgipita vakazvipira kuita zvidzidzo uye kufambira mberi kwesainzi kwaienderana nekuchengetedza mutumbi wemushakabvu.

Sezvavaifambira mberi mumuitiro wavo wokuroverera zvitunha, vakawana zivo huru ndokupfuurira kuenda kumwero wakakwirira wezivo nounyanzvi muupenyu hwapashure porufu.

Miitiro yechitendero cheEgipita

VaEgipita, vachitenda zvikuru muchitendero cheEgipita, vaiita miitiro yorudzidziso kuti vagone kuwirirana navamwari uye vagogara vachitenda kwavari kupfurikidza nokuita miitiro yakasiyana-siyana nemitambo nokuda kwezvikonzero izvi tichataura zvishoma pamusoro pemiitiro yorudzidziso irwo vaEgipita. kuitwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzinoyera sezvazviri:

Tembere dzeEgipita: Mukubudirira kweEgypt, kuve nechitendero chakanyanya, tembere dzakavakwa kubva pakutanga kwebudiriro yeEgypt uye chinamato. Asi pakanga patove nevanhu vazhinji vekuEgypt vane tsika nezvitendero zvavo, temberi dzemochari dzaishandiswa kupa mutero kumweya yakasiyana-siyana yevafarao vakanga vatofa.

Paivawo nemamwe marudzi ematemberi akatsaurirwa kuita zvipiriso netsika kune vakasiyana vamwari veEgipita, kunyange zvazvo zvakaoma zvikuru kusiyanisa sezvo humambo hweEgipita uye vamwari vakanga vane hukama hwepedyo uye vakapindirana. Kunyange zvazvo temberi zhinji dzeEgipita dzakanga dzisina kuitirwa kunamatwa kwavanamwari veEgipita navanafarao navanhuwo zvavo. Saka vanhuwo zvavo vaiva netsika dzavo dzechitendero.

Ndicho chikonzero nei temberi nenzvimbo tsvene dzaitsigirwa nehurumende kana magavhuna dzaishandiswa seimba yevamwari veEgipita, iyo mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yemuviri yevamwari yakashandiswa semurevereri wezvipo zvakasiyana-siyana izvo vatendi vechitendero cheEgipita. akavapa..

Vanafarao vakawanda vaidavira kuti basa iri rakanga riri madikanwa kuitira kuti vamwari veEgipita varambe vachifara uye nokudaro kuchengeta runyararo muchisiko chapose pose nomuchadenga. Ndicho chikonzero temberi dzeEgipita nenzvimbo tsvene dzakanga dziri musimboti wenzanga yeEgipita uye hurumende yeEgipita yaitungamirirwa naFarao yakashandisa zviwanikwa zvakawanda kuchengeta temberi iri muchimiro chakanakisisa.

Saizvozvowo, vanafarao vakapedza nguva yakawanda sechikamu chemusengwa wavo wekukudza vamwari veEgipita. Kungofanana nevakuru vakapa mipiro kuchengetedza runyararo muhupenyu hwapashure. Nenzira iyi pakanga paine temberi dzehukuru hukuru. Zvisinei, vamwari vazhinji veEgipita vakanga vasina tembere yavo vamene kana kuti nzvimbo tsvene, vakangovaka tembere dzavamwari vanokosha zvikurusa veEgipita nokuda kworudzidziso rweEgipita.

Kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kuratidza kuti vanamwari vakawanda maererano nechitendero cheEgipita vakanga vasina kunamatwa kwakawanda naFarao nevanhu veEgipita. Kwaive nevamwe vamwari vekuEgypt vainamatwa zvakanyanya nebudiriro yaizivikanwa mudzimba dzakasiyana siyana asi vaive vasina imwe temberi.

Temberi dzokutanga dzakavakwa nokuda kworudzidziso rweEgipita dzakanga dziri dzimba duku, uye zvivako zvakanga zviri nyore zvikuru uye zvisingagumi. Kunyangwe iwo akagadzirwa muEgypt Ancient Kingdom pamwe neEgypt Middle Kingdom. Dzimwe temberi dzakanga dzakavakwa nematombo asi nekufamba kwenguva dzakanga dzakanatswa.

Asi matombo makuru aigara achishandiswa kuvaka temberi dzeIjipiti dzakasiyana-siyana.Mukati menguva yeUmambo Hutsva hweIjipiti, pakatanga kuvakwa purani itsva yetemberi, asi nenzira inokosha zvikuru, iyo yakanga yashandisa zvinhu zvakajairika zvakanga zvatoshandiswa. mukuvakwa kwematemberi muhumambo hweEgypt yekare nepakati.

