E-Yellowstone National Park e-United States of America uzothola lokho abaningi abangakucabangi Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone. Ukuthi nakuba ingenakho ukuqhuma, isaphila futhi imele ingozi ebhubhisayo. Zitholele lapha yonke into mayelana nalesi simo esingokwemvelo esiqhubeka nokuba usongo.
Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone
I-Yellowstone Supervolcano, Yellowstone Volcano noma i-yellowstone caldera, amagama ahlonza i-"Volcanic Caldera". Etholakala "e-Yellowstone National Park", yezwe elizimele lase-United States of America. Okuwukuthi leli paki linendawo yalo kwesinye sezifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu okuthi ngokubambisana neWashington DC, bakha isizwe, ikakhulukazi i-Wyoming. Lapho iphinde yandise indawo yayo iye kwezinye izifundazwe ezimbili zase-Idaho naseMontana.
I-"Caldera" ihlanganisa ukudangala, okunobukhulu obumangalisayo nezindonga eziwumqansa. Ukudalwa kwayo kungenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo okunamandla amakhulu noma okukhulu kakhulu. Ngalo mqondo, le caldera ihlangabezana nokudalwa kwayo eduze nokuqhuma kweLava Creek okwenzeka eminyakeni engu-640.000 edlule, ngakho-ke inkathi yayo yokuma komhlaba yile dethi.
Umlando ukhombisa ukuthi le ntabamlilo enamandla iYellowstone, okuyintaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke eMelika, ayikayeki ukusebenza. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilwane ezitholakala kule ndawo, zinenala enkulu nezinhlobonhlobo. Ngenxa yokuthi iminyaka engu-150 kwakungavunyelwe ukuzingela izilwane. I Flora, elisizungezile libonakala ngokuhlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo, nakuba okubaluleke kakhulu kuyintaba ephakeme noma ihlathi lezwe elibandayo.
I-Yellowstone Caldera inobukhulu obungamakhilomitha angama-55 by 72 futhi itholakala ohlangothini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeSifundazwe sase-Wyoming. Ngobude obungamamitha angu-3.142 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, leli paki libhalwe njengeNational Park yokuqala yaleli zwe elikhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi indala kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Esinakho ukuthi ukudalwa kwayo kuqale mhla lu-01 kuNdasa 1872 ngomthetho walowo owasebenza njengoMongameli, u-Ulysses S. Grant.
Umugqa wesikhathi we-Yellowstone Volcano
El Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone Kwenzeka ngemva kokulandelana kwezehlakalo ezilandelayo, ezihlukaniswa njengeziqhumane ezinkulu, okuyilezi:
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-2,1 edlule, ukuqhuma kwe-Huckleberry Ridge kwaqala ukudalwa kwe-Huckleberry Ridge Tuff kanye ne-Island Park Caldera. Itholakala kancane e-Yellowstone National Park, inwebela kulokho okwaziwa nge-Island Park entshonalanga ye-Idaho. Isethwe njengokuqhuma okukhulu okurekhodiwe kwe-Yellowstone hotspot. Ngokulinganiselwa ku-2.500 cubic kilometers we-volcanic material ekhishiwe.
Eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-1,3 edlule, ukuqhuma kwe-Mesa Falls kwenziwa, lapho ukwakhiwa kwe-Mesa Falls Tuff kanye ne-Henry's Fork Caldera kwabulawa. Itholakala e-Idaho, entshonalanga yendawo manje ebizwa ngokuthi i-Yellowstone National Park. Isungulwe njengokuqhuma kwesibili okurekhodiwe ngobukhulu, umkhiqizo wendawo eshisayo yase-Yellowstone. Ilinganiselwa ku-280 cubic kilometers we-volcanic material ekhishiwe.
Eminyakeni engu-640.000 edlule, ukuqhuma kweLava Creek kwakhiqizwa, lapho kwabulawa khona i-Lava Creek Tuff kanye ne-Yellowstone Caldera noma ebizwa nangokuthi i-Yellowstone Volcano. Itholwe ingxenye yayo e-Wyoming, ikakhulukazi e-Yellowstone National Park kanti enye ise-Idaho nase-Montana. Ngokulinganiselwa ku-1.000 cubic kilometers we-volcanic material ekhishiwe.
I-Hotspot
Kuze kube namuhla ukungezwani kuyavela futhi kuvele mayelana nokuthi iyini indawo eshisayo ye Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone futhi isukaphi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunombono wezazi zokuma komhlaba ezingochwepheshe eziqinisekisa ukuthi le ndawo eshisayo ikhiqizwa ukuxhumana. Lokho kwenzeka phakathi kwezimo zesikhala se-lithosphere.
Okuyikhava enamatshe eyakha uqweqwe oluqinile lwangaphandle loMhlaba. Kanye nokusabalala kokushisa kwengubo engenhla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona abanye ochwepheshe abaqinisekisa ukuthi le ndawo eshisayo ikhiqizwa ku-mantle ejulile noma lokho okubizwa nangokuthi i-mantle plume.
Ngokuvumelana nalokho, ukuthi le mpikiswano noma ingxoxo ivela ngemva kokubonakaliswa nokwethulwa kwale datha kulokho okuyisihlalo sokwakheka komhlaba.
umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo
Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo, i-caldera ingaphezu ncamashi kwendawo eshisayo. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi le ndawo eshisayo ingaphansi kwethafa iphi i-yellowstone. Ngisho noma ibonakala ihamba endaweni ibheke empumalanga-enyakatho-mpumalanga, ayishintshi, igxilile futhi ibonakala ngokugxila kakhulu endaweni uqobo.
Amarekhodi abonisa ukuthi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-18 edlule, le ndawo eshisayo eyabangela impikiswano. Uchungechunge lokukhishwa okungazelelwe nokunodlame kokuqinile, okuwuketshezi noma okunegesi, kanye nokuchichima kwe-basaltic.
Lapho idatha inikeze ukuthi okungenani ishumi nambili lalokhu libe namandla aphawulekayo, bese lithathwa njengokukhuphuka okuphezulu. Okusho ukuthi ijubane lokuthulula liholele kulokho kuze kube manje okubizwa ngokuthi i-boiler.
Kubuye kube nokuthi ngokwezinga lokuqhuma bayakwazi ukubangela ukucekelwa phansi okunjalo, lapho okuncane kungamelela ukulahlekelwa kwezintaba ezibanzi. Kodwa-ke, ebangeni elihlanganisa iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-17 edlule, indawo eshisayo ye-Yellowstone ikwazile ukudala izibalo ezidlula ukuqhuma okungu-142.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Yellowstone supervolcano irekhoda idatha ebalulekile elandelayo:
- Eminyakeni engu-174.000 edlule, ukuqhuma okuncane kwaqala i-West Thumb Lake.
- Eminyakeni eyi-150.000 edlule, ukuqhuma kwemba i-West Thumb Lake.
- Eminyakeni engu-70.000 edlule, ukugeleza kwe-lava kwakamuva kakhulu.
- Eminyakeni eyi-13.800 edlule, ukukhishwa kwegesi, okubangela umgodi ongamakhilomitha angu-5 ububanzi, ogwini lweChibi lase-Yellowstone.
- Njengamanje, kunenqwaba yama-geothermal vents. Lapho i-magma iqukethe amagesi ancibilika ngenxa yokucindezela kwayo.
Yellowstone Volcanic Ingozi
Idatha evela ezifundweni eziqhubekayo kanye nokulandelela kunikeza ubufakazi bokuthi esikhathini esiphakathi kuka-2004 no-2008, ukunyakaza okunyukayo kwamasentimitha angu-7,6 ngonyaka kwenzeka, lapho kushaqisa uma kuqhathaniswa namarekhodi aphethwe kusukela ngo-1923. idatha iphindwe kathathu.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, bobabili ochwepheshe beNational Park Service, iGeological Survey yase-United States of America. I-Yellowstone Volcano Observatory kanye neNyuvesi yase-Utah. Banikeze impendulo ezifundweni zabo, lapho bevuma khona ukuthi awekho amarekhodi abikwayo ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuqhuma okubhubhisayo kungase kwenzeke njengalokhu okwaziwayo kakade.
Ukwazi ukuthi lezi zifundo ziyidatha, ngemuva kwakho konke, engaqondile njengokunemba ngokuphelele. Ngamanye amazwi, kungavela nezigigaba ezingalindelekile noma nini ngoba zinjalo Izimo zemvelo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kucatshangelwa uphenyo olwenziwa yi-National Geographic Society, umphumela uba ukuthi uma kwenzeka isigameko esidala ukuqhuma e-Yellowstone. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka kwelinye lamaphutha amathathu akhona afanayo anendlela esenyakatho-ntshonalanga maphakathi ne-Yellowstone National Park.
Lapho okubili kwakubonakala khona kanye nesigameko sokugeleza kwe-lava enkulu phakathi kwalokho okumelela iminyaka eyi-174.000 kanye neminyaka engu-70.000 edlule. Lapho okokugcina noma okwesithathu kunesibopho sokuphindaphinda okukhulu kokunyakaza kwe-telluric eminyakeni yamuva.
Ingozi Yokuqhuma Kwe-Hydrothermal
Ingozi ikhiqizwa ngokuphelele noma ngephesenti eliphawulekayo ukunyakaza kwe-hydrothermal, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi lokhu akuhlangene neze nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo ohlanganyelwe. Izihlalo zinikeze idatha yokuthi ukuqhuma kwe-hydrothermal kube nesibopho sokukhiqiza noma ukwenzeka kwenani elingaphezu kwama-crater angu-20.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphenyo olulodwa lunikeze idatha emangazayo ebonisa ukuthi ukunyakaza kwe-telluric okurekhodwa kude kakhulu kube nemiphumela Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone.
Ngalo mqondo, u-Jake Lowenstern, osebenza njengeNhloko ye-Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. Uphakamise, waphakamisa noma wancoma ukuthi ukuqapha endaweni kufanele kuthuthukiswe futhi kwandiswe. Ngoba i-United States Geological Survey ibala i-Yellowstone Volcano njengengcuphe enkulu okungafanele ithathwe kancane.
Umsebenzi wokuzamazama komhlaba
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umkhiqizo wemvelaphi, izimo kanye nezici zentaba-mlilo, kanye ne-tectonics, ejwayelekile yendawo noma indawo. I-Yellowstone Volcano ithwebula, ithole noma irekhode ukunyakaza kwe-telluric eyi-1.000 kuya kweziyi-3.000 unyaka ngamunye, ehlangabezana nebanga elincane elingalinganiseka.
Njengoba kunezimo ezihlukanisiwe futhi ezivame ukuphindaphinda, inani elikhulu lezehlakalo ze-telluric zingavela ngesikhathi esifushane. Lapho ochwepheshe becacisa ukuthi lezi zikhiqizwa ngenxa yokuthuthwa kwangaphakathi koketshezi lwentaba-mlilo. Okwenzeka, ngokusebenzisa imifantu eminingi etholakala emadwaleni angashoni ngaphezu kwe-magma.
Okusho ukuthi amandla aqukethwe avele akhululwe ngendlela yokunyakaza kwe-telluric. Lapho ezinye izibonelo zazo yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Phakathi nonyaka ka-1985, ngesikhathi esifushane (izinyanga ezimbalwa), kwaqoshwa ukunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba okungaphezu kuka-3.000 XNUMX.
- Esikhathini esiyizinsuku eziyisikhombisa, phakathi kwenyanga kaZibandlela wonyaka wezi-2008 kanye nenyanga kaJanuwari wonyaka olandelayo, kwatholakala imininingwane yokunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba okungaphezu kuka-500.
- Phakathi kukaJanuwari 17 noFebruwari 01, 2010, ukunyakaza kwe-telluric kwe-1.620 kwarekhodwa. Lapho ngokusho kwedatha, kwaqala ngoJanuwari 17, ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba eHaiti futhi kwaphela ngaphambi kokuzamazama komhlaba eChile, ngoFebhuwari 01.
- Njengamanje, ngoMeyi 2020, kwathathwa irekhodi lokunyakaza kokuzamazama komhlaba okungama-288.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kw4STJeeU2k
Amagagasi Okuzamazama komhlaba avela e-Yellowstone Volcano
Ngokuphathelene namagagasi okuzamazama komhlaba we Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone, abacwaningi basebenzisa inethiwekhi yama-seismometer. Bahlala emaphethelweni e-Yellowstone National Park, ngenhloso yokuqopha imephu ye-magma chamber. Ngoba inamandla okuthi amagagasi anyakaza kancane kakhulu lapho engena endaweni okuminyana emazingeni okushisa aphezulu nokuthi nawo ancibilike kancane.
Ngalo mqondo, leli thuba liyasetshenziswa futhi kukalwa okungezansi kuyasetshenziswa. Okutholwe kuyo idatha encomekayo, okuyilezi:
- I-magma cavern inkulu noma inkulu.
- Ukujula kwayo kuyahluka phakathi kwamakhilomitha amabili kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu.
- Ubukhulu bayo busondele kumakhilomitha angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ubude namashumi amathathu ububanzi.
- Ukuphakama kwayo ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Yellowstone National Park kukhulu kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa nedatha etholakala kwezinye izifundo.
- Ihlanganisa inhlanganisela yakho kokubili idwala eliqinile nelincibilikisiwe.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi okumangazayo ngalolu cwaningo kanye nemiphumela ukuthi ngokwesayensi kuze kube manje alukho ucwaningo (imephu) olwenziwe. Lokho kunganikeza imiphumela enjalo, ethathwa njengemikhulu. Okuthi, manje ochwepheshe endaweni banomsebenzi onzima nobucayi wokulinganisa noma ukuzindla ngalokho abacabanga ukuthi "umdondoshiya ongazinzile" umele isintu ngempela.
Ukushiswa Kwangaphakathi Kwentaba-mlilo Kumelelani??
Ukushiswa kwangaphakathi kwe-Yellowstone Volcano kumele futhi kunikeze imiphumela elandelayo, ethi:
- Imbangela enkulu noma umsuka wokushisa okukhulu okukhiqizwa endaweni eshisayo ye-Yellowstone, kufinyelela ebangeni elingama-645 kuya cishe kumakhilomitha ayi-2.900 ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba.
- Kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela noma umsuka wokushisa okukhulu kuqhubeke noma kuphume kumongo wawo owuketshezi.
- Uma kunjalo, akungabazeki ukuthi yiyona okuthiwa igcine ichibi elisanda kutholwa futhi lihlelwe engxenyeni engenhla yalo.
- Ngaphezulu kwechibi, kunegumbi le-magma, elithatha lapho i-magma elidingayo.
- Yilokhu okusekela noma okuphakela wonke ama-geyers, ama-puddles kanye neminye imithombo yokuheha i-Yellowstone National Park enayo. Etholakala phakathi kwamakhilomitha amahlanu nangaphezulu kwamakhilomitha ayishumi nane ngaphansi kobuso boMhlaba.
- Ukuze uthole umqondo onzima, ikamelo le-magma kuphela elihlanganisa ivolumu elilingana, elifana noma elifana nezikhathi ezingu-2,5 zeGrand Canyon. Ukuthi ziyidatha enkulu ngempela nokuthi ziyakwazi ukungcolisa nokucekela phansi ngokuphelele izakhi zemvelo elahla indawo noma isizwe..
Uyini Umbono Wososayensi?
Ososayensi noma abacwaningi Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone imiphumela elandelayo iyaphethwa:
- Kufihlile kusukela ngo-2004 ukuthi izehlakalo eziholela ekuqhumeni okufanayo zivele.
- Isiphetho saso esiyinhloko sivela eqinisweni lokuthi inani eliye ladlula ukunyakaza kwe-telluric ye-3.000 lirekhodwa njalo ngonyaka.
- Uma ukuqhuma okucatshangwayo kwenzeka, inyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-United States of America izobe isiqedwe ngokuphelele.
- Ukuqhuma okungaka kungacekela phansi yonke into ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-160.
- Nakulo lonke izwe kwakuyofika incithakalo nencithakalo, ngoba ifu lentuthu kanye nomlotha laliyolinakekela.
- Lezi zifundo zinikeza isibalo esiyinhlekelele sokuthi izwe lingaba nembubhiso efinyelela futhi idlule ngisho nezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu, ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuhlala kulo futhi.
Yini ezungeze i-Yellowstone?
I-Yellowstone Volcano enkulu engazinzile, ngaphandle kokuba nekhono lokuba sepaki elivikelekile, iphinde ibe nezinye izinto ezihehayo. Futhi kungenxa yokuba khona kwawo, inani elimangalisayo lamagiza atholakala e-Yellowstone National Park. Kanye neziphethu ezishisayo ezimangazayo nezingajwayelekile emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo ezikhangayo ezinkulu ezenza ukufika kwezivakashi nezivakashi kube umnyakazo ongapheli, kukhona nezinye ezifana nalezi:
- imigodi yodaka
- amasimu e-travertine
- fumaroles, phakathi kwabanye.
Ukhumbula ukuthi konke lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yezakhiwo ze-hydrothermal kanye nezici ezingenzeka kuphela ngenxa yomsebenzi oqhubekayo wentaba-mlilo. Yini eyenza i Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone, kanye nesici sokuma kwepaki ngokwalo, njengoba kwaziwa, siphakathi kwezintaba ezinamatshe amakhulu.
Ngaphandle kwalezo ezishiwo, kukhona nezilwane ezimangalisayo, phakathi kwazo okuvezwa okulandelayo:
- amabhere ansundu namnyama
- inyathi
- AmaCarneros
- ILobos
- i-moose
- Ama-Puma
- i-moose
- Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zezinyoni, okugqama kuzo i-Bald Eagle, phakathi kwezinye.
Amaqiniso Amnandi Ngentaba-mlilo Yellowstone
Okulandelayo yilawo ahlukaniswa njengamaqiniso anelukuluku ngale ntaba-mlilo enkulu, enamandla okuqeda ubuthongo kuzakhamuzi zaseMelika ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Kunjalo:
- El Intaba-mlilo yaseYellowstone Ibisendaweni evikelekile kusukela ngo-1872, itholakala esiqiwini sezwe esikude kakhulu emhlabeni.
- Ingxenye enkulu ye-Yellowstone National Park, ihlezi phezu kwentaba-mlilo enkulu, okungimangazayo, ukuthi isebenza ngokugcwele.
- Igama elihlonzwe ngalo kuthiwa lidalwe uMfula i-Yellowstone, ohambelana nendawo enkulu kunazo zonke yalezo ezakha ipaki.
- I-"Great Prismatic Fountain" yiyona ekhangayo, lapho omunye wemibukiso ye-surrealist ebabazekayo eyaziswayo yenziwa khona. Okungukuthi, isiphethu esishisayo esinobubanzi obungamamitha angu-367, lapho ulwelwe lwayo lunamandla okukhiqiza imibala ethile yemibala. Le ndawo ihlukaniswa njengeyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yezinga lokushisa okuhlangenwe nakho, elijikeleza cishe ku-188 °F.
- Kufanele ihehe izivakashi zayo inani eleqa kalula ama-geyers angu-500 asebenza njalo, elihambisana nenani elingaphezu kwesigamu sengqikithi ebhalisiwe emhlabeni.
- Lesi siqiwu sinikeza izivakashi zaso imisebenzi yasemini nesebusuku lapho ukumangala kungeke kuyeke ukuba khona.
- Izilwane zayo zihluke ngokuphelele futhi zikhethekile, zibhalisa isilinganiso sezinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezingama-67 kanye nezinhlobo ezingama-285 zezilwane ezincelisayo. Izinhlobo zezinyoni.
- Kunenani elidlula amabhere angama-700.
- Minyaka yonke iheha ukuvakashelwa okungenani kwabantu abayizigidi ezine abavela emhlabeni wonke.