Uke wezwa nge umphumela we-photoelectric? Lapha sikunikeza lonke ulwazi oluphathelene nesihloko esimangalisayo esivela ku-quantum physics. Funda ngomlando wayo, incazelo, nomqondo, kanye nabanye abachazi abaye banikela kuleli gatsha lefiziksi.
Uyini umphumela we-photoelectric?
Umthelela wesithombe kagesi usekuvezweni nasekuvezweni kwama-electron, okwenziwa kusetshenziswa umqhubi ongaba into efinyelela ukufakwa kwemisebe ye-electromagnetic. Le misebe ihunyushwa ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo. Phakathi kwezinye izibani zokukhanya singathola okulandelayo:
I-Photoconductivity
Idlala indima ebalulekile ngenxa yemiphumela eyenzayo ngokukhuphula amazinga e-conductivity ahunyushwe kugesi osetshenziswa ukukhanya. Lokhu kuhlola kwadalulwa maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.
Umphumela we-Photovoltaic
Ihlobene ikakhulukazi neqiniso lokuthi ibangela umphumela oguqula amandla okukhanya ngokungafani nogesi. Iqiniso lelo liqalwa onyakeni wenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane.
Ukutholwa
Ukutholakala komphumela we-photoelectric kwenziwa ngenxa yezifundo ezenziwa nguHeinrich Hertz ngonyaka wenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa. Ukubuka kwayo kutholakala ngaphansi kwezindlela ezihlanganisa ijika elibhampa phakathi kwama-electrode angu-2, futhi axhunywe ngaphansi kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, avame ukufinyelela amabanga amakhudlwana lapho akhanyiswa ukukhanya kwe-UV, okuhluke ngokuphelele kunalapho kumnyama.
Ubufakazi bokuqala baleli phuzu lethiyori bachazwa ngencazelo noma incazelo ehlongozwe ngu-Albert Einstein ngomphumela we-photoelectric, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi i-particle ehambisana nokukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi i-photon. Isisekelo sokudalwa kwale theory esekelwe ekukhanyeni sasetshenziswa u-Einstein ngenxa yezifundo ezivelele ze-Planck. Owenza imizamo ethile ukukhombisa ubukhona bokuthi bangaki.
La Umlando we-Max Planck usikhombisa ukungena kwalo sosayensi emhlabeni we-physics, ngaphezu kokufakazela ukuqashelwa okuthile okunikezwe kuye ngenxa yezifundo ezenziwe ngenani lesenzo. Ngokucabangela ukuthi lo mbono wavula iminyango endleleni ye-quantum physics ngendlela esheshayo nemanzi.
El umphumela we-photoelectric Ngokuphambene nama-X ray. Ngokucabangela ukuthi ama-photon afinyelela ukudluliswa kwama-electron kule nqubo yemisebe ye-electromagnetic, kuyilapho endabeni yama-X ray kwaze kwaba yizifundo eziningana lapho ukwakheka okukhiqizwa khona ama-X ray. Ukuthi ngonyaka ka-1985 kutholwe imiphumela nokusetshenziswa kwemisebe okuthiwa imisebe, ngusosayensi uWilhelm Rotge.
izithombe
I-Los izithombe amelelwa amandla ahlukaniswa uhlobo lwefrikhwensi yokukhanya ngendlela yamagagasi. Uma sizithola sinecala le-athomu, elizithola limunca inani elithile lamandla avela ku-photon ethile, linamanani amakhulu anamandla avumela ukuthi iphonse i-electron entweni okukhulunywa ngayo, ukuze kamuva iye ngase indlela ethile egcina endaweni ethile.
Sekwenzekile okungenhla, i-electron iyaxoshwa ezintweni. Ngokuphambene nalokho. Uma amandla aphuma ku-photon engenawo amandla anele, i-electron ayinabo ubugagu bokuphunyuka noma ukuphunyuka kulokho okukhulunywa ngakho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akuncikile ekushintsheni okukhiqizwa amandla okukhanya ukuthi amandla akhona ku-photon ashintshwe, kuphela inani lama-electron akwazi ukuphuma endaweni lapho atholakala khona anamandla okwenza. ngakho-ke. , ngenxa yamandla akhishwa ama-electron, kuyacaca ukuthi akuncikile emisebeni efinyelela kuyo, kodwa kumafrikhwensi akhishwayo.
Ngokuvamile, akuwona wonke ama-electron akwazi ukuxoshwa yi-electron. umphumela we-photoelectric, Kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi abokuqala abaphumayo yilabo abangavamisile ukudinga amandla amakhulu ukuze kuzuzwe ukuxoshwa ngempumelelo. Ku-insulator ye-dielectric, amanye ama-electron anenani elikhulu lamandla angabonakala ebhendini ye-valence.
Endabeni yensimbi, sivame ukuthola ama-electron phambi kwebhande elibanzi elinikeza ukuqhutshwa okukhulu.
Ngakho-ke, nge-semiconductor kungenzeka ukukhombisa ama-electron adlulisa inani elikhulu lamandla. Mayelana nama-conductor alolu hlobo, ama-electron ambalwa ngokuvamile atholakala ebhendini ekhiqiza ukuqhutshwa.
Uma sikhuluma ngezinga lokushisa legumbi ngokuvamile sithola amanye ama-electron anenani elikhulu lamandla, atholakale eseduze kakhulu namazinga e-Fermi. Kukhona amandla i-electron okumelwe ibe nawo ukuze ifinyelele izinga le-Fermi, lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-fusion esebenzayo, kuyilapho ubuncane befrikhwensi edingekayo ukuze imisebe ikhiphe i-electron ibizwa ngokuthi i-threshold frequency.
Ukuhlolwa kwenani lamandla elishiwo kuyaguquguquka, futhi akuhlali njalo, lokhu kunjalo, kuya ngaso sonke isikhathi ngento kanye nezingqimba zayo ze-athomu. Ezinye izinto zensimbi ezifana ne-calcium ne-cesium zinokusebenza okuphansi kakhulu komsebenzi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kufanele kube ngokuqinile ngokuphelele ukuthi impahla ihlanzekile maqondana nama-athomu.
Incazelo
Ama-photon anemisebe yokukhanya, nawo abe namandla angavamile, asungulwa yi-frequency ehlinzekwa ukukhanya. Ngenqubo ye-photoemission, uma kwenzeka ukuthi i-electron ikwazi ukumunca amandla e-photon futhi i-photon inamandla amakhulu nakakhulu kunomsebenzi womsebenzi, i-electron izoxoshwa endabeni.
Lapho amandla e-beam ekhula, alukho ushintsho emandleni ama-photons, kukhona ushintsho kuphela enanini lezinombolo zama-photons. Ngakho-ke, isiphetho esisobala siwukuthi amandla e-electron ngayinye awasoze ancika ekuqineni noma emandleni anikezwa ukukhanya, kodwa emandleni akhiqizwa yi-photon ngayinye.
Ngokuqinile wonke amandla atholwa yi-photon kufanele ahehe futhi kufanele asetshenziselwe ukufeza ukukhululwa kwe-electron eboshelwe ku-athomu. Kulokhu, lokho okushiwo amandla aqukethe ama-photons alawula ukudla enye yalezi zingxenye, akhulula i-electron e-athomu bese enye iguqulwa njengomnikelo wamandla e-kinetic njengengxenye ye-electron egcina inhlayiyana yamahhala.
U-Albert, ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayengenalo umgomo wocwaningo oluthile lwembangela ekhiqizwa ama-electron emisebeni yezinye izinsimbi, kamuva okwaba amandla e-kinetic, nokho wenza imibono yakhe efanele.
Wathola incazelo yokuziphatha okwenziwa imisebe. Ngalesi senzo, kwahlongozwa ukuba kuchazwe ngokubheka inani lama-electron ashiye impahla, kucatshangelwa ukuthi imvamisa ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ezenzweni ezenziwa.
historia
Emhlabeni we-physics sikwazile ukuhlukanisa umlando wokunye okutholakele okuqoshwa ngezinsuku eziqondile, ngenxa yocwaningo oluthile. Ososayensi ababalulekile ababe neqhaza ngezifundo nemibono eyahlukene eye yasiza namuhla ukuchaza ezinye izenzakalo ze-physics, phakathi kososayensi esingababala esibatholayo:
UHeinrich Hertz
Lo sosayensi wakwazi ukwenza ucwaningo lokuqala ngokubhekwa komphumela we-photoelectric ngonyaka wenkulungwane namakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nesikhombisa. Amathuluzi enze ngaphansi kwawo lokhu kuhlola asekelwe kukhoyili okungenziwa kuyo inhlansi njengesiqinisekiso sokuthi izosebenza njengomamukeli wamagagasi kagesi.
Ukuze athole umbono ophelele we-panorama, futhi ukuze azuze ukubonwa kwenhlansi, uvale umamukeli ebhokisini elimnyama noma esitsheni. Njengoba kunikezwe lokhu, ukumuncwa kokukhanya kwe-UV kwenziwa, okunikeza kalula ukweqa kwama-electron. Futhi-ke, amandla aqukethwe enhlansini enikezwe ugesi owakhiqizwa ngumamukeli afakazelwa ngokuqondile. Usosayensi ushicilele wathi ukuhlola ngaphandle kokuchaza lesi simo.
uJoseph uJohane Thomson
Ngo-XNUMX, usosayensi uThomson wayelungiselela izisekelo zocwaningo ikakhulukazi ngemisebe ye-cathode. Ngaphansi kwethonya likaMaxwell, isazi siphethe ngokuthi imisebe ye-cathode yayisekelwe ekugelezeni kwezinhlayiya ezatholakala zinamacala amabi ahlukahlukene, lapho eqamba khona igama lama-corpuscle, futhi ekugcineni anikezwa igama lama-electron.
UJoseph wathatha isisekelo sokuhlola kwakhe ngengcwecwe yensimbi evalwe ngokuphelele eshubhuni le-vacuum, edalula leyo sici ekukhanyeni ngomehluko ophelele ngokobude begagasi. Usosayensi wayekholelwa ukuthi insimu ye-electromagnetic inikeza ama-resonances athile nenkundla kagesi, nokuthi i-corpuscle enikezwe amandla kagesi iphuma ngayo.
Ukuqina okwakukhona kuleso sikhathi samanje esinikezwe ugesi sasiguquguquka kakhulu lapho sibhekene namazinga ashubile akhiqizwa ukukhanya. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi njengoba ukukhanya kwanda, i-current nayo yanda. Ukuhunyushwa kwayo kwenziwa ngenxa yokuthi imisebe enemvamisa ephezulu, nayo ikhiqiza izinhlayiya ezinamandla amakhulu e-kinetic.
Philipp Lenard
Ngonyaka wamakhulu ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye nambili, lo sosayensi wenza ucwaningo ngomphumela we-photoelectric lapho abonisa khona ukuhlukahluka okunamandla kwama-electron, ephetha ngokuthi adlala indima ebalulekile ngokuvama kokukhanya kwesigameko.
Albert Einstein
Emakhulwini ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye nanhlanu, ukwakhiwa kwesayensi yenkolelo-mbono edumile yokuhlobana kwenziwa, okuyinto usosayensi ehlongoza ngaphansi kwemiyalelo eyayisekelwe ezisekelweni zezibalo nezinombolo, ezivumela ukuqonda kwezinye izinqubo. Ukukhishwa kwama-electron kwakuxhunyaniswa nokukhiqizwa nokumuncwa kwe-quanta ekhanyayo, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi ama-photon.
Ngo-1905, ngawo lowo nyaka abamba ikilasi ngethiyori yokuhlobana, u-Albert Einstein wahlongoza uphenyo lapho aveza khona into eyayibonakala isebenza ngendlela efanele, lapho ukukhishwa kwama-electron kwakhiqizwa ukumuncwa kwenani lokukhanya, i-absorption quanta of light. iqiniso elalizobizwa kamuva ngokuthi ama-photon.
Ku-athikili enesihloko esithi A Eucharistic Viewpoint on the Production and Transformation of Light, ubonise ukuthi umbono wokuthi izinhlayiya ezihlukene zokukhanya ungakhiqiza umphumela we-photoelectric futhi wabonisa nokuba khona kwemvamisa yesici sento ngayinye engezansi engenawo umphumela. Ngale ncazelo yomphumela wesithombe kagesi u-Einstein wayezothola uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics ngo-1921.
Kucatshangelwa inkolelo-mbono ka-Einstein, amandla ama-electron abaleka ngawo ku-cathode ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho ekhuphuka kancane, ngokusebenzisa imvamisa yokukhanya kwesigameko, kude nefomu elinamandla lamandla. Kakhulu, umphumela onjalo wawungakaze ubonakale ezikhathini zasendulo. Ukuboniswa kokuhlolwa kwalesi sici kwenziwa ngo-1915 yisazi sefiziksi saseMelika uRobert Andrews Millikan.
Ekugcineni, ngamunye wabososayensi okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla benze umnikelo omkhulu ocwaningweni nasekutholakaleni komphumela we-photoelectric. Ngenxa yalokho namuhla ulwazi, kanye nezindlela zethiyori zamukelwe kahle kakhulu.
Namuhla lo mphumela omangalisayo we-photoelectric ubalwa njengendlela engatholakala ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ze-elekthronikhi. Ukutholakala kwakhe kwakubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe ukuze kwaziwe imiphumela ukukhanya okuba nayo.
Ukuba yizifundo zososayensi abashiwo, iminikelo ekwazile ukwenza umehluko omkhulu emhlabeni wefiziksi. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-quantum physics igatsha lesayensi elathola izinga elikhulu lokuhlonishwa, elathuthuka ngokuqhubekayo ngomfutho omkhulu nesithakazelo.
i-wave-particle duality
Lesi simo siwumphumela ongokomzimba owatholwa ekuqaleni kanye nezinye izici zezici ezifanayo. Kwaqala ukutholakala kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-wave-particle eyingxenye ye-quantum mechanics. Ukukhanya kuziphathisa njengamagagasi, kukwazi ukukhiqiza ukuphazamiseka kanye ne-diffraction njengasocwaningweni lukaThomas Young lwe-slit kabili, kodwa kushintshanisa amandla ngendlela ecacile emaphaketheni wamandla, ama-photon, amandla awo ancike ebuningini bemisebe ye-electromagnetic.
Le mibono ikwazile ukwakha ithiyori yemisebe ye-electromagnetic enezisekelo ezicace kakhulu futhi ezichazwe, ngoba ngayo, kwavela izincazelo mayelana namanye amagama abandakanyeka emisebenzini eyenziwa yimisebe.
Umphumela wesithombe kagesi namuhla
Namuhla umphumela we-photoelectric ngokuvamile uyisisekelo esiphelele esingatholakala ngaphambi kwamazinga anamandla abonakaliswa ngendlela ye-photovoltaic, lolu hlobo lomphumela luvame ukutholakala ezimbonini ze-thermoelectric, njengoba lubonakaliswa kwezinye izinhlelo ezibucayi eziqukethe amakhamera afakwe idijithali.
Kwezinye izakhi, umphumela we-photoelectric ukhona ezintweni zasendlini zansuku zonke, eziningi zazo ezenziwe ngezinto ezingase zibe khona kakhulu, njengethusi, lezi zakhi zifeza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi angaba khona.
Lesi senzakalo singatholakala nasemizimbeni evezwe ekukhanyeni kweLanga isikhathi eside. Izinhlayiya zothuli ezakha ubuso beNyanga, lapho zithola lokhu kukhanya ngokuqondile, zikhokhiswa amandla amahle, lokhu kungenxa yomthelela wama-photons. Lezi zingcezu ezincane, uma zishajwa, ziyaxoshana, ngaleyo ndlela zikhuphuke futhi zenze isimo esicindezelayo.
Amasathelayithi emvelo aphinde athole ukushaja okuhle kukagesi futhi agcwalise indawo ekhanyiswa yiLanga, noma kunjalo, endaweni emnyama kakhulu, ikhokhiswa amandla angemuhle. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuyadingeka ukucabangela lokhu okwenzekayo kokuqoqwa kwamandla.
Ekugcineni, ukutholakala komphumela we-photoelectric kwaletha intuthuko okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwasisiza ukuba siqonde ngendlela emangalisayo isakhiwo esijulile esilethwa umhlaba. Ngokulandelayo, intuthuko edale umphumela wayo, ihumushela kulokhu kuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe okulandelayo:
- Ukudluliswa kwezithombe ezigqwayizayo
- inqubekelaphambili yesinema
- Ithelevishini
- Imishini enzima, esetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokwenziwa kwezimboni.
Endaweni kagesi, umphumela we-photoelectric uzuza imiphumela emangalisayo, ngoba ukukhanya komphakathi kungenzeka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwakho. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi imishini eminingi eyenza lo msebenzi ayidingi ukugadwa noma ukugadwa yinoma yisiphi isisebenzi noma umqhubi, njengoba lo mphumela ukhanyisa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ucime izibani ezikhanyisa imigudu noma imigwaqo yanoma iyiphi indawo.
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lo mphumela uyinkimbinkimbi ngempela ukuqonda, nokho, izifundo zawo zazijulile ezikhathini zasendulo, ngenxa yososayensi abenza iminikelo ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi ebambekayo, eye yaqashelwa ngokugcwele ezingeni lesayensi.