Asi muHumambo Hutsva hweEgypt maive nekusiyana kukuru muurongwa hwakashandiswa, tembere zhinji dzaigona kuvakwa uye zhinji dzetembere dzakararama nekufamba kwenguva imhaka yekuti dzakavakwa nehunyanzvi uhu.

Iyo nzira kana chirongwa chakashandiswa kuvaka temberi dzeEgypt dzakasiyana dzinobva pakugadzira nzira yepakati kuburikidza nezvose zvivakwa zvaizivikanwa senzira yekufora. Ipapo nhevedzano yamakamuri yakaitwa kuti usvike kunzvimbo tsvene yokupedzisira munzvimbo iyoyo waigona kuwana chifananidzo chikuru chaMwari weEgipita uyo kunamatwa kwake nezvinopiwa zvaipiwa.

Kunyange zvazvo kupinda muhoro yepakati yetemberi kwaiitirwa vanafarao chete uye murairo wepamusoro wehurumende. Pamwe chete navaprista vaimirira rudzidziso rweEgipita, sezvo chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakakurumbira cheEgipita chairambidzwa kusvika iri kamuri. Rwendo rwaifanira kuitwa nevanhu kubva pamusuwo mukuru wetemberi kuenda kuhoro huru kana kuti nzvimbo tsvene yaizivikanwa sekufamba kubva munyika yepasi kuenda kunzvimbo yevamwari veEgipita kana nzvimbo yehumwari.

Izvi zvakaonekwa nekurongwa kwezviratidzo zvengano zvakaitwa pamadziro akasiyana etemberi pamwe chete nemavakirwo ayo. Pashure petemberi rusvingo rwokunze rwaigona kuwanikwa. Munzvimbo iyoyo zvivako zvakawanda zvaigona kuwanwa, pamwe chete neshopu dzokushandira pamwe nedzimba dzokuchengetera zvinhu dzakasiana-siana dzokugovera zvakanga zviri madikanwa nokuda kwetembere.

Kana temberi yacho yakanga yakakura, waigonawo kuwana chitoro chemabhuku umo maiva nemabhuku akati wandei aiva neruzivo nezvechitendero cheEgipita pamwe nemamwe mabhuku akatsaurirwa kune zvechivanhu. Zvitoro zvemabhuku izvi zvaishandiswa senzvimbo dzekuti vaEgypt vadzidze nezvezvidzidzo zvese zvavachada kudzidza.

Basa rekuita tsika dzakasiyana rakawira pamufananidzo waFarao sezvo aive mumiriri wepamutemo weEgipita pamberi pevamwari vakasiyana veEgipita. Asi avo vaiita tsika idzi vaiva vaprista veEgipita panzvimbo yavanafarao sezvo vakanga vachitarisira mamwe mabasa makuru.

MuHumambo hwekare nepakati vaprista vakanga vasina boka rakasiyana panzvimbo pezvo vazhinji vevakuru vakuru vaFarao vaiva nebasa rokuita mhemberero kwemwedzi yakati wandei uye vamwe kwegore rose rakazvipira kumabasa enyika.

Asi apo Umambo Hutsva hweEgipita hwakatanga, basa iro vapristi vaiita rakava reunyanzvi ndokuitwawo zvaro pakarepo. Kunyange zvazvo vaprista vakawanda vakabva kutaundi vaingoshanda nguva shomanene uye vazhinji vakanga vari vashandi vehurumende. Farao ndiye ega aigona kutarisira fenicha uye kupa mvumo yake yetemberi.

Apo rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakanga ruchidzika midzi pakati pavanhu veEgipita, vose vakanga vari zvikurukuru vashandi vaFarao. Asi mukurumbira wavaprista sezvawakakura nenzira imwe cheteyo, pfuma yetembere yakava huru kutozosvikira nguva yakasvika apo vakada kukwikwidzana naFarao.

Pakave nekukamukana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakaitika mukati meIjipita yechitatu yepakati Period pakati pemakore c. 1070-664 BC C.), Vapirisita vaMwari Amuni, muguta rinodaidzwa kuti Karnak. Vakatanga kuve vatongi vemamwe matunhu eUpper Egypt.

Mutemberi dzeIjipiti dzakasiyana-siyana maiva nenhamba huru yevanhu vaishanda kuchengetedza temberi, sezvo yaiva nevaprista, vaimbi nevaimbi vemitambo yose netsika. Kunze kwetemberi yeEgipita kwaiva nevanhu vakazvipira kushanda, sezvinoitwa nemhizha nevarimi vaishanda pamapurazi akasiyana.

Ava vanhu vose vaiita mabasa avo okugadzirisa temberi vaigamuchira muhoro waibva pazvipiriso zvakafanana zvaiuyiswa navanhu kuti vafadze vamwari veIjipiti. Naizvozvo, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti temberi dzaive nzvimbo dzakagadzira zviitiko zvehupfumi kuna Farao.

Parizvino matembere mazhinji eEgypt anoramba ari muchimiro chawo uye mamwe atove matongo nekuda kwenguva yapfuura. Kunyange zvazvo vazhinji vakatoparadzwa nekukoromoka kwemasvingo uye kuparadza kwavakatambura, Farao uyo akanga ari mutsigiri mukuru wekudzorerwa kwetemberi dzeEgipita aiva Ramses II, asi akanga ariwo mupambi wetemberi dzakasiyana. Pakati pematemberi anokosha echitendero cheEgypt ndeaya anotevera:

  • Deir el-Bahari: boka rematemberi eMentuhotep II (XNUMXth Dynasty), Hatshepsut uye Tutmosis III (XNUMXth Dynasty). Imba yemariro yeHatshepsut, ine zvivanze zvakafara uye yakakomberedzwa chimiro chekubatana kukuru (yakavakwa makore angangoita chiuru pamberi peParthenon yakakurumbira muAtene, rimwe remabasa ekuvaka anoyevedza)
  • Karnak - yakaoma yetemberi, yakawedzera makore anopfuura mazana mashanu, muThebes, guta guru reEgypt yekare kubva kuMiddle Kingdom.
  • Luxor: Yakatangwa naAmenhotep III uye yakawedzerwa naRamses II, yaive nzvimbo yemhemberero yemutambo weOpet.
  • Abu Simbel: matemberi maviri makuru (speos) eRamses II, kumaodzanyemba kweEgypt, kumahombekombe ekumadokero kweRwizi rwaNire.
  • Abydos: temberi dzaSethy I uye Ramses II. Nzvimbo yekunamatwa kwevafarao vekutanga, ine yakakura funerary complex.
  • Ramesseum, temberi yechirangaridzo yaRamses II, pedyo neTheban necropolis; chivako chikuru chakatsaurirwa kuchitendero chamariro.
  • Medinet Habu: Ramses III temberi yechirangaridzo. Temberi yekugara kubva kuNew Kingdom.
  • Edfu: Ptolemaic temberi iri pakati peAswan neLuxor.
  • Dendera: temberi yakaoma. Chivako chikuru iTembere yaHathor.
  • Kom Ombo: temberi yedunhu raidzora nzira dzekutengesa kubva kuNubia kuenda kuUpper Egypt.
  • File Island: temberi yeIsis (Ast), yakavakwa munguva yePtolemaic.

Tsika dzeEgypt uye Mhemberero: Mukubudirira kweEgypt, nekuda kwezvitendero zvayo zvechitendero cheEgypt, nyika inosungirwa kuita tsika dzakasiyana-siyana dzepamutemo uye mhemberero dzinoitwa mutemberi dzechitendero dzeEgypt dzakasiyana, sezvo vachifanira kunamata uye kupa zvipo kune vamwari vakasiyana veEgipita. Mhemberero dzinoitirwawo vanafarao vakatofa uye vane hukama nevamwari uye vanonzi humambo hweEgypt.

Pakati pemhemberero dzakanyanya kukosha uye tsika, mhemberero yekugadza korona uye Bato reNyota zvinomira pachena, bato rehurumende rine chinangwa chekuvandudza simba raFarao raiitwa nguva nenguva munguva yehumambo hwake.

Mukati megore, miitiro yakati kuti yakaitwa nemhaka yokuti rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakaita kuti miitiro ishande munyika yose uye miitiro yakati kuti yaiitwa mutembere imwe yakatsaurirwa kuna mwari mumwe weEgipita, nepo kwakanga kune miitiro yaiitwa zuva nezuva. Asi pane mhemberero dzaive dzakanyanya zvekuti dzaiitwa kamwe chete pagore kana kuti pachiitiko chinokosha.

Muitiro waifanira kuitwa pakutanga kwezuva waiva mutambo unozivikanwa zvikuru wokupira nokuonga. Mhemberero iyi yaiitwa munharaunda yese yeEgipita. Uko muprista wechinzvimbo chepamusoro kana kuti pharaoh aifanira kugeza chivezwa chemumwe mwari weEgipita omuzodza nekirimu pamwe chete nokumupfekedza dhirezi rakanga rakashongedzwa kwazvo obva amupa seti yezvipiriso.

Pakupera kwetsika yezuva nezuva uye mwari weEgipita akanga atopedza mupiro wake wemweya, zvinhu zvose zvakasara zvakatorwa kuti zvigoverwe pakati pevaprista vakasiyana-siyana vetemberi.

Muchitendero cheEgipita miitiro yacho yakanga iri muhuwandu huduku, nepo mitambo yakanga yakawanda ine gumi nemaviri yaiitwa mugore. Mitambo yacho yaigara ichiitwa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvaifanira kuitwa zvaipfuura kupa zvibayiro zviri nyore zvokuonga kuna mwari upi noupi weEgipita. Sezvo mitambo yakawanda yaifanira kudzokorora chiitiko chengano yeEgipita kana ngano.

Nenzira imwecheteyo vaifanira kuita chimwe chiito kuti vakwanise kubvisa masimba asina kunaka kana masimba iwayo akadyisa kusagadzikana uye mhirizhonga munharaunda yeEgipita. Mizhinji yemitambo iyi yaitungamirirwa nevapristi vaiva nezvinzvimbo zvepamusoro uye yaiitirwa mutemberi chaimo. Asi mitambo ine chekuita nechitendero zvikuru seinodanwa kuti mutambo weOpet. Izvozvo zvakaitika muguta reKarnak, rakaitwa rakatakura mudungwe uye rakatakura chifananidzo chaMwari weEgipita.

Vamwe vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vari vatendi vakasimba murudzidziso rweEgipita vakaperekedza mudungwe wokukumbira mwari wavanotenda maari kuti agadzirise mugariro wavo wazvino nokudaro ndokugamuchira migove yakati yezvinopiwa zvikuru zvakapiwa kuvamwari veEgipita paidzi nhambo dzinokosha.

Mhuka dzaimunamata: Mumativi akawanda enharaunda yeEgipita, mhuka dzakavamba kunamatwa sezvo vaEgipita vaidavira kuti dzakanga dziri kuratidzirwa kwavamwari veEgipita, chitendero chaicho murudzidziso rweEgipita. Mhuka idzi dzakasarudzirwa zvimwe zvinangwa uye zviratidzo zvinoyera zvairatidza kukosha kwebasa radzo munharaunda yeEgipita.

Dzakawanda dzemhuka idzi dzakachengeta basa iri mubudiriro yese yeEgipita. Muenzaniso wakajeka waikoku wakanga uri nzombe inosanozivikanwa yeApis yainamatwa zvikuru muguta reMemfisi. Mhuka iyi yaive kuratidzwa kwaMwari Ptah.

Nepo dzimwe mhuka dzaimunamata kwenguva pfupi. Asi ichi chitendero chokunamata mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana chakawedzera munguva dzapashure uye vapristi vakawanda vaitarisira temberi vakatanga kuwedzera mhuka dzainamatwa somuitiro woumwari.

Muitiro wakatanga kukura wakanga uri mumutsara wechiXNUMX apo vaEgipita vakatanga kunyudza mutezo upi noupi worudzi rwemhuka kuti vape chibayiro chikuru kuna mumwe mwari weEgipita, ndokusaka mamiriyoni ekatsi, shiri uye mamwe akawanikwa. mhuka dzaivigwa mutemberi dzezvitendero dzakasiyana-siyana dzeEgipita kuti dzikudze vamwari.

The Oracles: Muchitendero cheEgypt, vanafarao uye dzimwe nhengo dzesangano reEgypt vakaenda kuOracles kunobvunza vamwari vakasiyana-siyana kuti vawane ruzivo uye mazano ekuita zvisarudzo zvakanakisisa. Kunyangwe maOracles akatanga kuzivikanwa kubva kuEgypt New Kingdom. Kunyangwe vangadai vakaonekwa kare kare maererano nekumwe tsvagiridzo yakaitwa.

VaIjipita vazhinji, kusanganisira naFarao, vakaenda kumadzishe kunobvunza nhevedzano yemibvunzo uye mhinduro idzi dzakashandiswa kugadzirisa nyonganiso yepamutemo kana gakava pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu. Chiito chinowanzoshandiswa pakushandisa zvirevo zveEgipita kwaiva kubvunza mubvunzo unokosha kumufananidzo waMwari weEgipita wozodudzira mhinduro yacho.

Imwe nzira yekududzira mhinduro dzeOracles yaive yekududzira mafambiro emhuka dzavainamata kwadziri kana kubvunza kune chifananidzo chemumwe Mwari uye kumirira mhinduro yemuprista aive iye aitaura achimiririra mwari weEgipita. Uyu muitiro wakapa pesvedzero huru kuvaprista murudzidziso rweEgipita sezvo vaigona kududzira shoko ravamwari veEgipita.

Chitendero cheEgypt chakakurumbira: Zvizhinji zvezvinamato zvechiEgipita zvakanangidzirwa pakuchengetedza kugadzikana kwebudiriro yeEgipita, naizvozvo vamwe vanhu vakanga vane miitiro yavo yorudzidziso yakanga ine chokuita noupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Kunyange zvazvo iyi nzira yokushandisa nayo rudzidziso rweEgipita yakasiya ufakazi hushoma zvikuru kupfuura rudzidziso rwapamutemo rweEgipita nemhaka yokuti rudzidziso rweEgipita rwakasiya ufakazi hukurusa rwakanga rwuri rudzidziso rwakapfuma zvikurusa rweEgipita munharaunda yeEgipita.

Mumiitiro yechitendero yaiitwa zuva nezuva, vaisanganisira mimwe mitambo uko kukosha kwaipiwa kuchinjo dzoupenyu. Ava ndivo vaive vazvarirwa kubva kuzvarwa kwaive nenjodzi. Zvakare kugadzwa sezvo zita chikamu chakakosha chekuzivikanwa kwemunhu.

Mumwe wemiitiro yorudzidziso inokosha zvikurusa murudzidziso rwakakurumbira rweEgipita yakanga iri iya yakanga yakapoteredzwa norufu kana kuti inonzi miitiro yemariro nemhaka yokuti iyoyi yakanga yakatanhamara zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vaizova nechokwadi chokuti mweya womushakabvu unoramba uripo noupenyu hwake pashure pokunge aita gadziriro dzokurarama nazvo. vakayambuka zvakanyanya ipapo.

Mimwe miitiro inoshandiswa navanhu vanotambira mari shoma ndeyekutsvaka kuziva kuda kwavamwari nokuda kwavanhu kutsvaka ruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Mukuita uku kwaidiwa kududzira hope sezvo dzaionekwa semashoko aitumirwa navamwari kubva kunzvimbo youmwari.

Vanhu vakawanda, vasina mukana wokupinda mutemberi dzavamwari veIjipiti, vaiita minyengetero uye vaipa zvibayiro zvavo pachavo kuvamwari. Asi ikoku kwakaratidzirwa bedzi sorudzi rwoumwari rwaakaita muUmambo Hutsva hweEgipita.

Ndicho chikonzero nei vaEgipita vakatanga kushandisa umwari apo vaidavira kuti vamwari vaipindira zvakananga muminamato yavo noupenyu kuti vaite maererano nezvavaida. Nenzira iyi vanamwari veIjipiti vaida vanhu vaiita zvakanaka asi vairanga vanhu vaiita zvakaipa uye vaiponesa vanhu vainzwira vamwe tsitsi.

Tembere zhinji dzeEgipita dzaikosha zvikuru paminamato yapachivande nemipiro, kunyange zvazvo mabasa ane chinangwa aibvisa vanhuwo zvavo. Miitiro yakawanda yaiitwa nevaIjipiti yaiva yokupa zvinhu zvavo kuna vamwari veEgipita kuti vazadzise minyengetero yakaitwa navaEgipita.

Vanhu pavakatadza kupinda mumatemberi akasiyana kuti vazadzise zvisungo zvavo zvechitendero, ndosaka vakatanga kuvaka tumachapero twekuti vanhu vanamate nekupa kutenda nekuda kwenyasha dzavakapihwa.

Mashiripiti muchitendero cheEgipita: Mashiripiti muchitendero cheEgypt uye yaizivikanwa neshoko rekuti Heka raireva kuti "kugona kuita kuti zvinhu zviitike nenzira isina kunanga" zvaitendwa kuti mashiripiti chaive chiitiko chepasirese sezvo raive iro simba rakafanana rakashandiswa kugadzira nyika uye cosmos.

Mashiripiti ndiwo simba raishandiswa navamwari veEgipita kuita kuda kwavo uye vaEgipita vaidavira kuti vaigonawo kurishandisa, asi miitiro iyi yakanga yakabatana zvikuru nechitendero cheEgipita. Kunyange zvazvo tsika dzenguva dzose dzaiitwa zuva nezuva dzaizivikanwa semashiripiti.

Zvakare vazhinji vevaIjipita vaishandisa mashiripiti nekuda kwezvinangwa zvavo kunyangwe vakakuvadza kune vechitatu mapato. Ndosaka mashiripiti aionekwa sechinhu chinovenga pachawo uye nekushandisa kwawo kurwisa vamwe vanhu.

Asi nokuda kwavaEgipita vazhinji, mashiripiti airangarirwawo senzira yokudzivirira denho dzinokuvadza dzinobva kuvamwe vanhu kana kuti kubvisa masimba masimba. Asi mashiripiti akanga ane chokuita navaprista veEgipita sezvo mazhinji amabhuku akanga ane zvitsinga zvakawanda, naizvozvo vaprista veEgipita vakanga vari nyanzvi dzamabhuku iwayo.

Vapristi vazhinji vaiva nemamwe mabasa ekuita zvemashiripiti sezvavaibhadharwa nevanhuwo zvavo. Nenzira imwecheteyo, mamwe mabasa mukubudirira kweEgypt aibata nemashiripiti sechikamu chebasa, kunyanya vanachiremba nevanonzi scorpion charmer uye mhizha dzaive dzakatsaurirwa kugadzira mazango emashiripiti ehuwandu hweEgipita.

Kune zvakare zvidzidzo zvekuti varimi vakashandisa mashiripiti akareruka nekuda kwezvinangwa zvavo sezvo ruzivo urwu rwaifambiswa nemuromo asi pane humbowo hushoma hwezvidzidzo izvi zvakaitwa pamashiripiti akareruka munharaunda yakakurumbira yeEgipita.

Kunyange zvazvo zvichinzi mutauro wakanga wakabatanidzwa zvikuru namashiripiti eEgipita kusvikira kumwero wakadaro zvokuti Mwari weEgipita Tot, anozivikanwa saMwari Wokunyora, akanga ari iye akatanga mashiripiti. Neiyi nzira mashiripiti akarangarirwa semashura anotaurwa kana kuti akanyorwa kunyange zvazvo aiwanzoperekedzwa nemiitiro.

Ndicho chikonzero nei miitiro yaiitwa yaifanira kukumbira mumwe mwari weEgipita kuitira kuti mashiripiti ave nemiuyo pazvinangwa zvaidiwa. Paishandiswa mashiripiti, n’anga yaisungirwa kuti ishandise munhu wekuIjipiti wengano kana wechitendero. Miitiro iyi yakashandisawo mashiripiti etsitsi vachishandisa zvinhu zvaitendwa kuti zvine simba rakaita semashiripiti wand kana mazango akasiyana aishandiswa nevaEgipita.

Zviitiko zveMariro Echitendero: Zviito izvi zvaive zvakakosha muchitendero cheEgypt sezvo zvainzi zvakakosha kupa kupona kumweya wemufi. Pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwemuviri, iyo yaive poindi yakakosha mune ese eEgyptian funerary maitiro. Mumariro ekutanga akaitwa, vaIjipita vakasiya mutumbi wemushakabvu murenje sezvo mamiriro ekunze asina kunaka akaumisa woga.

Gare gare, munguva yaizivikanwa seEarly Dynastic, makuva akatanga kushandiswa aiva nedziviriro huru uye akaparadzanisa mutumbi wemushakabvu kubva pakuoma kwejecha regwenga asi akausiya uchiora.

Naizvozvo, vaIjipita vakatanga kuita zvidzidzo zvekuomesa chitunha uye kuita chitunha chekuomesa kuti chisiye chakaputirwa nekuiswa mubhokisi. Hunhu hwebasa rekuchera zvitunha hwaienderana nemutengo uye vanhu vaisakwanisa kubhadhara zvitunha vaivigwa mumakuva erenje.

Paiitwa mutumbi wemufi, mutumbi waiendeswa kumba kwake kuitira kuti aite mudungwe womuviga muguva, asi aizoonekwa ari pamwe chete nehama neshamwari. Mukuwedzera, vaprista vanoverengeka vaipinda kuti vape minamato kumweya.

Imwe yetsika yaifanira kuitwa nevapristi ndeyekuvhura muromo kunozivikanwa, kwavaizodzorera kumufi pfungwa dzaifanira kuva nadzo munhu akafa kuti ave nemano omunhu akafa. Mushure mezvo mhamha vakavigwa muguva ndokuenderera mberi nekurivhara.

Hunhu hweChitendero cheEgipita

Sezvo chaiva chimwe chezvitendero zvekaresa munyika uye chaiitwa kwemakore anopfuura 3000 zviuru, chakanga chiri chitendero umo vainamata vamwari vakasiyana-siyana uye vaifanira kumunamata. Muchitendero cheEgipita vamwari vakanga vari zoomorphic sezvo vaimiririrwa nemiviri yevanhu uye nemusoro weimwe mhuka.

Saizvozvowo, muchitendero cheIjipiti, dzimwe mhuka dzainzi idzvene, dzakadai sekatsi, chinyavada, nyoka, shumba, rukodzi, mhou, nzombe, garwe uye shiri nedzimwewo dzakawanda. zvakakosha kuziva kuti ivo vakagadzira zvitunha zvemhuka dzavakaviga nevaridzi vadzo.

Chimiro chavaiva nacho murudzidziso rweEgipita chaiva pedyo zvikurusa navamwari veEgipita akanga ari farao akanga ane chiremera chimwe chetecho samambo, sezvo maererano nezvitendero aizova neropa ravamwari vakasiana veEgipita. Paakafa, aive mugari wenhaka yevamwari sezvo basa rake rakagara kweupenyu uye kupfuura rufu. Pakati pezvinhu zvikuru zvechitendero cheEgypt tine:

Polyethist: MaEgypt vaive nekutenda kwakasimba kuti kune vamwari vasina magumo, mumwe nemumwe aine simba rakati remusikirwo, ndokusaka vaizvibatanidza nemhuka dzakasiyana, vamwari ava vaive nemusoro wemhuka nemuviri wemunhu. Vamwari veEgipita vakapindira muupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemuEgipita wose.

Mipiro: Nezvitendero zvavaiva nazvo vaEgipita, vaipa zvipiriso kuvamwari vakasiana-siana veEgipita kuti varambe vachifara uye kuti varege kusunungura kutsamwa kwavo sezvo ivo vakaparira ngwavaira nenzufu zhinji.

Amulets: Muchitendero cheEgypt yaive tsika yekushandisa mazango kubva kuvakuru vepamusoro vaive vafarao uye kunyangwe vanhu vakazvininipisa vebudiriro yeEgipita kuti vabvise masimba asina kunaka uye kuve nerombo rakanaka muzviito zvavanoita.

Aya mazango akagadzirwa nematombo uye aive nematombo anokosha aipfekwa muhuro zvichidzika kusvika pachipfuva chemunhu. Yakanga yakapfekwawo pamaoko nemakumbo.

Zvitendero: Mubudiriro yeEgipita, nzvimbo yaifanirwa kunamatwa vamwari ndidzo temberi dzaizivikanwawo seimba yamwari, dzakavakwa nematombo makuru eraimu kuitira kuti dzirege kuparadzwa nekufamba kwenguva.

Mukati metemberi maiva nemakamuri akawanda aiitirwa kuviga mitumbi yavanafarao, maivawo nekamuri hombe rokunamatira mumwe mwari uye nzira dzakavandika dzisati dzazivikanwa kuti nei dzakagadzirwa.

Mummification: Sezvo maEgypt vaive nekutenda kuti kune hupenyu mushure merufu, ndosaka vaiviga mitumbi yevafi.Izvi zvaisanganisira kubvisa nhengo dzese dzemuviri wemunhu dzaiiswa musaga rainzi canopies.

Mutumbi waibva wagadzikwa patafura kuti ufukidzwe nemucheka wesirika kuti uchengetedze muviri uye kuti muviri usaora kuitira kuti uve wakagadzirira kusangana nemweya munzvimbo yevakafa.

Kana wawana chinyorwa ichi pamusoro pechitendero cheEgipita chichikosha, ndinokukoka kuti ushanyire zvinongedzo zvinotevera:


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