Emiliano Zapata, murume anomukira kubva kuMexico, uyo kubva paudiki hwake uye nekuda kwezviito zvakatambura nemhuri yake, nekuda kwekutorwa kwechisimba kweminda yavo, uye yevazhinji vevagari vemo, akavimbisa kuti nyika dzaizodzoserwa kune ani zvake. ivo. Dzidza nhoroondo inofadza.
Emiliano Zapata: Biography
Emiliano Zapata Salazar, akaberekerwa muSan Miguel Anenecuilco, taundi reAyala, Morelos, Mexico, musi waNyamavhuvhu 8, 1879. Aizivikanwa saEmiliano Zapata, ari mumwe wevatungamiriri vemauto makuru uye akanyanya kukosha munharaunda iyo Revolution yeMexico yaive nayo. pamwe chete nechiratidzo chakaratidza kutendeka kwezvekurima munyika yeAztec.
Sezvo ari nhengo yesangano rechimurenga, akaramba achishanda achitarisira Liberation Army of the South. Saizvozvo, aizivikanwa pasi pezita rekunyepedzera re "Caudillo del Sur". Akanga ari munhu ane pfungwa uye mutsigiri wekurwira hutano hwevanhu uye nzira dzekurima.
Akarwirawo kururamisira kwevanhu, rusununguko, parity uye gutsaruzhinji, varidzi vevhu, kufunga uye kuremekedza vagari venzvimbo, varimi nemabasa eMexico nekuve vakabatwa neoligarchic system uye latifundismo yevaridzi vePorfiriato estates.
Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kurangarirwa kuti Emiliano Zapata akaraswawo mukambani yePancho Villa, kubva kuConstituent Congress ya1917, kwaanofanirwa kubuda kwebumbiro remagariro evanhu, izvo zvinogona kuratidzwa muchinyorwa 27.
Kutanga kwaro
Emiliano Zapata, akaberekerwa mumhuri yevarombo, mwanakomana waGabriel Zapata naCleofas Salazar, aive nekambani yehanzvadzi nhanhatu dzainzi Celsa, Ramona, María de Jesús, María de la Luz, Jovita naMatilde, uye nehama nhatu nemazita. : Pedro, Eufemio naLoreto.
José Salazar, sekuru vake amai vaamai, vakashandisawo basa rechiuto vachirairwa naJosé María Morelos y Pavón, muguta reCuautla de Morelos. Saizvozvo, babamunini vababa vake vainzi Cristino naJosé Zaparon vakarwa muReform War uye panguva yeFrench Intervention pasi pekuraira kweGeneral Carlos Pacheco naPorfirio Díaz.
Hudiki hwake hwakagadziridzwa munzvimbo yePorfirista latifundism muMorelos. Matanho ake ekutanga muzvidzidzo akaitwa nemudzidzisi Emilio Vara, aimbove musoja weJuarista.
Vabereki vake vachiri vapenyu, Emiliano akararama kuburikidza nechiitiko chairatidza magumo ake: muridzi wemuvakidzani Cuahuixtla hacienda akanga atora nyika yake yeAnenecuilco nechisimba. Nepo varimi vazhinji vakaramba.
Nekuda kweichi chokwadi, Emiliano akaona machemero akaita baba vake neshungu nekuda kwekupambwa kweminda yake, izvo zvakaita kuti iye-uyo aizonzi caudillo yekumaodzanyemba-, ashungurudzike nekuti baba vake vakataura kuti aisazorwisa vanhu vanoshungurudza vanhu. simba .
Panguva iyoyo Zapata aingova nemakore 9, aive nechiitiko chisingafadzi chekucherechedza kuti varimi vakapamba sei nyika yavo, zviito zvakasimudzirwa nevaridzi vehaciendas iri pedyo, uye mushure mekuona zvakataurwa nababa vake, avo vakapindura kuti haakwanise. ita chero chinhu chipi zvacho kuti vadzivise, asi mukomana akafara akati kwaari:
Hazvigoni kuitwa? Bva, kana ndakura, ndichaita kuti vadzoke.
Zapata, pazera ramakore gumi nematanhatu, mwedzi gumi neimwe mushure mekufa kwababa vake, amai vake vanofa. Pakarepo mushure mezvo, akatanga basa rake munyika yezvekurima semurimi uye muleteer. Pazuva raChikumi 16, 11, anosungwa nemauto ekumaruwa ekanzuru yeCuernavaca, paaive achiita mhemberero mudhorobha rake reAnenecuilco.
Nekupindira kwemukoma wake Eufemio, akakwanisa kusunungurwa, asi aine pfuti muruoko. Nekuda kwechiitiko ichi, hama dzeZapatas dzaifanira kusiya nyika kumashure. Zvichakadaro, munun’una wake Eufemio akagara kwegore achishanda papurazi reJaltepec riri muPuebla.
Kutanga mabasa ezvematongerwo enyika
Muna 1906, vakapinda mumusangano wakaitwa nevarimi muCuautla, kubata nyaya dzine chekuita nekuchengetedza nekuchengetedza nharaunda yavo, uye nzvimbo dzedhorobha kutarisana nevaridzi veminda vari pedyo.
Hunhu hwake hwekupandukira hwakamubvumira kuti anyore, asi muna 1908, Zapata akaverengerwa mu9th Cavalry Regiment, pasi pehutongi hwemauto hwaColonel Alfonso Pradillo. Paaive muguta reCuernavaca, Zapata akagadzwa semutarisiri wemabhiza ehacienda, aive naPablo Escandón, mutungamiri weGeneral Staff wePorfirio Díaz.
Gare gare, akatorwa kuti aite mabasa mamwe chetewo pasi pemirairo yaIgnacio de la Torre, uyo akanga ari mukuwasha waGeneral Porfirio Díaz uye anonzwa chidakadaka nokuda kwounyanzvi hwake nouchenjeri pamusoro pemabhiza.
Yakasvika muna Ndira 24, 1609, kirabhu inozivikanwa kwazvo inonzi Melchor Ocampo yakavambwa muVilla de Ayala, kutsigira kukwikwidza kwaPatricio Leyva panguva yehurumende yenyika yeMorelos, Zapata iri pakati penhengo dzayo, inoonekwa kekutanga nyika yezvematongerwo enyika, uye kusiya kumashure nharaunda yevarimi. Akazvipira kutsigira mumiriri asingafarire varidzi veminda, sezvakaita Pablo Escandón y Barrón, muridzi weSan Diego Atlihuayán ranch.
Musi waGunyana 12 wegore rimwe chetero, Emiliano Zapata akasarudzwa secalpuleque, izwi muNahaualt, iro rinoshandura semutungamiri kana mutungamiri, kushandisa Defence Board yenharaunda yeAnenecuilco, Villa de Ayala, Moyotepec, pasi pechinzvimbo ichi. maitiro ekuongorora uye kuongorora chero gwaro rakawanikwa uye raive nezve viceroyalty, kwavakapupurira kodzero dzezvivakwa zvevakagara pamusoro penzvimbo dzavo.
Kare yakanga yarambwa neReform Laws, kunyanya Mutemo weLerdo, uyo waimanikidza mapoka akasiyana-siyana evagari vemunyika kuti vatengese kana kutora minda yavo yakanga isingabudiriri, iri nyaya pane imwe nguva, ichitsigirwa nemadzishe akasiyana-siyana akadai senyaya yaTomás. Mejía, kuhurumende dzinochengetedza, pamwe neChipiri Humambo hweMexico.
Mitemo yakadzikwa iyi yakabatsira vanhu vakawanda kuti vawedzere kutora kwavo minda zvisiri pamutemo, vachiti varidzi veminda yavasina kushandira vagari. Chikonzero chakamukurudzira kuti ave mugari akasiyana naMorelos, nyika yake yekuzvarwa.
Mumwedzi waKukadzi wegore ra1910, akaverengerwa, mukati meChipfumbamwe cheCavalry Regiment yaive muCuernavaca, aine chinzvimbo chemauto chemusojawo zvake.
Mumwedzi waMay wegore ra1910, achishandisa mauto, akanunura nzvimbo dzechipatara cheHacienda del Hospital, dzairindwa nomukuru mukuru wemapurisa, VaJosé A. Vivanco, uye akazvipawo kuvarimi vomuguta. nharaunda. Nekuda kwechiitiko ichi, aitofanira kutiza kakawanda kubva kuvakuru vehurumende, nekuti akasarudzwa segororo.
Mushure menguva yakanaka, mwedzi mishomanana gare gare akapinda mumusangano wakaitwa muVilla de Ayala, kuitira kuti agadzirise nyaya yakabatana, iyo yaizove iyo Ayala Plan. Akakwanisa kuunganidza vagari vese vavakidzani venharaunda nhatu idzi: Anenecuilco, Villa de Ayala neMoyotepec, iyo nzira yekugoverwa kutsva kwenyika inotanga, vachiputsa fenzi dzakaiswa munzvimbo dzakatenderedza.
The Maderista Revolution uye Ayala Plan
Francisco I. Madero, anozivisa Chirongwa cheSan Luis, icho chakaratidza kutanga kweKumukira kwe1910, Emiliano Zapata anoverenga kopi, izvo zvinoita kuti ave neshungu dzekuda kuziva nekusimbisa chinyorwa chechitatu, chakataurwa muchirongwa, chakaratidza kudzoserwa kwekupa. ivhu kuvaridzi vayo vekare.
Pakarepo, Zapata anotaura naPablo Torres Burgos, mudzidzisi akakosha wekumaruwa, uye naGabriel Tepepa, Catarino Perdomo naMargarito Martínez. Vakabvuma kuti Torres Burros, achiva akadzidza zvikurusa pamitezo, akawana bvunzurudzo nomutungamiriri weChimurenga, Francisco I. Madero akakurumbira, muguta reSan Antonio, Texas.
Mushure memubvunzurudzo uye maererano nezvakakurukurwa, vakasarudza kutora zvombo Pablo Torres Burgos, Emiliano Zapata, Rafael Merino, uye vangangoita 60 varimi, pakati pavo: Catarino Perdomo, Próculo Capistrán, Manuel Rojas, Juan Sánchez, Cristóbal Gutiérrez, Julio. Díaz, Zacarías naRefugio Torres, Jesús Becerra, Bibiano Cortés, Serafín Plascencia, Maurilio Mejía naCelestino Benítez. Tinokurudzira Biography yaGuadalupe Victoria
Sezvo vakaunganidzwa musi waKurume 26, 1911, mumutambo weLenten muguta reCuautla, vakazivisa Hurongwa hweSan Luis.
Emiliano Zapata akaenda kumaodzanyemba, nekuti aitambudzwa naAureliano Blanquet neuto rake remasoja. Munguva ino inoenderana nenguva yeboka reZapatista, hondo dzeChinameca, Jojutla, Jonacatepec, Tlayecac naTlaquiltenango dzinomira pachena, pamwe nerufu rweZapatista uye mukuru ane mukurumbira wesangano reSuriano, anozivikanwa Pablo Torres Burgos. , uyo chaizvoizvo akatungamirira Emiliano pachake.
Mushure mekufa kwaEmiliano Zapato, anosarudzwa neRevolutionary Junta yekuMaodzanyemba, munaKurume 29, 1911, semutungamiri mutsva wechimurenga maderista wekumaodzanyemba. Zvinodiwa naZapatista vakaratidza maonero avo echokwadi cheshanduko yezvekurima "Nyika ndeyavanoishanda", sirogani yakashandiswa naTeodoro Flores, aive baba vehama dzaFlores Magón, izvo zvakazove chiratidzo chakakosha muhondo yake yehupenzi. zviitiko zvePorfirio Diaz.
Saizvozvo, Francisco León de la Barra anotaurwa, uyo munzvimbo yake semutungamiri, akatungamira matambudziko mazhinji ezvematongerwo enyika uye nezvombo kumutungamiri wekumaodzanyemba, kusanganisira Francisco I. Madero pachake.
Saka, Emiliano Zapata akaisa muzinda wake mudhorobha reCuautlixco, riri padyo neCuautla. Kubva panzvimbo iyoyo, anotungamira kurwisa kwake kuPorfirista Army, yakachengetedzwa ne5th Regiment, pasi pemirairo yeColonel Eutiquio Munguía, seRural Corps, iri pasi pekutonga kweMutungamiri Gil Villegas.
Musi waKurume 29, Emiliano Zapato akabata chinzvimbo chemutungamiri wemauto echimurenga, ayo panguva iyoyo aiumbwa nevarume vangangoita chiuru. Vakasvika musi waApril 2, vanotora Huehuetlán, Puebla uye vanokwanisa kutora guta rose nemusi waMay 13, 1911.
Nekuda kwekukunda kweMaderismo, Emiliano Zapata haana kukwanisa kutumira mauto, pasina imwe neimwe yenhengo kupihwa chengetedzo yevhu kuti vazvipire pakurima, panzvimbo yezvombo. Sekureva kwake, kurwa hakuperi nekukundwa kwePorfirismo, asi nekugadziriswa kwevagari vepasi: kudzoreredzwa kwenzvimbo dzakabiwa nevapfumi varidzi veminda.
Chiitiko ichi chaive chakanakira Francisco de León de la Barra, uyo akashanda semutungamiri wenguva pfupi, kuti azvione sechimurenga, chikonzero chakaita kuti atumire mauto kuti aitonge: varume chiuru vakarairwa naye, vatungamiriri vemauto Victoriano Huerta naAureliano Blanquet. . Ziva mune inotevera link, hupenyu hwe Victorian Orchard.
Muna Nyamavhuvhu wegore ra1911, Francisco I. Madero akabvuma kuita musangano naEmiliano Zapata, muYautepec, kuti awane mhinduro ine rugare kuchinetso chekumaodzanyemba uye nechinangwa chokumunyengetedza kuti abvume kuti abudise mauto ake. Zvichakadaro, pepanhau renyika rinodzidzisa rakanga richigadzirira kubvunza zviito zvaEmiliano Zapata nesimba guru.
Panguva yemusangano uyu havana kuzosvika pachibvumirano nekuti Madero haana kugamuchira shanduko yezvekurima sezvakagadzirwa naZapata. Kuna Madero, chinhu chikuru, maererano nekutenda kwake, kwaive kugadzirira shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika, ukuwo Zapata aive nepfungwa yekuisa pamberi pekudzoka kwenyika dzakabiwa nevaridzi veminda. Zapata akatsigira kuti Madero aive mutengesi kune revolution.
Nechikonzero ichi, hurumende yemubatanidzwa yakakurudzira kugadzirisa kurongeka panzvimbo yemhirizhonga, saka, pamwe nemauto ayo, yakapararira pamusoro pemiganhu yese pakati peGuerrero nePuebla, ichihwanda nehurumende, uye kuita kunyangira kwemauto madiki emubatanidzwa. Munguva iyi, Emiliano Zapata akaroora Josefa Espejo, ari mwari wemubatanidzwa Francisco I. Madero pachake.
NaMadero seMutungamiriri weRepublic, misiyano haina kupera. Zapata anosangana naMadero mukati meNational Palace, uko kune gakava rinopisa rinoitika. Madero anopa Zapata hacienda mudunhu reMorelos, aine chinangwa chekumubhadharira mabasa ake ese akaitwa kuRevolution, chiito chinotsamwisa Zapata, iye achipindura achiti:
Kwete, Mr Wood. Handina kutora zvombo kuti nditore nyika nemapurazi. Ndakatora zvombo kuti vanhu veMorelos vadzore zvakabiwa kubva kwavari. Saka zvino, VaMadero, zadzisa zvamakativimbisa, ini nedunhu reMorelos, kana chichicuilota chinotora iwe neni.
Achiri kutaura kudaro akabva arova zvine simba nepfuti yake padhesiki pakanga pakagara Madero.
Mune dzimwe kurukurirano pakati paFrancisco I. Madero naEmiliano Zapata, wepashure akamuita kuti aone kuti vanhu vari muminda vainzwa sei apo minda yavo yakapambwa.
Zapata akavaudza kuti ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika kuMorelos, uko varidzi veminda vakawanda vakanga vapamba vagari venyika dzavo.
Zapata, muna Mbudzi 25, 1911, akatanga chirongwa cheAyala icho chakanyorwa naOtilio E. Montaño, chinyorwa kuti chive chake chakasiyana uye muenzaniso mupenyu wepfungwa dzevarimi kubva kuMorelos.
Gwaro iri raida kusunungurwa kwevanhu veko uye kugovewa kwenzvimbo huru dzakaumbwa nePorfiriato. Francisco I. Madero haana kubatanidzwa semutungamiri wenyika, uye Pascual Orozco akanyoreswawo semutungamiri ari pamutemo wegadziriro yeChimurenga cheMexico.
Gwaro iri rakagadziridzwa mushure mekumukira kwaVictoriano Huerta kune akasiyana mafungiro uye akazodzivirirwa naZapata muAguascalientes Convention.
Vakavhenekerwa vakatsaurirwa kushandura Plan de Ayala, uko Madero naHuerta vakanga vasingazivikanwi, zviito zvavo sevatungamiri, uye Orozco semukuru wechimurenga, vakanyatsogadzirisa hutano hwemagariro evanhu, uye vakasiya kubvumirana kwechirevo che. "kirasi" yevanhu veMexico.
Kunze kwegwaro iri rakasimbirira kuti sezvo rakanga risati raitwa nevimbiso yakaitwa kuvarombo, kurwisana nemaoko ndiyo chete nzira yekuwana kururamisira.
Asi, ndezvekuita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti Ayala Plan haisi gwaro rakanyorwa chete kuratidza pfungwa dzesangano reZapatista, asi rinoreva chiratidzo chekutanga chakagadzwa mugwaro repamutemo riri repfungwa yesocialist muMexico. , pamusana pekuti akanga ambozviratidza pachake nezvinyorwa zvakadhindwa, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvisiri zvepamutemo, naRicardo Flores Magón.
Mukati mechirevo cheAyala Plan, pane pfungwa dzinoratidza pfungwa idzi nenzira iri pedyo, iyo inopupurirwa mumakona akaiswa nenhamba 6th, 7th uye 8th.
Kuti tinzwisise pfungwa idzi, zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti zvakafanana neChimurenga cheMexico, Chimurenga cheRussia chakatangwa, icho chakazovawo nemafungiro emasocialism, ayo akashandiswa neboka revarimi, vari vazhinji munguva idzodzo muRussia.
Mugwaro rinowanikwa chirevo chepamutemo chemutsara unozivikanwa wekuti "Nyika ndeyevaya vanoishanda", iyo yakazoshandiswa muRevolution, neanozivikanwa Ernesto Che Guevara.
Muchikamu chechisere, zvinoita sekunge varidzi veminda, masayendisiti kana madzishe anopikisa zvinhu zvavo achatorwa uye zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvavanazvo zvichaitwa nyika. Ipfungwa yakakosha, iyo yakabvumira vanyori vegwaro repamutemo, saZapata pachake, kuona pfungwa dzesocialist.
Muna 1912, Emiliano Zapata akarwa neFederal Army, yaive pasi pemirairo yeGeneral Arnoldo Casso López, Juvencio Robles naFelipe Ángeles, nechinangwa chekuwana kugadzikana mumatunhu ekumaodzanyemba.
Nepo vaZapatista vakaedza kuzvidzivirira uye vakaita kudaro nekukasira, uye zvinoenderana nezvakataurwa neFederal Army: munhoroondo dzekurwiswa kweZapatista, zvakajairika kuti mareferensi ekupinda, kupiswa uye kubatwa chibharo kuoneke pakati pezvimwe zvinhu Zvakafanana.
Asi, chokwadi chenyaya dzese idzi ndechekuti dzakagadziridzwa kuitira kururamisa matambudziko akaitwa nevatori vechikamu veFederal Army. Igore iro kurwiswa kweTepalcingo, Yautepec, Cuautla neCuernavaca kwakajeka, zvisinei, zvinofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kuti panguva iyoyo bato reZapatista rakanga risina kusimba mune zvematongerwo enyika nemauto, kunyanya mushandirapamwe wehurumende yeMaderista ichipikisa akatsamwa surianos, kusiiwa pasi peGeneral Felipe Ángeles.
Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwemaitiro avo akasimukira uye anochinjika, vakadzikisa mabhesi eZapatismo, nekuti Ángeles aiwirirana navo.
Kurwisana kumaodzanyemba mushure mekufa kwaMadero
Mushure mechiitiko chakaitika nekuda kwekufa kwaFrancisco I. Madero, uye kuuya kusimba kwaVictoriano Huerta, kurwisana nemaoko kwakasimuka, apo Zapata akaonekwa semumwe wevatungamiri vakanyanya kukosha, iyo yaakaisa huru uye. shanduko dzakakosha muMorelos.
Gare gare, zvinzvimbo izvi zvakamuita kuti asangane nemutungamiri mutsva, panguva iyoyo General Venustiano Carranza. Vari musimba, Victoriano Huerta, anonyora komisheni, mukuru wayo ari baba vaPascual Orozco, VaBaba Orozco, nechinangwa chekutaurirana runyararo nerunyararo naEmiliano Zapata.
Chiitiko ichi chakabatana kuitira kuti nyaya yehondo munyika imbomira zvishoma. Panguva iyoyo, Zapata aive nesimba raMorelos munzvimbo zhinji dzeMexico, dzakaita sematunhu eGuerrero, Puebla neTlaxcala, zvichiita kuti zviome kubvumirana nevanhu vaimurondedzera se "mhondi dzeMadero".
Akauraya nhume yaHuerta nemaoko, akanyorawo tsamba yakatumirwa kuna General Félix Díaz, kwaakaratidza kuramba kwake hurumende yaHuerta; Mumwedzi waChivabvu wegore rimwe chetero, akazvitsaurira pakugadzirisa Chirongwa chake cheAyala, kunyanya kuzivisa Victoriano Huerta semunhu anonyadzisa kuti ave mutungamiri wenyika.
Ipapo, akaenderera mberi nekubvisa Pascual Orozco pachinzvimbo cheMutungamiriri weChimurenga uye Zapata akasara ari iye chete Mukuru achamiririra Liberation Army yeSouth. Mumakore ekutanga a1914, Emiliano Zapato akauya kuzotora mataundi eJonacatepec neChilpancingo.
Mugore iroro akava nechikamu cheuto raiumbwa nevarume 27.000 XNUMX, iro rakabatsira mumwedzi waApril kudzora nyika yeMorelos nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeGuerrero. Mazuva mashomanana gare gare, akauya kuzotora Cuernavaca, uye muna June, akatora nharaunda dzeCuajimalpa, Xochimilco neMilpa Alta, chokwadi chainetsa Mexico City.
Vagari veguta guru reMexico vakatsika pavakaziva kuti mauto eZapata aive pedyo. Zvadaro, mauto ebumbiro akavhara migwagwa kuitira kuti vasakwanisa kuwana Mexico City.
Mumwedzi waSeptember, Venustiano Carranza Garza, wezvematongerwo enyika weMexico, musoja uye muzvinabhizimisi, akarayira Juan Sarabia, Antonio I. Villarreal naLuis Cabrera Lobato, kuti vabvumirane naEmiliano Zapata, asi, zvakare, Suriano caudillo akakurudzira Venustiano Carranza kusiya basa. kubva kune Executive Power, uye kucherechedzwa kweAyala Chirongwa.
Makomisheni, pamwe nemhinduro yavo, vakasiya musasa wavo nenyika, nekuti Carranza aipikisa zvakasimba zvikumbiro zvavo, achivarondedzera se "zvisina kufanira" kune zviitiko izvo nyika yakanga ichipfuura.
Hurumende ye "conventionalist".
Emiliano Zapata, ari mudzimbahwe reCuernavaca mwedzi iwoyo, haana kutambisa nguva, saka akatanga chirongwa chekuzivisa kuendeswa kweminda yaive yevatorwa.
Akakokwa nemamwe makomishina eAguascalientes Convention, uko mapoka matatu akakosha akapinda muChimurenga cheMexico aivepo, vakaedza kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwavo.
Pachiitiko ichi, Emiliano Zapata haana kuenda, zvisinei, akakwanisa kutumira komisheni pachinzvimbo chake, iyo yakaumbwa naAntonio Díaz Soto y Gama, uyo aive protagonist weChiitiko cheMureza, pamwe naLeobardo Galván González, ari. maMorelos akabatana akatumirwa naZapata kuAguascaliente.
Akaita hutungamiri hwakanaka hwekubatsira kwekomisheni yeZapatista, nhaurirano dzakaitwa naLucio Blanco, pamwe naGeneral Francisco Villa pachake, Paulino Martínez, Manuel J. Santibáñez naManuel Uriarte, avo vakaita sevacherechedzi kusvikira vamuita kuti asarudze. denha Venustiano.
Nenzira iyi, Emiliano Zapata akasangana naFrancisco Villa, uye vaviri vakaziva Eulalio Gutiérrez, musoja weMexico uye wezvematongerwo enyika, semutungamiri weMexico, zvisinei, zviito zvaVenustiano Carranza zvakakonzera kusingaperi kwehondo yevagari vemo. Kunyange zvazvo yakasvika pakupera kwaNovember, Chikamu chakasimba cheNorth pamwe neLiberation Army yeSouth yakapinda muMexico City.
Ipapo, mukurumbira wenyika wesangano reZapatista wakatanga, sechimwe chikamu chakanga chisingazikanwi chevarimi vokuSurianos nevaibva Kuchamhembe. Munguva yekugara kwavo muguta guru reMexico, mauto ehondo akachengetedza hunhu hwerunyararo nerunyararo: vakawana zviwanikwa kuburikidza nezvipo uye vakadzivirira ugororo nekurwiswa nemakororo mazhinji, avo vakashinga kuzvipfuudza saZapatistas.
Musi waZvita 4 wegore iroro, Villa naZapata vakawana hurukuro yakakurumbira muXochimilco, kwavakawana mubatanidzwa wemauto emauto maviri aya. Kune iyo Villa, mukutsinhana, yakabvuma iyo inozivikanwa zvikuru Ayala Plan, kunze kwekunyunyuta kwake kuna Francisco I. Madero, uyo akanga aita semuponesi wake, akamanikidzwa kupa zvombo zvake kuna Zapata.
Kamwe zvibvumirano zvakasimbiswa, Emiliano Zapata akaenda kuAmecameca, saka musi waDecember 17, 1914 akatora Puebla, zvisinei, mumazuva ekutanga aJanuary, nzvimbo yacho yakabvarurwa kubva kwaari nemauto eGeneral Álvaro Obregón.
Naizvozvo, aitofanira kushandisa nhamburiko dzake huru kurwisa uto rine simba reVillista, izvo zvakaita kuti Morelos adzivirirwe uye atongerwe nevagari vomuminda muna 1915, vakatora zvombo, mukuwedzera pakubatsirwa nenyanzvi dzehondo.suriana.
Mugore ra1916, apo Venustiano Carranza yakanga yatogadzwa muMexico City, uye apo Francisco Villa akatambura nekukundwa kuzhinji nemauto aÁlvaro Obregón, Carranza akarayira kurwiswa kweZapatismo, achirairwa naPablo González Garza.
Nekubatana kwemauto endege, Cuernavaca, mumwedzi waChivabvu, yakarohwa nevebumbiro remitemo, zvisinei, kudzoka kwacho kwaive kwenguva pfupi mumaoko eZapatistas, vachiramba vari pasi pesimba ravo muna Zvita 8 wegore rimwe chetero.
Asi, nekushomeka kwezvombo, uye kunyimwa kubatana kweVillista, mumazuva mashoma maguta ese ehurumende aive pasi pekuraira kwevanoongorora bumbiro. Riri gore 1917 iro Zapata afunga kutanga kurwisa kwaakakwanisa kutorazve Jonacatepec, Yautepec, Cuautla, Miahuatlán, Tetecala neCuernavaca.
Kwemwedzi waKurume, mutemo wekutonga wekudzivirira nyika wakaziviswa, zvikoro zvakavhurwa, masangano akasiyana akaumbwa kuti atange zvakare kugadzirwa kwechikafu kubva kumaruwa, uye hondo yakaenderera mberi munzvimbo dzakaganhurana nemuganhu.
Asi mumwedzi waGumiguru wegore iroro, General Pablo González Garza akapinda muMorelos kuti atore nyika yacho. Mugore ra1918, Emiliano Zapata, akaita mumamiriro akafanana naFrancisco Villa mugore, gandanga rakanga risina ramangwana rakanaka, nekuda kwehondo dzisingaperi, uye kushaikwa kwezvombo, kufa kwemadzishe nevarimi. mutemo wakagadzwa naCarranza wakafadza chikonzero cheSurian.
Bato rake, risingarambiki uye kuratidzira kusabvumirana kwevagari vepasi, kwakatadza kupfeka sesangano rechokwadi rerudzi rwezvematongerwo enyika nemauto. Kufungidzira kumukira kwesangano revarimi, kwaakazvipira kuti aite hondo yake yehugandanga kubva mugore ra1918.
Kufa kwaEmiliano Zapata
Nemhaka yehondo yakaziviswa nehurumende, akatora nharaunda dzine chisimba dziri kuchamhembe. Zvichakadaro, gonzalist Jesús Gajardo, murwi wekuMexico akapinda muChimurenga cheMexico, akanyengedza Zapata, zvekuti akamuita kuti atende kuti akanga asingafariri Carranza, uye kuti akanga achida kubatana naye nokuda kwechikonzero chake.
Asi, Emiliano Zapata, akamukumbira humbowo hwekuvimba naye, Guajardo akamuratidza paakapfura mamwe mauto makumi mashanu emubatanidzwa, nemvumo yaCarranza naPablo González, uye akapa Zapata pfuti nepfuti, izvo zvaizomubvumira kuti aenderere mberi nehondo. hondo.
Saka, pana April 10, 1919, vakabvuma kuva nomusangano paHacienda de Chinameca muMorelos. Zapata akatizira nemauto ake kunze kwehacienda, apo aiswedera mukati maro nekuperekedza kwake kwakagadzirwa nevarume gumi.
Wangoyambuka gedhi guru, murindi akamira pamusuwo anoridza bhegi rake kuti akudzwe. Kuve chiratidzo chakakosha kune vatengesi, avo vaive vakavigwa pamusoro pedenga remba, kuti vavhure zvisina tsitsi moto kuna Zapata, uyo munguva pfupi aive nenguva yekukwevera chombo chake, asi pfuti chaiyo yakakanda kubva muruoko rwake; pakarepo mutungamiri akafira pasi.
Vazhinji vakaramba chiitiko ichocho. Saizvozvo, pakarepo mushure mekufa kwake, vakavhura pfuti pamuviri wake nepfuti dzinopfuura makumi maviri, Zapa yakava muparidzi wechimurenga uye chiratidzo chevarombo uye vanoshaya maguta.
Bato rechimurenga rakaenderera mberi, asi nehungwaru hushoma, nepo veZapatistas vakabvuma kudoma Gildardo Magaña Cerda semutungamiri weLiberation Army yeSouth. Uyu aizova wekupedzisira aizovamiririra, nokuti kwapera gore, shamwari dzekare dzaZapata dzakapinda muhurumende yeAguaprietista, zvisinei kuti vamwe vavo vakaurayiwa nehurumende pachayo.
Vazhinji vevagari vedunhu reMorelos, havana kubvuma kutenda kufa kwaZapata, chitendero chaive chekuti aive asiri mutungamiri wavo, akapondwa naGuajardo. Zvavaitaura kuti vaive vashaya chipfukuto chekuti kana Zapata aive murume murefu kana kusviba.
Sekureva kwamashoko, pakanga pasina mukana wekushamisika kana uchifunga kuti aive Zapata, nekuti aifanira kunge ari Zapata, akatiza rangano zhinji uye aigara aine hunches dzekuti vatengesi vakamuzivisa, kuti aive adonha sei nenzira iyi. . Mashoko aya airatidzawo kuti Zapata aive atumira mumwe wevaanoshanda navo pachinzvimbo chake, aive nechimiro chakasimba.
Asi, zvinosuruvarisa, kuzivikanwa kwemutumbi waZapata, kuburikidza nekupihwa chitupa kwevazhinji vekare-mumaoko-mumaoko uye nevanhu vepedyo pedyo naye, vakapa sechitupa chekuti chaive chitunha cheCaudillo yekumaodzanyemba.
Nhoroondo yakaendesa Zapata kuFar East, uko kwaive nemumwe wemuArab akanga amupa pekugara, maererano nengano, Zapata akanga apinda muguta reAcapulco kutizira kuArabia. Nepo vamwe vaiti mukati meusiku hune mwedzi, aionekwa akatasva achipoterera Anenecuilco, nzvimbo yaakaberekerwa.
Inotaurirawo ngano yeZapata, kuti munzvimbo ino nekufamba kwemakore mazhinji, murume akwegura akaonekwa akavharirwa mukati meimba, vazhinji vakasimbisa kuti yaiva Zapata.
Nekufamba kwenguva, gwaro rakabudiswa rakaonekwa raitsoropodza shanduro yepamutemo yakapihwa nezverufu rwaZapata paHacienda de Chinameca. Zvisinei, pari zvino hapana mhinduro yeruzhinji inopupurira nyaya yerufu rwake, kwete kunyange nyanzvi munyaya dzenhoroondo, iyo inopesana nemaitiro anopiwa neshanduro yepamutemo. Zapata, anozivikanwa semunyori wechirevo: "Zviri nani kufira netsoka dzako pane kurarama hupenyu hwese wakapfugama"
Upenyu hwehupenyu
Emiliano Zapata, kubva paudiki hwake, aive murume akatyora moyo yevasikana, uye panguva yekuvapo kwake aive nevakadzi vapfumbamwe.
Inotaurira nyaya yehupenyu hwaEmiliano Zapata, kuti chikonzero chakaita kuti apinde muchiuto kwaive kupambwa kwemusikana wechidiki. Chichemo chakamhan'arwa nababa vaInés Alfaro Aguilar, aive mudzimai wavo wekutanga uye uyo Zapata aizozvara vana vaviri: Nicolás naElena Zapata Alfaro.
Inés Alfaro Aguilar aive musikana murombo pakuzvarwa, aine hunhu hwakanaka uye hunogutsa, ndosaka asina hanya nehupombwe hwemurume wake.
Saizvozvowo, nyanzvi munyaya dzenhoroondo Jesús Sotelo Inclan anotiudza kuti Zapata akaroora mukadzi wechidiki kubva kuboka rakapfuma renzanga ainzi Luisa Merino, uye muna Nyamavhuvhu 20, 1911.
Pakangodonha hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwePorfirista, akaroora musikana Josefa Espejo Sánchez, anozivikanwa sa "La Generala", chizvarwa cheAnenecuilco, mwanasikana waDon Fidencio Espejo naGuadalupe Sánchez, waakaita naye vamwe vana vaviri.
Wekutanga wevana ava ainzi Felipe, uyo akaberekerwa pachikomo cheEl Jilguero, achifa aine makore mashanu chete okuberekwa ari mukati meimwe yenzvimbo dzaimbogara mhuri iyi, mushure mekunge arumwa nenyoka yenyoka.
Mwanasikana wechipiri, anonzi Josefa, akaberekerwa kuTlaltizapán, uye gore risati rafa mukoma wake Felipe, akafa nerumborera rwechinyavada. Saka Josefa akasiyiwa asina vana. Asi, Emiliano Zapata, aive nevamwe vana, vakaita sa: Ana María Zapata, mwanasikana waPetra Torres.
Mamiziyamu
Kune inozivikanwa Zapata Route, inova chirongwa chevashanyi chekuzivisa nhoroondo yeainzi mutungamiri wechimurenga.
Pano tinopa yakakurumbira nzira yeZapata:
cuautla
Iri muchiteshi chechitima chine mukurumbira, chaishanda seZapatista barracks; muzinda wemanisiparati, uko mutumbi wake wakamutswa; nzvimbo yeMaodzanyemba, "Plaza del Señor del Pueblo" nzvimbo yakavharirwa apo masara ake akazorora, ayo ari pasi pechifananidzo mukukudzwa kwake; zvakare muchina we279, wakashanda munguva dzekuchinja.
anenecuilco
Munzvimbo ino, mune Zapata House Museum, inova museum, inoratidzira kamuri yakazvarwa mutsigiri Emiliano Zapata.
Chinameca
Zvisaririra zvenyaya yeiyi hacienda kwaakapondwa zvinowanika, uye mapikicha akawanda echiitiko chacho anoratidzwa.
Tlaltizapan
Munzvimbo ino mune iyo Zapatista Barracks Museum uye pantheon yeEmiliano Zapata Salazar.
Emiliano Zapata uye Revolution yeMexico
Kuna Zapata, chokwadi chekushanda mumabasa ake akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika nemauto, pamwe nekunakidzwa, haana kumbodzima kubva mupfungwa dzake mhiko yaakazivisa yekutonga vanhu vake. Muna 1911, nekuda kweizvi, akasimuka nemaoko kurwisa hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwaPorfirio Díaz.
Emiliano Zapata, panguva imwecheteyo, akatsigira kukwikwidza kwaFrancisco I Madero semutungamiri. Zvisinei, Medero paakangotanga kutonga, haana kuchengeta zvipikirwa zvake. Chikonzero, icho chakaita kuti caudillo yekumaodzanyemba uye vateveri vake vanetseke kusvika pakuregeredza basa rake.
Mushure mechiitiko ichi, Emiliano Zapata akabatana naPurofesa Otilio Montaño uye mukambani yake vakazivisa Ayala Plan, chiitiko chaNovember 28, 1911. Muzvinyorwa zveChirongwa, kutengesa kwaMadero kwakarangwa.
Saizvozvo, kudzoserwa kwenyika dzakadzurwa muPorfiriato kwakakumbirwa, uye kuendeswa kweminda yevaridzi veminda yavo kwakamanikidzwa. Emiliano Zapata akaenderera mberi nehondo yake, kusvikira Colonel Jesús Guajardo amunyengetedza kuti iye nevateveri vake vairwisana naMadero, uye kuti aizomutsigira pamwe chete nevanhu vake nezvombo.
Asi, kumatambudziko evanhu vake uye mutungamiri ane mukurumbira uye mudziviriri wevarimi, kwaiva kutengesa. Riri zuva raApril wegore ra1919, Guajardo, akakoka caudillo yokumaodzanyemba kuti ipinde kuChinameca hacienda, Morelos, kwaanorayira kuti apondwe.
Ngano yepfuma yaEmiliano Zapata
Ngano yemunhu wekuMexico uyu, Emiliano Zapata, akabhabhatidzwa nezita remanyepo rekuti caudillo yekumaodzanyemba, anotaura kuti vagari vedunhu reMorelos, munzvimbo inozivikanwa seQuilamula, vakajaira uye kufarira chirikadzi yake, pamwe chete nekwavo. vana, vanogara vachifarira nyaya uye zviitiko zvegamba rakashinga rakadai.
Zvisinei, havazivi kuti muzvikomo zvakapoteredza taundi racho, vaZapatista vakahwanda mauto vachitungamirirwa naGeneral Jesús Guajardo. Zvinogona kunge zvakapambwa zvake zvegoridhe zvakavigwa munzvimbo iyi.
Asi, pakanga paine kuomerwa, kuti pakanga pasina mepu panguva iyoyo yaizoratidza neX nzvimbo yairatidzwa kuiwana, vaingove nerutsigiro rwekurangarira kwakanaka kwaEmilia, mwanasikana wemurume wechimurenga. Akanga ari musikana, ane mano makuru okurangarira tunhu tuduku, izvo amai vake vaakachengetesa muchivande, mundangariro make nzvimbo yakarurama apo pfuma yakavanzwa yakaramba iri.
Musikana uyu akati Zapata, wemumusasa wake, akaenda nemamwe masoja aakafamba nawo nhanho shoma kuenda kwaivigwa pfuma. Asi, ngano inazvo, havana kuzombodzoka, nekuti caudillo kubva kumaodzanyemba akavauraya kudzivirira chakavanzika kuti chisaburitswa.
Emilia akataurawo kuti akashandisa magirazi kutumira zviratidzo kubva kune chimwe chikomo kuenda kune chimwe, kuti akazviita kuti anyevere kuti mauto akanga ari pedyo, kuti avape nguva yekuvanda mukatikati memakomo.
Ngano yepfuma yaZapata inotaura kuti vagari vazhinji, vachiperekedzwa nemuvhimi wepfuma, vakazvipira kutsvaga chirikadzi yaZapata kuitira kuti avabatsire kuwana goridhe rakanga ravigwa neshanduko.
Kuvarume ava vakashinga, chinangwa chavo chaiva chekuwana pfuma uye kuti nyaya dzaitaurwa maererano neizvi zviitike. Saka vakaenda uye pavakadzoka vakaita basa rekuona kuti mushure mekuita basa rakawanda vakawana musasa wechimurenga uri muchimiro chakanaka, sekunge nguva yakanga isati yafamba.
Zvakadai, vanoti vakakwanisa kunzwa kurira kwepfuti uye mimwe mitsindo yaienda musango, zuva rava kunyura.
Pakati pemimvuri, uye kunzwa kwevanhu vachifamba uye vachimhanya, zvakaita kuti vafambi varambe vachiita zvimwe chete. Kutya uye kumwe manzwiro zvakabata vaitsvaga pfuma yaEmiliano Zapata, avo vakasiya vari mushishi kutsvaga nzira yekutiza.
Kusvika nhasi, hazvizivikanwe nezve idzi nzendo, kana kuti vakawana pfuma yakavigwa, nepo mashura uye kutya zvichikura nekufamba kwemakore. Vanhu vazhinji vari pedyo naEmiliano Zapata vanochengeta chakavanzika chinozivikanwa nevanhu vekuQuilamula.
Zvisinei, kubvira 1990, kutsvaga kwegoridhe kunoramba kuripo, pasinei nemamiriro ekunze aripo. Ivo vanongotungamirwa nepfungwa chaiyo yekuenderera mberi nematanho ekuwana rombo rakanaka: enderera mberi nematanho ekuenda kune pfuma huru yakavigwa yeZapata.
Mutungamiriri weSouth, Ngano
Ngano inotaurawo nezvaEmiliano Zapata, anozivikanwa seCaudillo yekumaodzanyemba, kuti mushure mekufa kwake mutumbi wake wakatorwa nenyurusi kuenda kuCuautla, uko wakaratidzirwa kukamba yemapurisa kuti uonekwe sechidzidzo mumeso vapanduki vakamutsigira.
Nekuda kwerufu rwake rune ropa, Zapata yakava ngano, iri imwe yengano dzakabva kune uyu mumiriri weMexico, vanovimbisa kuti mutungamiri wechimurenga haana kufa panguva yekupfurwa, uye kuti mutumbi wakaunzwa nevakuru waive wakapetwa kaviri. yayo, iyo Zapata akashandisa muzviitiko zvakanyanya zvengozi.
Idealistic murume ane kutenda kwakasimba
Emiliano Zapata aive murume ane hungwaru uye panguva imwechete yakavhurika pfungwa, zvinopesana nemafungiro evamwe vapanduki veMexico, iyo yaakagadzira yake yeAgrarian Reform, iyo yainzi Ayala Plan, nekuti yakaziviswa muguta re. Ayala, mudunhu reMorelos.
Iyo Ayala Reform, yaida kushamwaridzana nezvikamu zvakakura zvevhu, uye kusunungura varimi vazhinji uye vanhu veko kubva muhudzvanyiriri hwakasimba hwelatifundist hwavakazviwana ivo. Emiliano Zapata aida kuenderana neimwe yemotto yake yakakurumbira: "Nyika yeavo vanoishanda."
Emiliano Zapata, murume ane kutenda kwakasimba uye kwakasimba, akatsigira kodzero yekurova uye kusunungurwa kwevakadzi. Zvinangwa zvake zvakasimba hazvina kumbogadziriswa neshanduko dzakatambura muhurumende dzakasiyana.
Nyika uye rusununguko
Emiliano Zapata, angove nemakore makumi maviri nematatu ekuberekwa, aive mutungamiri wechimurenga muguta reYautepec, kutarisana nezviito zvakaitwa nemukuru Pablo Escandón. Muna 23, akadzivirira nharaunda dzetaundi revarimi, nekuda kwekushungurudzwa kwevamwe varidzi vane nzvimbo dzakakura dzeminda, uye ndipo apo Zapata akataura mutsara wake unozivikanwa: "Zviri nani kufira netsoka dzako pane kufa. kurarama hupenyu hwako hwese pamabvi ako".
Akasvika muna 1909, kuburikidza nekuziviswa kwemutemo nemutungamiri weMexico Porfirio Díaz, akatyisidzira kukanganisa hupenyu hutete hwaitungamirwa nevarimi venyika nevanhu veko, uko kwaitonga varidzi veminda nemakambani makuru, vari vatenzi veminda yese yekurima uye yakaorera. kurima.
Kuva mamiriro ezvinhu achishanduka nechinhu chinosiririsa, kuti mumwedzi waGunyana wegore rimwe chetero, vagari venharaunda yaigara Zapata, vakakokwa kumusangano wakavanzika kwavakamusarudza semutungamiri wekanzuru itsva yekanzuru.
Zapata akafarira mukurumbira usina kumira, wakaramba uchiwedzera uye gore rakatevera, vakange vatova ne motto yavo "Nyika neRusununguko", muzvinabhizimisi uye wezvematongerwo enyika ainzi Francisco Ignacio Madero akabatana nesangano rechimurenga, akaedza kubvisa Diaz. hurumende.
Mazwi ane mukurumbira Emiliano Zapata
Muchikamu chino tichakuratidza mitsara yaEmiliano Zapata, iyo yakagarwa nhaka neguta panguva yemhirizhonga yeMexico.
"Ndinoregerera anoba neanouraya, asi anopandukira, haambofi."
“Nyika norusununguko!”
"Kana pasina kururamisira kwevanhu, hurumende ngapasava nerunyararo."
"Ndakatsunga kurwisa zvese uye munhu wese asina imwe bastion kunze kwekuvimba nerutsigiro rwevanhu vangu."
"Murimi akanga ane nzara, akatambura, akatambura kushandiswa uye kana akasimuka mumaoko ake kwaiva kuwana chingwa icho makaro evapfumi aimuramba."
"Kusaziva uye kusaziva nguva dzose hakuna kubudisa chimwe chinhu kunze kwemapoka evaranda nokuda kwehudzvinyiriri."
"Isu takamirira nguva yekupedzisira, nguva chaiyo iyo vanhu vanonyura kana kuponeswa."
“Ndichataura chokwadi chinovava; asi ini handingakutaurii chinhu chisiri chechokwadi, chakarurama uye nekutendeka.
"Vavengi venyika uye verusununguko rwevanhu vanogara vachidana makororo avo vanozvipira nokuda kwezvikonzero zvavo zvakanaka."