Hupenyu hwaSeneca, padyo nenzvimbo dzesimba, hunozivikanwa kwatiri nekuda kweuchapupu hwevanyori venhoroondo veRoma vane chiremera venguva yakadai saTacitus, Suetonius naCassius Dio. Kuti tinyatsonzwisisa hukama hunochengetwa neSeneca nesimba, tinofanira kutanga taongorora nguva yenhoroondo yaanozviwana.
Hutungamiri hwaNero yaiva nguva yakaoma zvikuru, izere nekunetsana uye kutya, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvose hazvina kuitika pakarepo. Muchokwadi, paakangokwira pachigaro, Nero, zvakare nekuda kwekutsigirwa kwakasimba kwevarume vakaita saSeneca naAfranio Burro, anokwanisa kuchengetedza chiyero mukati meHumambo hweRoma. Iyi nguva yebudiriro yakadanwa nevezvenhau makore mashanu nguva Neronis o quinquennium felix, chaizvoizvo nokuti akanga ari makore mashanu orugare norunyararo.
Simba, zvematongerwo enyika uye tsika
Nehurombo, iyi nguva yemakore mashanu yakateverwa nenguva yakadzorwa nekutya uye kupenga kwaNero, uyo akaisa hutongi hwehutongi, achitsiva nhamba mbiri dzaive dzakamboitenderedza. Dhongi rinotsiviwa naTigellinus, nepo pasina munhu anogara pachinzvimbo chekare cheSeneca. Seneca haaregi kuzviratidza pachake uye haaregi kubva pazvisungo izvo kubatanidzwa mune zvematongerwe enyika kunoisa paari, asi anowanzobhadhara zvikuru mukurumbira wake uye akaunganidza pfuma, kusvikira amanikidzwa kuzviuraya.
Nekufamba kwenguva, muna AD 39, anoisa hupenyu hwake panjodzi pasi pemirairo yaCaligula uye makore maviri gare gare anomanikidzwa kuenda kuutapwa kuCorsica naClaudius, kwaanoenda kubva pakufunga zvekubata kumeso kuti awane ruregerero nekunyora Consolatio ad Polybium, kutora. kutsiva rufu rwake. rufu. rufu, achiratidza ruvengo rwake rwose kwaari muropa Apocolocyntosis, basa raanomutsvinyira nehasha. Kuve mutungamiriri waNero, akaedza kumisa hurumende yake pamisimboti ye rex iustus, theorizing mufananidzo wemuchinda ane mufananidzo mu zve clementia, asi chimiro chechiremera neane utsinye chamambo wechiduku chakabva chatora nzvimbo.
Seneca uye zvematongerwo enyika
Seneca, kusiyana nevamwe vanyori vemazuva ano, anonzwa basa rekutora chikamu kwehupenyu hwake hwose mune zvematongerwo enyika. nokuti iye chaizvo Importante hukama huri pakati pehupenyu hunoshanda uye hupenyu hwekufungisisa, hupenyu hweveruzhinji uye hupenyu hwepachivande, negotium uye otium, munhu uye nzanga. Inoramba yakanyatsobatanidzwa nenheyo: "basa remunhu nderokubatsira kune vamwe varume." Kuti ibatsire, Seneca inosimbisa kuti murume akanaka haafanire kunzvenga mabasa ake emunhu uye ehurumende. Hunhu hweSeneca chokwadi ihunhu hunoshanda, hwakavakirwa pamusimboti wezvakanaka.
Saka hukama hweSeneca nemukuru hunonetsa. Pakutanga agutsikana nehukuru hwaNero, aizonyora bhuku kuna mambo mutsva Nero, rine musoro unoti. Kubva kuClementia. Mubasa iri Seneca inorumbidza mwero uye kushivirira kwe machinda, ichipawo muenzaniso wemaitiro waunofanirwa kutevedzera. Mutongi weClement, anodaro munyori, anofanira kuzvibata nevanhu vake sababa vane vana vavo. Nzira yakanakisa yekudzidzisa zvidzidzo inogara iri yekunyengetedza uye yekuraira, kwete yekutyisidzira uye kutya.
simba isimba
Seneca haabvunzi simba rakazara ramambo uye, kutaura zvazviri, anoriita zviri pamutemo sesimba rekubva kuna Mwari. Fate akapa Nero basa rekutonga vanhu vake uye anofanira kuita basa iri asingaite kuti vanzwe kuremerwa kwesimba, uye anofanirawo kuva muchengeti wechiyero. pasi rose. Anotaura mutemo mumwechete mukubata nevaranda: "Rarama nevakaderera vako sezvaungada kuti mukuru wako agare newe."
Mambo ndiye musoro weHurumende, vadzorwi inhengo, naizvozvo vokupedzisira vakagadzirira kuteerera mambo sezvo mitezo inoteerera musoro uye yakagadzirira kutarisana norufu nokuda kwake: “Iye, zvamazvirokwazvo, ndiye chisungo chinoongwa nacho. nyika inoramba yakabatana, ndiwo mweya unokosha unofema zviuru izvi zvevarume. Ivo, mavari, vangadai vasina chimwe chinhu kunze kwemutoro uye mhuka kune vamwe, kana mweya iwoyo weHumambo usipo.
De Beneficis de Seneca
Aona kukundikana kwedzidzo yetsika yaNero, Seneca anonyora De zvinobatsira, bhuku rezvinyorwa zvinomwe rinobata nenyaya yekuziva kupa uye kugamuchira rubatsiro, inonzwisiswa semupiro wekongiri wezvakanaka, uye inobatawo kubata pamuviri maererano nerombo chete rinogona kugadzirisa mamiriro ekusununguka kana hutapwa. Naizvozvo, munhu wose anofanira kuziva nzira yokuvaka nayo mbiri yake nebasa uye nesimba, asingaverengeri kuti akasiirwa chii nemadzitateguru ake..
Seneca, chaizvo nekuda kwe "kusawirirana" kwake pamberi pesimba, akakwanisa kuchengetedza mukurumbira wakakura kwemazana emakore nezvikonzero zviviri: hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri uye hudzvanyiriri hunokoshesa maitiro ake sechidzidzo, nepo vakangwara vachigovana nzira yake yekupikisa vatongi. .
Seneca inonakidzwa nehunhu hweStoic uye inoishandisa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvehupenyu hunoshanda. Zvisinei, nekuzviuraya, anokwanisa kuendesa mufananidzo wake kunhoroondo, achidzikinura hupenyu hunopesana. Zvichida izvi ndizvo zvakaita kuti ave nemukurumbira uye, nekuzviuraya kwake, akanyora peji yakakosha mukuvapo kwake.
rusununguko pamusoro pezvose
Seneca mumatambudziko ake anotarisa kune rimwe divi risingazivikanwe rehunhu hwake, iro re vir sapiens uye mabhonasi, uyo achazviuraya nokuda kwechikonzero chakanaka chorusununguko. Rusununguko, rweSeneca, rwuri mukati medu uye hapana anogona kuchimanikidza: muhuchenjeri, mukuzvidza muviri wedu ephemeral, rusununguko rwakachengeteka.. Kana tichiziva kutendeukira kune zvinhu zvikuru kupfuura huranda hwemuviri, tichakunda rusununguko rwemukati, tichava zvedu. "Uri kundibvunza kuti ndeipi nzira yekuenda kurusununguko? Chero tsinga iri mumuviri mako.
Chinonyanya kukosha kuziva kusiyanisa chakanaka nechakaipa, nekuti avo chete vanochiwana ndivo vachave vakasununguka zvechokwadi, nekuti rusununguko harubvi mukuzvarwa muboka rakati, ringava murombo kana kuti rinokudzwa.. Kumunyori, hondo yekukunda rusununguko inogona kurwiwa chete nechombo chehuzivi, zvekuti akasimbisa kuti vakachenjera chete ndivo vakasununguka.
Pfungwa yehuzivi yaSeneca
Seneca haasi muzivi kana akarongeka anofunga: chinangwa chake chikuru ndechekuendesa pfungwa yehupenyu uye humwe hutsika hwetsika, chaizvoizvo kugadzirwa kwake kwakasiyana zvikuru nekwevamwe vafungi vekare vakadai saPlato kana Aristotle. Haadi kupa hurongwa hwehuzivi, asi kuti aratidze vateveri vake nevaverengi hunhu hweStoicism. Kunyangwe mazhinji emabhuku ake ekunyora achisanganisirwa pasi pezita rekuti "nhaurirano", aya anonyatsosiyaniswa kubva kune aPlatonic kuti atore chimiro chemonologues chaidzo, umo Seneca inotaura chero munhu anofarira kufunga kwake.
Hunhu husina kurongeka hwekufunga kwaSeneca uye kuziviswa kuzvimiririra kwezvitubu kunogara kwakagadziriswa mune zvese basa remuzivi. Kubva mukugadzirwa kwese kwemabasa ake kunomuka dudziro yemunhu pachake yezivo inopfuudzwa kumuzivi nevadzidzisi vanogarisana nehutongi hwakajeka hwechistoicism. Iwo maviri mamisimboti ehuzivi hweSeneca anobva kuStoicism: hunhu uye kufunga.. Maererano neSeneca, munhu anofanira kupfuura zvose kuenderana nezvisikwa uye, saizvozvowo, kuteerera kufunga, kunoonekwa se chiyero, ChiGiriki logos, nheyo youmwari inodzora nyika.
Vakachenjera havasi vanhu, imwe yemafungiro aLucio
Chinyorwa chechimwe chikamu kubva kudzidziso yeStoic chiri pasi pemufananidzo we sapiens, vakachenjera. Seneca's pragmatic Latin mweya inomutungamira kuti abvise hunhu husina munhu hunonzi kune vakachenjera. Uchenjeri nokudaro hunotora chimiro chekutonga kune mufungo kwezvishuvo uye kwete kwekusava nehanya uye kusadzivirirwa kumanzwiro.
The spiritual asceticism of the sage ine zvikamu zvishanu zvakakosha: the kukunda kuchiva, zvakadai sokutya, kurwadziwa uye kutenda mashura; iye bvunzo yekuziva, tsika yakajairika mudzidziso yePythagoras; the kuziva kuve chikamu cheiyo logos uye naizvozvo ziva kuti isu tiri zvisikwa zvinonzwisisika, chikamu chechirongwa chekutarisira chepfungwa; kuzvigamuchira uye kuzivikanwa, kutaura idi murume akachenjera anoziva chiri chikamu chepfungwa uye chii chisiri, achiziva kuti iye chikamu chacho.; uye pakupedzisira kubudirira kwe unomusunungura mukati: kubudikidza nechikonzero munhu anogona kurarama achifara.
Uchenjeri nokudaro hunorongwa senzira uye kwete semagumo. Inogadziriswa senzira iyo munhu anowana nayo rusununguko rwemukati uye kwete ruzivo pacharwo.
Aristotle uye Seneca
Mukuona kwehuzivi hwaSeneca, pfungwa yehuzivi yesainzi yakafemerwa naAristotle inowanawo nzvimbo. Kudzidza nezvezvinoitika zvomusikirwo, chaizvoizvo, kunobvumira munhu kuziva chiyero chazvo zvose uye, kupfurikidza nazvo, kuzvibatanidza amene nacho.
Seneca inotsanangurawo zvinhu zvina zvakakosha zvehuchenjeri: Kudzikama zvinobatsira kudzora zvishuvo; simba, inobatsira kukurira kutya; kungwara, kutenda kune izvo zviito zvichaitwa zvinogona kufanoona mberi; kururamisira,iyo yaunogona kugovera kune mumwe nemumwe zvinoenderana naye. Kana munhu achinge akwanisa kuwana hunhu hwakanaka, anosunungurwa kubva mukutya uye kushushikana kwechimiro chake chekufa uye chemuviri uye anogona kupedzisira ataura kuti anofara zvechokwadi, nekuti kuzadzisa kwake kuzere nekunaka uye kuvandudzwa kwake uye haazviisi pasi. .zvishuwo zverombo, uyewo hazvitsamiri papfuma kana kuti utano, zvatisingagoni kudzora kana kuti nzvimbo yedu uye naizvozvo hazvisi musimba redu.
Uzivi nemabhii zvinogara pamwe chete nesimba
Seneca zvirokwazvo muzivi uye murume wetsamba aiziva kushandira pamwe nesimba, achisiya mucherechedzo wakanaka mukati memakore ebasa namambo wechidiki, achishandira pamwe nekunakira veruzhinji, asi anozivawo nzira yekuzvibvisa. kubva kwaari paanenge asingachamiriri muenzaniso wakanaka, achiramba ropafadzo nenyasha pasina kuzvidemba., sezvakataurwa mu Zvehupenyu hwakaropafadzwa: "vanokwanisa kunakidzwa nepfuma kana iripo, asi vachikwanisa kuita pasina ivo kana varega."
Kune rimwe divi, kubuda kwake muhupenyu hweveruzhinji kwakave nemhedzisiro yakaipa kuna Nero uyo, akasiiwa ega kuti atonge, mumakore mashanu ekupedzisira esimba rake, akaita kusatenderwa nevagari vemo zvekuti akatongerwa, mushure mekufa kwake, ku " kutongwa. ndangariro», la mutongo wakaipisisa uyo muRoma angatambura, nepo ndangariro yeSeneca icharamba iripo kwemazana emakore nekuda kwehuchenjeri hwake hwakadzama uye kuzvipira kwake pachena.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu ekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kwemagariro kusagadzikana mu Caput Mundi yenguva, Seneca inoratidzira kusanzwisisika kwese, miganhu uye zvishuwo zvekirasi yehungwaru, iyo yakaramba iri yega kupikisa simba rezvematongerwo enyika, mushure mekuendeswa kweseneta.. NeSeneca, mukana wekirasi yehungwaru kuzadzisa organic basa mukati mesimba rezvematongerwo enyika unokundikana. Shure kwake, "vanachipangamazano vemuchinda" vachave vakasunungurwa uye vatongi uye vakangwara vachangogona kutaura zvinoitika.
unogonawo kuverenga Lucius Anneo Seneca (Chikamu 2)