Lucius Anneo Seneca (Chikamu 1)

Seneca

Seneca pasina mubvunzo mumwe wevanonyanya kukosha uye vanozivikanwa vanofunga nezvenguva yehumambo hweRoma. Zvese zvezvimwe zvehupenyu zvinomubatanidza nemadzishe enguva iyoyo, uye neake hunhu hwekuzvibata, mutsoropodzi asingachinji zvehuipi hweUmambo hweRoma. nzanga uye mutsigiri wehunhu hutsva.

Hupenyu hwese hwaSeneca hwakapedzerwa mukutonga kwemadzimambo mashanu akasiyana. Chikamu chedzinza raJulio-Claudian; achava mudzidzisi nachipangamazano waNero. Nekudaro, wekupedzisira, akapofumadzwa nehupfumi uye simba, achamanikidza muzivi kuzviuraya, achimupomera mhosva yekutora chikamu muPisonian rangano.

Biographical zvinyorwa: hupenyu uye basa

Isu tinoziva zvishoma nezvehudiki hwaLucio Anneo Seneca. Akazvarwa muCórdoba (kuSpain) kumhuri yemabhiza, pakati pe4 na1 BC. Baba vake, murume ane hupfumi anozivikanwa sa Seneca Mukuru kana Seneca the RhetoricianAive murume aive netsika nemagariro ane chido chenhoroondo uye zvekutaura. Uyu akafamba muRoma kuti adzidze zviri nyore uye ateerere kune vatauri vane mukurumbira uye kubvumira vana vake vatatu kuti vawane dzidzo yakakodzera.

Seneca akatanga kushamwaridzana nevamwe vevazivi vakakurumbira vemazuva iwayo. Sozione Mudiki (Neopythagorean philosopher), Attalus (Stoic) naPapirio Fabiano (muzivi uye muzivi). Kuburikidza navo anoziva dzidziso dzaQuintus Sextius, uyo akanga aparidza pfungwa youpenyu hwokuzvinyima, akatuswawo neimwe nzira neo-Pythagoreanism, yaaigara akatendeka kwairi. Seneca akafamba munenge muna AD 26 achienda kuEgypt nababamunini kuti arape hutano hwake husina kumira zvakanaka. Apa akatanga basa rake rekutaura nezvematongerwo enyika mugore ra31 AD. C. uye, pashure pemakore mashomanana, akava seneta.

Kupokana kwekutanga nesimba kunodzokera kugore ra39 AD, paakaisa mungozi yechirango cherufu, sezviri pachena sekuda kwaCaligula ane shanje., muhupo hwaaive adzivirira zvine hungwaru chikonzero, asi zvimwe nekuda kwekubatana kwake nemhoteredzo yake yepedyo. Germanicus, anovenga mambo. Pachiitiko ichi, akaponeswa nemumwe mudiwa waCaligula, uyo akaudza mambo kuti zvakanga zvisina kukodzera kuuraya uyu mungwaru anorwara, uyo angadai akafa munguva pfupi.

Colosseum yeRome kana Teatro Flavio, mumiriri mukuru weimba yemitambo yeRoma

Kupomera Seneca

Mugore ra41 AD Seneca ndiye akabatwa nehurongwa hwemuzinda uye, mushure mekupomerwa hupombwe neimwe yehanzvadzi dzaCaligula, anodzingwa kuCorsica namambo mutsva Claudius.. Kudzingwa -pachokwadi, a kusiya- kubva 41 kusvika 49 AD. C. Panguva ino akanga ari Messalina, mudzimai wokutanga waMambo Kraudhiyo, uyo akanga ane mutoro nokuda kweshurikidzo. Kutaura zvazviri, anotya mhuri yekare yeGermany, inomiririrwa nehanzvadzi dzaCaligula, uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichi ane Seneca akapomerwa upombwe negotwe ravo, Giulia Livilla.

Kudzoka kweSeneca kuRoma kunosimudzirwa naAgrippina, mudzimai waClaudio, mushure mekufa kwaMessalina. Muchokwadi, mukadzi mutsva wamambo ari kugadzirira kutevedzana kuchigaro chemwanakomana wake Lucio Domizio Cherorbo, Nero ramangwana, kubva kumuchato wekare, uye anoona muzivi weCordovan semupi wezano akakodzera kwaari.

Muna 54 AD C., Claudius akafa, zvichida akaisirwa muchetura naAgrippina pachake, uye akatsiviwa naNerone ane makore gumi nematanhatu, achiteverwa naSeneca uye mukuru weMuzinda waMambo Afranio Burro. Nero achava muchinda anokakavara kwazvo munguva yake; kutaura zvazviri, achave nezvimwe zvisingagoni kurambwa, kunyanya muchikamu chekutanga chehumambo hwake, asi zvakare achave ane mhosva yekupara mhosva uye maitiro ehudzvanyiriri.

Zvisungo uye zvimwe zvisungo

Seneca anobva atora hurongwa hwekuda kutungamira mudzidzi mudiki kune kujekeswa kwekushandisa simba. Akazviita achiedza kuwana kuyanana pakati pesimba rehumambo nesimba reSeneti. Akataura kuna Nero mutemo wekuremekedza kodzero dzevakuru vakuru. Zvisinei, inguva yakaoma kune muzivi, kwete chete nekuda kwekuzvipira kunoda mutemo uyu kwaari, asi pamusoro pezvose nekuda kwezvipikirwa zvakawanda zvaanofanira kugamuchira. Kune rumwe rutivi, hunhu hwaNero, asingashiviriri kudzidzisa kwake, uye kune rumwe rutivi, zvirongwa zveAgrippina, uyo aida kudzora mwanakomana wake kuburikidza neSeneca uye mbongoro, kuitira kuti atarisire simba rake.

Nguva yekutanga yemukuru wemakore mashanu yakaratidzwa nenguva yekuenzanisa - inonzi "yakanaka nguva yehurumende" - asi mushure mezvo zvinhu zvakaita sekuderera zvakanyanya. Pesvedzero yakanaka yevaperekedzi vaviri vane mbiri yakanga iri yenguva pfupi; Nerone, azere neshungu uye kufungidzira, anotanga kubvisa avo vanokanganisa basa rake rekusimbisa, vachitengesa hunhu nemisimboti yaakadzidziswa nayo nemudzidzisi wake.

Nero

Akabatwa namambo akaipa

Mudzvinyiriri mambo akabva atanga kuve protagonist wezviito zvakaipa. Akaita kuti mwanakomana waClaudio, Briton, auraiwe muna 55 AD Makore mashoma gare gare, muna 59, akaita kuti amai vaAgrippina chaivo vaurawe, mushure mekurwisana kwakasimba.. Seneca, zvisinei, akaramba ari parutivi rwamambo kusvikira AD 62.

Apo, mushure mekufa kweMbongoro (zvichida muchetura), misiyano yakawedzera kuwedzera nemararamiro aNero naTigellinus, mutungamiriri mutsva wepraetorium, uye nehupenyu hunowedzera hutongi.

Panguva ino, Seneca anoona njodzi yemamiriro acho ezvinhu uye anotanga kugara achienda kumuzinda wamambo zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyanya mushure mekupiswa kweRoma mugore re 64. Uyezve, anokumbira mambo kuti abve muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika. Pasinei nokuramba kwake, zvishoma nezvishoma akatamira kudzimba dzokumusha kwake, achizvitsaurira kuzvidzidzo zvouzivi. Chaizvo munguva ino Seneca akanyora mamwe emabasa ake akakosha: the mibvunzo yemusikirwo, the of Providence and the tsamba dzetsika kuna Lucilius.

Kutonga kwaNero

Mafungiro ekufambira mberi kubva kusarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzaNero anovatungamira kuti vaone Seneca seanopikisa hutongi. Naizvozvo, muna AD 65 kurangana kweseneta pamusoro paNero, ichitungamirwa naGaius Calpurnius Piso (aizivikanwa sePiso kurangana), kwakavhiringidzwa, Seneca haana kukwanisa kunzvenga kufungirwa kuti atora chikamu mariri uye Nero akatongerwa rufu. Ipapo anogamuchira kurongeka kwekutora hupenyu hwake, kufa nekukudzwa maererano nemisimboti ye mos maiorum. Dai asina kudaro, angadai akaurayiwa zvakadaro, sezvo Nero anoramba aine chokwadi chekubatanidzwa kwake muPisonian rangano. Seneca angangove akaziviswa nezve rangano iyi, asi isu hatizive zvechokwadi kana akatora chikamu mairi. Asingakwanisi uye asingadi kutiza, muzivi anosarudza kuzviuraya uye haana imwe sarudzo.

Kufa kweSeneca kunorondedzerwa naTacitus, uyo anotsanangura kuti akafuridzirwa nekusvika pakufa kwaSocrates mu Phaedo y crito Plato, ine toni dzakafanana zvikuru; Seneca anotaura kuvadzidzi nemudzimai wake Pompea Paolina, uyo angada kuzviuraya naye, asi pasinei nokuti muzivi anomumanikidza kuti asadaro, anoomerera.

Nguva dzekupedzisira maererano naTacitus

Tacitus anotsanangura nguva dzekupedzisira dzehupenyu hwemuzivi seizvi: «Zvichakadaro Seneca, sezvo kumirira kwaiva kwenguva refu uye rufu rwakanga ruchinonoka kusvika, akakumbira Statius Anneus, ane ushamwari hurefu uye unyanzvi hwezvokurapa hwaakanga asangana nahwo, kuti amudururire muchetura wakagadzirwa kare, wakafanana nawo. avo vaishurikidzwa nomutongo wakakurumbira vakadzimwa muAtene. Vakamuisa kwaari, asi wakamwa pasina; nokuti nhengo dzake dzakanga dzatotonhora uye muviri wake wakavharwa kuti asaite chepfu. Pakupedzisira, akazviisa mubhavhu remvura inopisa, uye achimwaya varanda vepedyo nayo, akataura zvakare kuti akapa chipo ichocho kuna Jupiter musununguri. Pakupedzisira akaiswa mubhavhu rokugezera rinopfungaira, akazarirwa nokupisa uye akapiswa pasina mutambo upi noupi wamariro. Izvi akanga aronga mukuda kwake apo, akanga achiri akapfuma zvikuru uye pakukwirira kwesimba rake, akanga achitofunga nezvemugumo wake. ".

Kuzviuraya kunonzwisiswa nevakawanda

Kuzviuraya Kwakashinga uye Kwakarurama Kune avo vasingatyi rufu uye vakararama hupenyu hwavo hwese vachitsvaga mufaro mukunaka, huchenjeri uye rugare rwepfungwa, funga kukosha kwehupenyu kwete maererano nehurefu hwahwo, asi maererano nehunhu hwahunogara nahwo . anorarama Uyo, kubudikidza nenjodzi dzake, akaedza, achipa kutsamwa kukuru, dzidzisa changamire wake kuti adzivise kutsamwa kukuru, achipa kunyange imwe yedzake Nhaurirano kune ichi chishuvo chakaipa (the zvehasha), kunyangwe iwe uri nyajambwa wazvo. Ndirwo rufu runoshongedza upenyu huzere nokubwinya; anogara achikwanisa kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka uye asina kunaka, achisiya zvizvarwa zvakapfuma zvinyorwa zvemabasa, zvese zveuzivi uye tsika, kuburikidza negumi Dialogues. y su tsamba, zvakanyanya zvepedyo uye zvemunhu.

Muzivi, uyo kwenguva refu akapomerwa kusararama maererano nemirayiro yaro, kuti akanga aunganidza pfuma uye kuita mhindu, vabvumirana nesimba uye vatsigira kuurayiwa kwaBritannicus naAgrippina, norufu rwake rwemitambo yaSocrates pakupedzisira anoisa rugare pakati poupenyu hwake namabasa ake. Tacitus 'yakanyanya uye inoshamisa ndima kubva ku Annals (15, 62-64) -iyo, zvakare, yakakurudzira tsika yemazuva ano yemifananidzo, kubva kuna Rubens kusvika kuna David- iri, pamwe chete ne nhoroondo yeRoman (25, 1-3) naCassius Dio, sosi huru yekuvakazve kuzviuraya kwaSeneca. Sezvaanotaura pachake mu Tsamba kuna Lucilio(Bhuku VIII, 70, 6 ne28): “Kufa zvakanaka kunoreva kutiza ngozi yokurarama zvakaipa. (…) Chikonzero chimwe chetecho chinotikurudzira kuti tife munzira, kana zvichibvira, yatinoda”.


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