Kuleli thuba sikulethela ulwazi oluningi mayelana ne Ubuciko bomqondo inhlangano yobuciko eyavela ngeminyaka yawo-1960, emazweni ase-United States, eNgilandi, eFrance nase-Italy ngenhloso yokusebenzisa izinto zansuku zonke nokuziguqula zibe imisebenzi yobuciko, ukuze kunikezwe umphakathi umbono, umqondo wokuba ekwazi ukushintsha uhlelo .
Ubuciko bomqondo
Ubuciko bomcabango busuka ngeminyaka yawo-1960, lapho iqembu lezobuciko noma umnyakazo wabeka kuqala umqondo esikhundleni sento. Ngemva kwalokho, yaqala ukwanda emazweni ahlukene emhlabeni, okuyizona eziyinhloko e-United States, France, England kanye Italy, phakathi kwamanye amaningi.
Inhloso yobuciko bomqondo uwukuthanda izinqubo zokuzindla ngobuhlakani esikhundleni sokukhuthazwa okubonwayo umphakathi okungenzeka ube nakho emisebenzini yobuciko. Okungaqinisekiswa wukuthi umphakathi obuka imisebenzi yobuciko uyinqola ebamba iqhaza ohlelweni lokudala lomqondo okungenzeka umsebenzi ube nawo.
Ubuciko bomcabango buqala endleleni noma umqondo oyisisekelo wokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle komdwebi noma umphakathi olindele umsebenzi, noma ukuba khona kwento yobuciko. Kusukela lapho kubuzwa umqondo umuntu anawo ngento yobuciko.
Ubuciko bomcabango buvame ukuvula indlela entsha yokuhlola iye kubuhle bemisebenzi obuholela ekulolongeni imiqondo eminingi noma izitayela emaqenjini ahlukene abantu. Kungakho umnyakazo wobuciko bomqondo unezandulela zawo endleleni eyaziwayo ye-readymade, eyakhiwe nguMarcel Duchamp kanye nabanye abaculi bakwaDada.
Indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi i-readymade izobandakanya ukuthatha into yansuku zonke bese kufanele uhlukanise ingqikithi futhi ungenelele. Kungakho igama elithi art conceptual art lithathwe endabeni eyabhalwa uHenry Flynt ngo-1961.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubuciko kufanele budlule ezinguqukweni eziningana futhi yingakho futhi baziwa ngamagama obuciko bolwazi, ubuciko besofthiwe noma ubuciko bombono. Nakuba eminyakeni eyishumi ye-60s kwaba nempikiswano kakhulu ngenxa yezingxabano ezihlukahlukene ezifana neMpi YeVietnam ukuthi imininingwane yembulwa yiphephandaba elizimele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba nokuthuthukiswa kolwazi olusha nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana bezinguquko ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo ezazenzeka ngaleso sikhathi.
Umlando we-Conceptual Art
Le ndlela yobuciko yaqala ukwenzeka kwayo ngeminyaka yawo-1910 njengemfuneko eyayiphikisana nomthetho owawukhona. Yingakho inqubo esenziwe ngomumo yazalwa ngawo-XNUMX. Lapho umFulentshi uMarcel Duchamp eveza inqubo yakhe yemisebenzi yobuciko ukuze angazimeli njengezinto ezilula njengoba umenzi azibeke, kodwa ukunikeza ukumelela kobuhlakani emdlalweni. .
Ngale ndlela ubuciko bomqondo baqala ukuduma kubaculi abaningana bomsuka waseMelika naseNgilandi. Okuphawulekayo phakathi kwabo kukhona i-Art & Language, uCarl Andre, uRobert Barry, uDouglas Huebler, uJoseph Kosuth noLawrence Weiner.
Ngokusho kwabaculi abaningana, sebeze bazochaza ukuthi ubuciko bomqondo bekuwukusabela kuhlelo obelushiwo. Nakuba abaculi ababhalisele ukusebenzisa ubuciko bomqondo njengohlaka baqinisekisa ukuthi ubuciko bomqondo bavela ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukene, okubalulekile kwaba ukuphikiswa kweMpi YaseVietnam.
Umnotho omusha owaziwa ngokuthi umnotho wolwazi kanye nokuzalwa kobuchwepheshe bolwazi nezokuxhumana. Kungakho umongo wobuciko bomqondo use-United States nasengxenyeni enkulu yezwekazi laseYurophu. Kodwa izibalo eziningi ezivela eNingizimu Melika nase-Asia nazo zengezwa kubuciko bomqondo.
Abaculi abaningi baqala ukuguqula imisebenzi yobuciko nemidwebo ibe yizinto zansuku zonke njengenhlanhla, isibonelo emazweni ase-Italy naseFrance, umdwebi ongumFulentshi uYves Klein kanye nomNtaliyane uPiero Manzoni baqala ukudala imikhuba yobuciko eyaba nesandla ekwandeni kobuciko bomqondo. kwamanye amazwe ezwekazi. NjengaseJapan iqembu lamaGutai lenza okufanayo.
Kudingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi womqondo uzohlale usekelwe kulokho okubhaliwe, ngoba kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokudlulisa imibono. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iye yalekelelwa nezinye izinsiza emkhakheni wokubonwayo njengokuthatha izithombe namavidiyo.
Ukuthi ziye zathuthukiswa kusho ukukwazi ukudlulisa umbono ngokucacile nanokuthi zathuthukiswa eshumini leminyaka elifanayo lama-60s ekhulwini lama-XNUMX.
Isiyalo
Kubuciko bomqondo, abaculi bavame ukunikeza umthelela wezenhlalakahle emisebenzini abayenzayo, njengoba abaningi baye baziveza ngokumelene nesistimu futhi abazama ukukwenza ukufaka isikhalazo futhi bazame ukwenza umbukeli womsebenzi angakhululeki ngombono wokuthi bazama ukudlulisa. Kungakho, esicini sezenhlalo, amaciko ezama ukwenza izibukeli zisabele futhi zicabange iqiniso elihlukile kunaleli esilibonayo.
Yingakho abaculi abaningi befakwe ezindikimbeni ezahlukene okungaba ngamalungelo abantu, ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, imiphumela yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Kodwa ubuciko bomqondo abufinyeleli uquqaba futhi alwenzi ushintsho olusheshayo, yingakho abaculi besekela imisebenzi yabo emikhakheni ehlukene efana nale:
Ubuciko Bevidiyo: Kuwubuciko lapho kuzosetshenziswa khona ubuchwepheshe njengoba siphila enkathini yezobuchwepheshe futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi iciko ligxile ekuhlukaniseni imikhakha, ukungaphatheki kahle kanye nokuxhumana, ukuze liveze umlayezo walo kolindele umphakathi ngomsebenzi walo.
Ukufaka: Kusukela ekuqaleni kobuciko bomqondo, imingcele ibilokhu ibekwe emisebenzini yobuciko, njengoba ixhunywe kumamnyuziyamu. Galleries, imakethe. Phakathi kwabanye abaningi. Yingakho ubuciko bomqondo buzoxhumanisa indawo kanye nokufakwa komsebenzi odala indawo yenani.
Lesi sikhala singahlala sihlala njalo noma singapheli, okudingekayo ukuthi ukufakwa komsebenzi kungamangalisa izibukeli, ngale ndlela ubudlelwano bendawo nomsebenzi wencazelo njengokungathi bobabili babendawonye benikeza isizathu esithile.
Performance: Kuyisenzo sobuciko esinikezwa yingcweti ukuze kuboniswe indawo lapho umphakathi ungena khona endabeni yomsebenzi futhi ube nenjongo yokwenza ukusabela emphakathini. Ukusebenza kunikezwa ngosizo lwe-aesthetics yomculi kanye nokwenza ngcono.
Ukusebenza kungenziwa ngesethulo esibhaliwe noma ukwenze kube ngokungahleliwe, kuthathwe imingcele ehlelwe kahle njengoba kufanele ihlelwe kahle. Nakuba ezinhlelweni zivamise ukubandakanya umphakathi noma ukuthi izethameli zibambe iqhaza emsebenzini owethulwayo. Lolu hlelo cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi luzothwalwa wumdlalo noma abezindaba.
Okwenzekayo: Liyigama lesiNgisi elinomsuka, futhi livame ukusho isigameko esikhulu, isigameko, noma isenzeko. Njengoba kubonakala esenzweni esingase sibe ukulandelana kokucasuka, ukubamba iqhaza kanye nokwenza ngcono.
Lesi siyalo sinomsuka wawo kuma-1950s wekhulu lama-XNUMX, futhi sithathwa njengokubonakaliswa kobuciko bemikhakha eminingi, kodwa sixhunywe nokunyakaza kwama-hippie nobuciko be-pop.
Ubuciko Bento: Kubuciko bomqondo, indlela yobuciko bezinto ingenye yezindlela lapho amaciko anemvamisa enkulu kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lobuciko luwumcabango nje nakuba luvame ukuza ngezindlela ezihlukene.
Izinto ezenziwe ngomumo ezikhuluma ngazo zathola izinto lapho zenza khona umsebenzi odume kakhulu ngomgudu womchamo owaziwa ngokuthi "La Fountain". Lokho okuhunyushelwe eSpanishi kusho umthombo. Lo msebenzi udume ngumdwebi waseFrance uMarcel Duchamp, lo msebenzi wathunyelwa emnyuziyamu ukuze uboniswe kodwa umnyuziyamu wawenqaba.
Kusukela umsebenzi maqondana nokugxeka ubuciko bendabuko owawuqhutshwa eminyakeni yamuva. Njengoba ubuciko bomqondo bebungabhekwa njengobuciko. Ngoba lalikhomba ezinkambisweni ezazifakwe ebuhleni. Kodwa ngobuciko bomqondo banikeza ukubaluleka okukhulu kulokho umdwebi ayekuklama nomuzwa afuna ukuwudlulisela.
Enye igrafu nekholaji: kubuciko bomqondo kuwuhlelo olusetshenziswa kakhulu njengoba lusetshenziswa ngenhloso yokukhombisa into ethile kusetshenziswa izinto ezihlukene, lezi zinsiza kungaba imisebenzi, iziqeshana zamaphephandaba, omagazini noma izithombe ezithile. Ukuphrinta noma imidwebo yemibhalo noma ezinye izithombe nakho kungasetshenziswa. Uyinki, ukhuni, insimbi, ipulasitiki nazo ziyasetshenziswa. Kanye nezinye izinto ngenhloso yokuthi umsebenzi ukhombise umyalezo emphakathini.
Umqondo wesithombe: Ngeminye yemikhakha esetshenziswa kwezobuciko bomqondo ukuze ukwazi ukudlulisa umyalezo emphakathini. Ngendlela efanayo kungaba umqondo noma umqondo othile. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-abstract symbolism okufanele umbukeli ayihumushe. Okuqukethwe okubonwayo komsebenzi kuzogxila esithombeni esizothuthukisa umqondo obalulekile weciko umphakathi ozowuchaza.
abaculi abakhulu
Njengoba iyinhlangano yobuciko eyazalwa eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha yekhulunyaka lama-XNUMX, ubuciko bomqondo buyindlela entsha yokuba umphakathi uqonde umbono omusha nomqondo mayelana nobuciko okwamanje sizokunikeza uhlu lwabaculi abadume kakhulu bomqondo. ubuciko phakathi kwabo sina:
UMarcel Duchamp: ubuciko bomqondo bazalwa eminyakeni yamashumi ayisithupha njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ubulungiswa futhi omunye wabasekeli babo abakhulu yiciko elazalelwa eFrance u-Marcel Duchamp onikeza impilo kuqhinga elaziwa ngokuthi okwenziwa ngomumo.
Indlela eyenziwe ngomumo. Kuhlanganisa ukuthatha into ethile eyenzeka nsuku zonke ekuphileni, engenawo umsebenzi wobuciko futhi ngokuthintwa umbono womdwebi, iguqule ibe umsebenzi wobuciko. Ngale ndlela umdwebi womsebenzi omusha kuleyo nto yansuku zonke.
Umdwebi unemisebenzi eminingana yobuciko bomqondo, okugqama phakathi kwayo Isondo Lebhayisikili, okuwukuphela kwesondo lebhayisikili elihlanekezelwe elihlala eceleni komgwaqo kanti omunye umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu uMthombo owaziwayo, owumthombo womchamo. indoda elele phansi futhi isayinwe ngegama lakhe elithi "R Mutt"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlDZ19CJkuY
UJoseph Kosuth: Ummeleli omkhulu wobuciko bomqondo yilo mculi owaqashelwa ukuba ngumdwebi womdabu waseMelika owazuza udumo oluthile ngeminyaka yamashumi amahlanu ngobuciko be-pop. Ngonyaka ka-1953 umdwebi wenza umsebenzi awubiza ngokuthi Umdwebo kaWillem De Kooning.
Ukuba ngummeleli omkhulu we-abstract expressionism njengoba leli ciko lihlele umsebenzi osule umdwebo womunye umdwebi. Lokhu kwadala imibuzo eminingi emphakathini okhona njengoba bonke babezibuza ngokulinganayo: ingabe kuthathwa njengobuciko ukusula umdwebo womunye umdwebi? Yingakho ubuciko bomqondo namuhla bunikeza ukukwazi ukubuza nokugxeka njengolunye uhlobo lobuciko.
U-Yves Klein: uyiciko lobuciko bomqondo oze ukuzomemezela umusho olandelayo kwabezindaba "Akukho okuzoba umsebenzi wobuciko ngoba ngiyanquma" njengoba abaculi abaningi baye babheka ubuciko bomqondo njenge-anti art.
Lo mculi ogama lakhe linguYves Klein ngaso sonke isikhathi emsebenzini wakhe wobuciko wayekwazi konke akwenzayo nakusho kubabukeli bakhe, nokho lo mculi wangena emlandweni wokuba yiciko elenza imisebenzi engahlangene nobuciko kodwa elidonsa amehlo abantu ababelindele. ngemisebenzi yakhe yobuciko nad.
Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yale ngcweti yomqondo kwaba I-Aerostatic Sculpture (1957), kwakuwumsebenzi wobuciko owawenziwa amabhaluni ayinkulungwane neyodwa eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, lo msebenzi wethulwa emoyeni kugalari yaseParis u-Iris Clert ngalo msebenzi umdwebi wayefuna ukukhuthaza isiphakamiso sakhe se-monochrome.
Njengoba kuyo yonke imidwebo yakhe umdwebi u-Yves Klein wayefuna ukugxila emidwebeni ye-monochrome. Ikakhulukazi qaphela umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wenza imisebenzi yobuciko emangalisayo ngamabhaluni emibala ehlukahlukene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ehlanganiswe nesibhakabhaka.
Piero Manzoni: Ingcweti yobuciko bomqondo bomdabu wase-Italy kanye nokuduma kakhulu nokuduma ngemisebenzi yakhe eyayiyindida ngesitayela somqondo. Phakathi kwemisebenzi egqamile yalo mbhali iMerda d'artista (Artist Shit) ingenye yemisebenzi eyaba nengxabano eyakhonjiswa ngo-1961 ePescetto Gallery.
Lo msebenzi ubususelwe kumathini angama-cylindrical angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye lapho okuthiwa bekunendle futhi amalebula amathini anokuqukethwe okulandelayo: Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe: 30 amagremu. Ilondolozwe ngokwemvelo. Ikhiqizwe futhi yahlanganiswa ngoMeyi 1961. Babechazwa ngezilimi ezahlukene futhi babe nesiginesha yomculi. Kuwo wonke amathini.
Ngalokhu bengifuna ukudlulisa umyalezo wokuthi umsebenzi osezingeni eliphansi osayinwe yiciko elidume kakhulu wenze umsebenzi wenyuka ngenani ngokugxeka imakethe yezobuciko.
Kodwa endalini ngamunye angathola intengo ngayinye ingafinyelela kuma-euro ayizinkulungwane ezingama-275. Ngakho ukufika ngentengo ebiza kakhulu, okufakazela ukuthi umdwebi wayeqinisile, ethi umphakathi esiphila kuwo ungumphakathi wabathengi.
Abanye abaculi abavelele kwezobuciko bomqondo kwakungu-Robert Rauschenberg, ngo-1956 kanye nomdwebi u-Isidore Isou, ngo-1957. Umdwebi u-Wolf Vostell naye wagqama, ngo-1960, umdwebi uStanley ngonyaka ka-1961, zonke izitayela zobuciko bomqondo obusetshenziswa yilaba baculi. .babehlukene kodwa baguqula ubuciko ngendlela yabo yokucabanga kanye nombono ababefuna ukuwudlulisela emphakathini.
Uma uthole le ndatshana nge-Conceptual Art ibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: