I-amphitheatre Kuyindawo yemikhosi yomphakathi esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu yempucuko yasendulo yamaRoma. Ngesakhiwo esinesici esikhulu, sihlanganisa isikhala esiyindilinga noma esiyisiyingi esinqanyulwe yi-grandstand eyakhiwe ngamakhothamo namavawuli, kanye nendawo emaphakathi enenkundla lapho imibukiso ibibanjelwe khona.
UMbuso WaseRoma wakha ama-amphitheatre emhlabeni wonke. phakathi nokwanda kwayo ngeNkathi Yasendulo, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi iColosseum eRoma. Ngakho-ke, le mpucuko isishiye namuhla ifa lamasiko lapho lezi zindawo zihloselwe ukugujwa kwezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi. Uma ufuna ukwazi yini i-amphitheatre futhi wazi umsuka nomlando wayo, hlala nathi ukuze ukuthole.
Yini i-amphitheatre?
Igama elithi "inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini" linomsuka walo we-etymological egameni lesiGreki "i-amphithéatron" kuphi "amphi" lisho “izinhlangothi zombili” futhi "ithiyetha", "indawo ongayibona". Kuyindawo ebekelwe ukubona "nhlangothi zombili" noma "nhlangothi zonke", izehlakalo ezibanjelwe lapho ngenxa yokuma kwayo okuyisiyingi, okusaqanda noma okufanayo.
I-amphitheatre yazalwa ngaleyo ndlela empucukweni yaseRoma yasendulo njenge indawo esetshenziselwa umphakathi ehloselwe ukubungaza imibukiso nemicimbi, edume kakhulu impi ye-gladiator, kodwa futhi ibambe izimpi phakathi kwezilwane, ukubulawa komphakathi noma imisebenzi yezemidlalo, phakathi kokunye.
Izinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi zakhiwa abaphathi bomphakathi baseRoma kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ezaziqondiswa izicukuthwane zasemadolobheni.
Ngokusho kwamarekhodi omlando, ama-amphitheatre okuqala abuyela ekupheleni kwe- Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC, nakuba usuku oluqondile nendawo yenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yokuqala eyakhiwe emlandweni akwaziwa. Inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yokuqala evikelekile yileyo yasePompeii, eyakhiwa cishe ngo-75 BC.
AmaRoma akha ama-amphitheatre angaphezu kuka-200 abo bonke osayizi kuwo wonke umbuso wawo phakathi nokwanda nokuba ngunaphakade kwawo., ikakhulukazi entshonalanga, njengoba izifunda ezisempumalanga zazigcwele izinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zamaGreki nezinkundla ezazivame ukusetshenziselwa imigubho yomphakathi. Phakathi nokwanda kombuso, amakamu ebutho lamaRoma ayevame ukuba nenkundla yawo—imvamisa eyayenziwe ngokhuni- ayeyisebenzisela ukuqeqesha nokuzijabulisa.
Lokhu kusakazwa kwezakhiwo namasiko akuyona into engaphezu kokubonakaliswa kwe-idiosyncrasies yesiko lamaRoma: uma kukhona into abantu baseRoma ababeyithanda, kwakuwumbukiso kanye nethuba lokuhambela imidlalo emangalisayo ekwazi ukuvusa imizwa enamandla kakhulu.
I-amphitheatre eyaziwa kakhulu yi- IRoma Coliseum elandelayo inkundla ye-verona. Kodwa akhona amanye ama-amphitheatre agcinwe kahle namuhla njenge-Arles, Burnum, Capua, El Djem, Frejus, Nimes, Leptis Magna, Pergamum, Pompeii, Pula, Salona, Tarragona kanye no-Uthina nabanye abaningi. Cishe zingama-75 izinsalela zama-amphitheatre eziye zatholakala emhlabeni wonke zasakazwa kulokho ezikhathini zasendulo ezaziyingxenye yoMbuso WaseRoma, ukuze sithole ikhathalogu yama-amphitheatre aseRoma emazweni amaningi ahlanganisa: Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Croatia. , Austria, United Kingdom, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia kanye neMorocco.
Izici zezakhiwo zama-amphitheatre
Izakhiwo zama-amphitheatre zasabela ku-raison d'être yayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa kanye nesigaba senhlalo ebihloselwe yona.
Su umumo oyisiyingi noma oval kwavumela umbukwane ukuba ubonakale kunoma iyiphi i-engeli. Izwe embozwe yisihlabathi phakathi nendawo wawunesimo esihle sokumelwa kohlobo lomcimbi owawubanjelwe lapho. Futhi izitendi, ezaziwa ngokuthi graderío noma i-cavea, zahlukaniswa zaba izifunda ezine ngokwesigaba senhlalakahle esasihlala kuzo: indawo ephansi—futhi eseduze kakhulu nenkundla—kwakuhlala izicukuthwane, izigele nezikhulu eziphakeme zokuphatha baseRoma; indawo emaphakathi yayihloselwe abantu abavamile kanye nephezulu - futhi ngokubonakala okubi kakhulu - kwabesifazane nezakhamuzi ezingenamalungelo.
Izitendi zokuqala zakhiwe nge itshe elibaziweyo futhi kamuva ukhonkolo wasetshenziswa futhi wafakwa ama-arcade nama-vaults. Esinye isici sama-amphitheatre awo uhlelo lwamanzi, eyayijabulela ukuphakama okukhulu kuma-amphitheatre amakhulu.
Ukuhlelwa kwesiyingi esivaliwe kwesikhala kwakuyindlela yokwakha ekhethwayo yamaRoma ngemidlalo yabo futhi yavela ezinkundleni zemidlalo zamaGreki ezizinhlangothi zombili kanye namathiyetha angama-semicircular aseGreece Yasendulo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini ingadidaniswa nezinkundla zemidlalo yaseshashalazini noma amasekisi, konke okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi. Ngenkathi inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini iyindilinga noma imise okweqanda, amatiyetha asendulo ase-Roman ayindilinga futhi amasekisi ayenomumo oyi-elliptical futhi esetshenziselwa ukwenza imibukiso yemijaho yasesiteji.
Njengabameleli abakhulu bezimpawu ezijwayelekile zenkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRoma sineColosseum yaseRoma kanye ne-Arena yaseVerona.. I-Roman Coliseum -ogama layo langempela lingu I-Amphitheatre yaseFlavian– isibonelo esidume kakhulu nesikhulu kunazo zonke, enenkundla enobukhulu obungama-87,5 x 54,8 m. Inamathikithi angama-80 futhi inomthamo wababukeli abangaba ngu-50.000. Futhi inohlelo olubanzi lokudonsa amanzi, isici esingasibona enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseVerona, lapho isasebenza khona futhi ibe nesandla ekulondolozweni okuhle kwetshe lesikhumbuzo. I-Verona Arena ilinganiselwa ku-152 x 123 m futhi ibingeyesithathu ngobukhulu ngemuva kweColosseum neCapua. Amakhothamo aphansi aholela emhubheni wangaphakathi ongu-4,4 m ububanzi ozungeza i-Arena.
Imicimbi ebanjelwe kuma-amphitheatre
Ukunambitheka kwabantu baseRoma kulo mbukiso kwadala yonke into imboni yezokuzijabulisa yemidlalo ebukhoma eyaba umthombo omkhulu wokuqashwa: kusukela kubaduni bamahhashi kuya kubazingeli bezilwane, kuya kubaculi namarakhi esihlabathi.
Ukukhuthazwa kwalemibukiso kwaba ephethwe yi-social elite yangaleso sikhathi: izimantshi ezazikhuthaza imicimbi yomphakathi, izakhamuzi ezicebile kanye nababusi ababezogcina belawula imibukiso.
Mhlawumbe amathikithi abemahhala njengoba abaphezulu abakhangisayo bebethanda kakhulu ukukhombisa ingcebo yabo nokuphana kunokusebenzisa le micimbi njengomthombo wemali engenayo.
Phakathi kwezenzakalo ezigujwa ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini zaseRoma sithola lezo ezichazwe ngezansi.
Ukulwa kweGladiator
Kwakuyi umbukiso owaziwa kakhulu futhi owandile eMbusweni WaseRoma wasendulo. Kuyisiko elitholwe emasikweni ase-Etruscan nase-Oscosamnite, umsuka waleli siko. Ngemincintiswano yokulwa, ama-gladiators abonisa amandla nokubaluleka kwawo.
Impi ye-gladiator eyodwa ibingomunye wemibukiso echithe igazi ebisenkundleni. Ngale migubho bekuhloswe ngayo ukudumisa izimfanelo ezifana nesibindi, ikhono lobuchwepheshe kanye nosaziwayo babahlanganyeli. Ukuchayeka kokuphila komuntu emathubeni okulahlekelwa yikho - okungukuthi, ukufa - kwakuyinto eyayidabukisa kakhulu emphakathini owawulapho futhi ngokungangabazeki eyenza le mibukiso ibe yizigcawu ezithandwayo kubantu baseRoma.
Izimantshi zedolobha laseRoma lasendulo kwakudingeka zenze umbukwane wezilwi (unera) njengendlela yokuzuza isikhundla, futhi amadolobha kuwo wonke umbuso anikela ngokuhlela imincintiswano yendawo ukuze abonise ubumbano lwawo namasiko aseRoma kanye nokugubha imicimbi esezingeni eliphezulu, njengokuvakasha kombuso noma usuku lokuzalwa lombusi.
Izimpi zama-Gladiator zaphawula ingqopha-mlando ngaleso sikhathi, zathola ukuthandwa okukhulu, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lapho abawinile ezimpini baba izinganekwane zangempela lapho kwasungulwa khona amakilabhu abalandeli babo.
Imibukiso yezilwane zasendle
Ngaphezu kwemiqhudelwano ye-gladiator, imibukiso ibibanjelwe ezinkundleni zama-amphitheatre nge izilwane ezingavamile zivela ezindaweni ezikude nombuso, lapho zathathwa khona ukuze zivezwe kamuva emicimbini. Kungaba amabhubesi, amahlosi, ama-panther, obhejane, izindlulamithi, njll., into eyayikhanga kakhulu umphakathi owawungajwayele ukubona lezi zibonelo, ngaphezu kwesithakazelo esivuswa izimpi ezinegazi phakathi kwabo.
Phakathi nalezi zenzakalo, kwasetshenziswa izindlela ezingaphansi komhlaba ukuze kuvele izilwane kungazelelwe enkundleni. Ukwenza isimo sibe ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe, inkundla yayivame ukufakwa izihlahla namatshe afane nezindawo ezingavamile.
izimpi zasolwandle inhlekisa
Njengomkhosi wokunqoba kwebutho lamasosha aseRoma, inkundla yokunqoba senziwa kabusha ngokulingiswa kwezimpi zangempela, engenziwa ibe yiqiniso ngokoqobo ngangokunokwenzeka, noma ngabe isho ukufa.
ukubulawa komphakathi
Emphakathini ozimele njengempucuko yamaRoma asendulo, amakhodi okuziphatha ayegqama ngenxa yokungabikho kwawo noma, ezimweni ezinhle kakhulu, ayefiphazwe kakhulu. Ngakho, ukubulawa komphakathi kwakwenziwa ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokungathembeki lapho kwakuqhubeka ngezindlela ezisabisa kakhulu. Izigebengu zazivame ukubulawelwa ezinkundleni ngokuchayeka ezilwaneni zasendle ezazizishwabadela noma zilwe ngokungafanele nezilwi ezihlome kahle nezinokuhlangenwe nakho. Abagwetshiwe nabo babhekana bodwa baze balimala kabi noma bangasekho.
Ukwehla kwama-amphitheatre nokusetshenziswa kwawo namuhla
UMbuso WamaRoma wehla waze wafinyelela ekupheleni kwezinsuku zawo. Ngokusabalala kobuKristu, imincintiswano yama-gladiator ayizange isawufanela umqondo omusha kanye nokwehla kwababusi bokugcina bamaRoma, Impi ye-gladiator yaphela ngonyaka ka-404 AD futhi nayo, ukuphela komsebenzi wama-amphitheatre.
Umlando weColosseum ngokungangabazeki ungomunye wabamele kakhulu: waguqulwa waba inqaba ngekhulu le-XNUMX, owanyakaziswa ukuzamazama komhlaba ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi wasetshenziswa njengenkwali yomphakathi kaPapa Alexander VI. Noma kunjalo, iColosseum nezinye izinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi eziningi ezisekhona nanamuhla ziyifa elimangalisayo lezamasiko nezakhiwo kusukela enkathini ephawulwa ukukhanya nethunzi lezwe lamaRoma.
Eziningi zilondolozwe zisesimweni esihle futhi zibuyiselwe ukuze zibuyekezwe futhi zibanike ukuphila kwesibili, lapho kuba khona imicimbi eyahlukahlukene yamasiko. Isibonelo salokhu sitholakala encwadini ethi i-opera yasehlobo e-Verona, the izimpi ze-gladiator ezihlekisayo eTarragona futhi i amakhonsathi e-rock e-Arles eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke.