Iyini i-Ecological Tourism noma i-Ecotourism ▷➡️ Postposmo

Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980 ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, indlela entsha yokwenza ezokuvakasha yaqala ngenjongo yokubuka nokujabulela imisebenzi yokuxhumana nemvelo, ebizwa nge-Ecological Tourism, Ecotourism noma Nature Tourism. Le ndlela yokwenza ezokuvakasha ihlose ukukhuthaza ezokuvakasha lapho okubalulekile kuwukusimama nokongiwa kwemvelo kanye namasiko amasiko ezindawo ezivakashelwe. Ngikumema ukuthi wazi ukuthi i-Ecological Tourism ihlanganisani, lapha kulesi sihloko.

Ezokuvakasha Kwemvelo noma Ezokuvakasha

Lolu hlobo lwezokuvakasha luwuhlobo lweziphakamiso zokukhuthaza ezokuvakasha ezikhanga kakhulu ukukhombisa izindawo ezehlukene ezihlinzekwa yimvelo, ngenxa yale nhloso ithola amagama e-Ecological Tourism, ecotourism noma ezokuvakasha kwemvelo. I-Ecological Tourism iyindlela enesimilo yokwenza ezokuvakasha kwabanye abantu abathanda izinto zemvelo futhi abaxhumana nabantu bendawo kanye namasiko abo. Ngenxa yalokhu, imisebenzi ehleliwe ichazwa kabanzi ngemigomo yokusimama kwemvelo.

Le ndlela yokwenza ezokuvakasha yaqala ngeminyaka yawo-80, futhi ngokushesha yaba ingxenye yezokuvakasha ekhangayo, yaba umkhakha wezokuvakasha oshukumisayo nokhula kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yesithakazelo esavuswa abantu abathanda lolu hlobo lwezokuvakasha, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (UN) yakhetha unyaka ka-2002 ukuze ithuthukise imisebenzi ehlukahlukene eyenziwa kwezokuVakasha Kwemvelo.

Ngo-1990, i-International Ecotourism Society (TIES) yasungulwa ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa lolu hlobo lwe-Ecological Tourism, nokufeza umgomo wayo noma isizathu sokuba... uhambo olwenziwe nomthwalo wemfanelo wokonga imvelo kanye nokubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwemvelo. isimo esihle sabantu bendawo. I-TIES izibophezele ekufezeni lo mgomo ngokugqugquzela ukongiwa kwemvelo kanye nokuqondisa izenzo ezibhekiswe kwezokuvakasha esimeme emhlabeni wonke. Ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo kanye nombono wayo, i-Ecological Tourism kufanele ihambisane nalezi zimiso ezilandelayo:

Ukunciphisa imithelela emibi kwezemvelo namasiko ekhiqizwa yilo msebenzi.
Ukusebenzisa inhlonipho nolwazi lwendawo kanye namasiko amasiko
Nikeza izikhathi ezinhle kubabungazi nezivakashi
Nikeza izinzuzo zezomnotho zokongiwa kwemvelo namasiko
Nikeza izinzuzo zemali futhi uthuthukise ukubamba iqhaza ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zomphakathi wendawo
Thola ukuqonda mayelana nepolitiki, imvelo kanye nenhlalo yamazwe abambe iqhaza
Sekela imithetho yomhlaba wonke yamalungelo abantu kanye nezabasebenzi

I-Ecological Tourism, nakuba kuwumsebenzi wokuvakasha wakamuva nje uma kuqhathaniswa, ibhekwa amaqembu amaningana emvelo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni emkhakheni wamazwe ngamazwe njengomsebenzi ongenzeka wentuthuko esimeme. Umsebenzi we-Ecological Tourism emazweni afana nalawa: i-Costa Rica, i-Puerto Rico, i-Kenya, i-Madagascar, i-Nepal ne-Ecuador (Iziqhingi zase-Galapagos) ungenisa imali enkulu engxenyeni yezokuvakasha yalawo mazwe kanye nakwamanye amazwe emnothweni wawo.

Ikusasa Lethu Elivamile

Ngo-1987, i-UN World Commission on Environment and Development yabhala incwadi ethi Our Common Future, eyaziwa nangokuthi "Brundtland Report", ngokuba usihlalo wayo ngudokotela waseNorway uGro Harlem Brundtland. Lo mbhalo walungiswa ngenhloso yokwethula uchungechunge lweziphakamiso ezingase zenziwe, ukugwema ukuqhubekela phambili kwezinkinga zemvelo ezibangelwa intuthuko emhlabeni.

Ososayensi nosopolitiki abavela emazweni angu-21 bahlanganyele ekulungiseleleni incwadi ethi Ikusasa Lethu Elivamile noma i-Brundtland Report, eyahlaziya imibiko ebhaliwe etholwe phakathi neminyaka emithathu yokulalelwa kwezikhalazo zomphakathi kanye nezinhlolovo ezibhaliwe ezingaphezu kuka-500. Omunye wamagalelo abaluleke kakhulu alo mbiko kwakuwukucacisa ukuthi ukongiwa kwemvelo kudlulele ekubeni yinkinga yendawo, yesifunda kanye nekazwelonke kwaze kwaba inkinga yomhlaba wonke, ngakho-ke wonke amazwe nabantu kufanele basebenzele ukuzuza isisombululo, uma kubhekwa leyo ntuthuko kanye nentuthuko. imvelo ihlobene eduze.

Umphumela obalulekile walo mbiko, ozuzwe ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yokuhlaziywa kokuphawula kochwepheshe abavela emazweni angaphezu kuka-21, kwaba umnikelo owenziwa kunqubomgomo yezemvelo emkhakheni wamazwe ngamazwe lapho umqondo wentuthuko esimeme wachazwa khona "lokho okwanelisa izidingo okwamanje ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izidingo zezizukulwane ezizayo”… okwahlelwa kuyo iNgqungquthela Yomhlaba eyayise-Rio de Janeiro, eBrazil ngo-1992.

I-World Ecotourism Summit 2002

Ngenxa yokubaluleka i-Ecological Tourism eyayithatha ngokushesha ekukhuthazeni ukongiwa kwemvelo emhlabeni, ngenhloso yokuhlanganisa imibandela kanye nokukhumbula uNyaka ka-2002 njengoNyaka Womhlaba Wonke Wezokuvakasha Kwemvelo, owasungulwa yi-UN, yagujwa eQuebec, eCanada. I-World Ecotourism Summit kusukela ngo-May 19 kuya ku-22, 2002. Izihloko ezilandelayo kwaxoxwa ngazo kule ngqungquthela:

Inqubomgomo kanye Nokuhlela Kwezokuvakasha. Le ngqikithi ikhulume ngezinqubomgomo, izinhlelo nezinhlelo ezehlukene ezilinganisweni ezehlukene zasekhaya, zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe. Iziphakamiso zezinhlelo zentuthuko esimeme; ukusetshenziswa kwe-ecotourism emapaki kazwelonke nasezindaweni ezivikelekile zokuphatha okukhethekile. Ukuhlela nokuhleleka kwendawo. Hlaziya ukuzwana phakathi kwentuthuko nokongiwa kwemvelo. Izinhlelo kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwe-Ecological Tourism kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi.
Xoxa nge-Ecological Tourism Regulation
Isiphakamiso nokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo, ukumaketha kanye neziphakamiso ngokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo esimeme, umnikelo wama-ejenti ahlukahlukene, imfundo yezemvelo, ukusebenzisana kwamasu phakathi kwezinkampani zikahulumeni nezizimele.
Ukubuyekezwa Kwezindleko Nemihlomulo ngeqhaza lazo ekongiweni kwemvelo, imithelela engaba khona, ukwamukelwa kwezinyathelo zokuvimbela, ukuhlanganiswa ekugadweni nasekuhlolweni, ukucacisa ucwaningo kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha.

Ezingxoxweni zeNgqungquthela, bagxile ekwesekeni i-Ecological Tourism emikhakheni ehlukene njengezemvelo, inhlalo namasiko nezomnotho, kanye nasekubambisaneni nokubamba iqhaza emiphakathini yendawo, ukuphatha, ukuphatha kanye nokwengamela imisebenzi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwenhloso yenzuzo erekhodiwe. .

Ezokuvakasha Kwemvelo kanye Nokuvakasha Okuluhlaza

Kunezincazelo eziningana ze-Ecological Tourism, ezithinta indlela okwenziwa ngayo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi akukacaci ukuthi i-Ecological Tourism iyini futhi akunjalo, kanye nalokhu akukho nhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ecacisa futhi eqinisekisa lokhu. umsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, izinhlangano zezivakashi zinikeza iziphakamiso zezivakashi ngemisebenzi ehlanganiswe nemisebenzi yemvelo nokunye ukuzijabulisa kwasemadolobheni. Ukwenza izinto zemvelo, njengosuku olwandle, ukukhempa, ukudoba, ukuvakasha kokuvakasha kanye nezinye izinto ezithinta imvelo, akukhona Ezokuvakasha Kwendawo. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuvakasha okuluhlaza noma nje ukuvakasha kwemvelo.

Ngenxa yalezi zimo, izikhungo ezifana ne-World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) kanye ne-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), zanyathelisa komagazini abahlukahlukene kanye namakhasi angama-virtual incazelo ye-Ecological Tourism noma i-ecotourism kanye neziphakamiso zezinqubomgomo zemvelo kanye nezenzo ezinhle okufanele zenziwe. iyasimama. Kulezi zincazelo kuyacaca ukuthi igama elithi ecotourism linencazelo ekabili, njengoba ngakolunye uhlangothi liqondiswe engxenyeni yemakethe kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, liphathwa ngaphansi kochungechunge lwezimiso.

Iyini i-Ecological Tourism noma i-Ecotourism?

Igama elithi i-ecological tourism lichazwa yiNhlangano Yezokuvakasha Yomhlaba, njengomsebenzi owenziwa endaweni yemvelo futhi inhloso enkulu yomvakashi ukwazi, ukubuka, ukufunda, isipiliyoni kanye nokwazisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye namasiko ngendlela eqotho. ngenhlonipho endaweni evakashelwe, ngenhloso yokulondoloza imvelo yemvelo kanye nokuzuza inhlalakahle yomphakathi wendawo. Umsebenzi we-ecotourism kufanele ulawulwe ngokulandela izici ezithile ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela omubi ku-ecosystem kanye nezakhamuzi zangaphambili.

Ngokusho kweTourism and Competitiveness Committee (CTC), ibheka i-Ecological Tourism njengomsebenzi wangaphakathi wenhloso yentuthuko esimeme, iwuhlobo lwezokuvakasha olugxile emvelweni olunezimpawu zokuhlobana kakhulu nentuthuko esimeme futhi ngenxa yalokho ngokusekelwe eziqondisweni zentuthuko esimeme futhi, ngenxa yalokhu, isekelwa ukugcwaliseka kwezingxenye ezilandelayo.

Ithanda ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Inikela enhlalakahleni nasekusimameni kwenani labantu bendawo
Lolu hlobo lwezokuvakasha luqukethe isipiliyoni sokuchazwa nokufunda kwemvelo
Kusho ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwezivakashi kanye nemboni yezokuvakasha.
Imisebenzi yenziwa ikakhulukazi ngamaqembu amancane yizinkampani ezincane.
Phakathi nalolu hlobo lomsebenzi, inani eliphansi kakhulu lezinsiza ezingavuseleleki lisetshenziswa futhi imisebenzi yalo isekelwa imithombo yezinsiza ezivuselelekayo ezifana: ilanga, umoya, amandla e-biomass, phakathi kokunye.
Igqamisa ukuxhumana okufanele nemisebenzi yendawo, izakhiwo kanye namathuba okuxoxisana kwabakhileyo endaweni.

Incazelo ye-Ecological Tourism ngokukaNobhala Wezokuvakasha waseMexico (i-SECTUR) “yilolo hambo olunenhloso yokuhlanganisa ukuzijabulisa ezindaweni zemvelo nokujabulela amasiko emvelo ngesimo sengqondo sezivakashi kanye izinkampani zezokuvakasha ukuze zazi, zihloniphe, zijabulele futhi zibambe iqhaza ekulondolozweni kwemithombo yemvelo namasiko”. I-Secretariat of Tourism yaseMexico (SECTUR), ihlukanisa i-Ecological Tourism kusukela ku-Nature Tourism futhi ihlukanise lokhu okulandelayo ngemigqa emithathu eyinhloko: Ezokuvakasha Kwemvelo, ezokuvakasha kwe-adventure kanye nezokuvakasha zasemaphandleni.

Ngakho-ke, umqondo we-Ecotourism uchazwa ngokuthi “Uhambo oluhlelekile olunenjongo eyisisekelo yokuxhumana, ukwazi nokubuka imvelo kanye nokuhlanganyela ekongiweni kwayo. Lokhu kuvakasha kuvame ukwenziwa ezindaweni ezingashintshiwe kancane yimisebenzi yabantu futhi kubandakanya nemisebenzi yokuqwashisa ngemvelo namasiko”. I-Ecological Tourism ibuye ichazwe ngokuthi "uhambo oluya ezindaweni zemvelo olunomqondo wokwazi, ukufunda nokulondoloza imvelo kanye nokubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwemiphakathi evakashelwe".

Izinhlobo Zokuvakasha Kwemvelo

Ngokuya ngokukhawulwa komsebenzi we-Ecological Tourism noma we-ecotourism, izigaba ezintathu zingahlukaniswa, zikhonjwe ngenombolo. Kungaba i-ecotourism yoHlobo 1. Uma i-ecotourism iqondiswe ekongiweni kwemvelo; I-ecotourism yohlobo 2. Kulapho iqondiswe ekongiweni kwemvelo futhi iphinde ikhuthaze ukulondolozwa kwesiko lendawo evakashelwe kanye negugu layo lomlando. I-Ecotourism yohlobo 3 izoba lapho umsebenzi wokuvakasha kwemvelo osimeme emphakathini wengezwa ekongiweni kwemvelo namasiko, ngenhloso yokuzuza umphakathi wendawo.

Lolu hlobo lokugcina lwe-ecotourism, ngokuhlanganisa ukongiwa kwemvelo ohlakeni olubanzi kanye nokuphathwa kwakho okwanele ukuze kuhlanganiswe umsebenzi wesevisi, kuholela eqophelweni eliphezulu lempilo yabantu abamukelayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa okungcono komcebo okhiqizwa umsebenzi wezivakashi, okuthinta kancane izakhamuzi nendawo yazo yemvelo.

Isiko namasiko

Ngo-2003, i-World Wildlife Fund (WWF), yahlukanisa i-ecotourism ngokuthi "yilawo mabhizinisi e-Ecological Tourism aphethwe ngendlela evuna umphakathi" icacisa ukuthi le tourism yenziwa ithimba labantu abayingxenye yalowo mphakathi futhi abahlala indawo. Kulesi sigaba se-Ecological Tourism, abantu bendawo abahlanganyeli kuphela emisebenzini yezokuvakasha, kodwa futhi abantu abafanayo bendawo banesibopho sephrojekthi ye-Ecological Tourism, evuna wonke amalungu, abanye ngokuqondile nabanye ngokungaqondile.

Ngokulandela lolu hlelo lokusebenza, i-ILO (Inhlangano Yezabasebenzi) ngo-2003, yaveza ukuthi isiphakamiso se-Ecological Tourism nemiphakathi yomdabu kanye nemiphakathi yasemakhaya siqondiswe kunhloso ethile, njengokuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yemiphakathi yalezo zindawo; ukuze kugcinwe ubunikazi bamasiko kanye nemvelo. Ngokufaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhono kamasipala ukuze kuthuthukiswe ezokuvakasha ezisimeme nezinokuncintisana.

Ku-ILO Convention 169 ekhuthaza amalungelo abantu bomdabu, esihlokweni sayo sesi-7, ithi: “Abantu kumele babe nelungelo lokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinto eziza kuqala zabo mayelana nenqubekela phambili nentuthuko yabo, kuye ngomthelela ofanayo izimpilo zabo, izimfundiso zabo, izinto eziphilayo kanye nenhlalakahle kamoya, nasezindaweni abahlala kuzo noma abazisebenzisayo kuphela futhi baqhubekisele phambili, ngangokunokwenzeka, intuthuko yabo yezomnotho, yezenhlalakahle namasiko.

Ngokunjalo, abantu bomdabu okukhulunywe ngabo ngenhla kuyodingeka babambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni, ekucaciseni, ekwenziweni nasekuhlolweni kwezinhlelo zentuthuko zikazwelonke nezesifunda ezingase zibe nomthelela oqondile kuzo. Ngokucabangela lokhu okungenhla, izinhlangano ziye zaphakamisa uchungechunge lwezimfuno ezicace kakhulu ukuze zazi futhi zicace ngemithelela yenani lemiklamo yezokuvakasha, ekhula nsuku zonke, eyenziwa nemiphakathi noma eyenziwayo. ngezindleko zabo.

Ukukhathazeka kwe-ILO kulele ezintweni ezimbili ezithakaselayo, eyokuqala yileyo ekhuluma ngomthelela we-Ecological Tourism ezinsizeni zemvelo, amasiko ayo, nezimo zokuphila. Ngokusekelwe kulezi zimfuno eziphikisanayo, i-ILO iklame uhlelo lwe-Business Development Services for community tourism, olwaziwa kangcono nge-Network ukuze lusebenze nemiphakathi eveze intshisekelo yayo kwezokuvakasha, izimangalo zicacile : Amaqhinga okusekela kungadingeki ukuthi kuguqulwe izinsiza kanye nendawo, noma kugqugquzele abantu ngabanye, ngenhloso yokungaphikisani nezisekelo zamasiko omdabu mayelana nempilo, indawo yazo kanye nombono wabo wezwe jikelele.

Ukuze kulwisane nokusatshiswa kwezindawo zomdabu, ngenxa yamaphrojekthi kawoyela nezimayini angaba khona kanye nokuvakasha okungalawuleki, wahola izinhlangano zabomdabu ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Confederation of Nationalities of the Ecuadorian Amazon (CONFENAIE) futhi, ngokusebenzisa Ukudidiyelwa kwezinhlangano Zabantu Bomdabu base-Ecuador. I-Amazon Basin (COICA) ukuthuthukisa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 izisekelo ze-Community-Based Ecological Tourism (EBC) empumalanga ye-Amazon, okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuzuza ezinye izindlela zomnotho ezinengqondo noma eziqhubekayo.

Ipolitiki yomphakathi

Ezikhathini zamuva nje imboni yezokuvakasha ibilokhu itholakala embonini enkulu yezinsiza. Ngaphakathi kwalo mkhakha, i-Ecological Tourism ibilokhu ikhuphuka izitebhisi futhi izibeke endaweni yokuthi ikhule ngokushesha, njengoba ngeminyaka yawo-1990 bekunentshisekelo yokuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha eziluhlaza ezimpahleni nasezinkonzweni ezahlukahlukene. Ngokusho kongoti emhlabeni jikelele, i-ecotourism ikhule ngo-10% yaya ku-15% kuwo wonke umhlaba.

Lawa maphesenti okukhula kwe-Ecological Tourism avumela ukuthuthukiswa kweziphakamiso zezivakashi njengempendulo yokuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yemiphakathi kanye nezindawo, ngabantu abazimele, ama-NGO, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, izikhungo zikahulumeni, futhi zinikeze impendulo ebhekene nezingozi zamaphrojekthi amahlathi. , izimayini, ukugawulwa kwemithi kanye nokuxhashazwa kukawoyela, okuba nomthelela omubi emvelweni nasemphakathini.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu, umkhakha we-Ecological Tourism unamandla okuthuthukisa imisebenzi, ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kanye nezinsiza ezithuthukisa intuthuko yakuleli. Kodwa-ke, mayelana namandla e-ecotourism, kuncane ukuhlangana encazelweni yokuthi i-ecotourism iyini futhi le nkinga iholele ekuveleni kweziphakamiso ezinamalebula athi "green" kanye "ecotourism", ngaphandle kokuhambisana nemigomo ye-ecotourism. . Ngokusho kuka-Azevedo Luíndia (2005) ngenxa yalokhu kungalungile encazelweni yayo ... "I-Ecological Tourism ingaba yinoma yini futhi yonke into ngesikhathi esifanayo ingaba lutho"...

Umthelela Wezomnotho Nezenhlalakahle

Ngeshwa, imiphakathi yendawo noma labo abasondelene nemvelo yemvelo abayitholi iminikelo eyanele yezomnotho. Umuzwa osetshenziswa izinkampani ze-ecotourism futhi ikakhulukazi ukwanda kwezivakashi, ukubheka ukuthi imali ifinyelela kanjani emaqenjini angaphandle futhi imbalwa imithelela emihle efinyelela amaqembu endawo. Kanye nalomthelela omubi, eminye imithelela emiphakathini ingachazwa.

Umthelela ongemuhle kwezenhlalo we-Ecological Tourism izinguquko zobunikazi bomhlaba ezindaweni futhi nalapho kunikezwa ukuqagela okudayiswayo kwenzeka mayelana nenani lawo lokuthengisa futhi lokhu kuthinta ikakhulukazi abantu bendawo abazizwa bengakhululekile ngenxa yokuba khona kwabantu bangaphandle abasebenzisa izikhala ezivikelekile. izindawo kanye nezinye izindawo ze-ecotourism, ngezinye izikhathi ngokungathembeki.
Ezindaweni zemvelo ezintekenteke kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ziyizindawo lapho abantu bengazange bangene khona, zingathinteka kabi izivakashi okuthi, ngenxa yokungazi, zithinte ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile izitshalo nezilwane zazo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho bephakela izilwane ezinjengezinkawu, izinyoni noma izingwenya ukuze izivakashi zikwazi ukuthatha izithombe. Ukushintsha amandla okudla kwezilwane.
Ukungqubuzana kwezithakazelo kubhebhethekiswa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhuba yendabuko yabantu bendawo, ezindaweni lapho ngokwesiko bekwenza khona njengokugawula izinkuni, ukuzingela, ukukha izitshalo zokwelapha kanti kokunye basebenzise amahlamvu esundu ukwakha uphahla lwezindlu zabo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokuvula ukuvakasha kwe-ecotourism, ukuvinjelwa kuyasungulwa kubantu abazungezile bemvelo yemvelo, njengoba kunqunywa njengezindawo ezivikelekile.
Izakhiwo ezintsha ze-Ecological Tourism ezifana nezakhiwo zamahhotela, izitolo ezahlukene, izindawo zokudlela, zakhiwe eduze kakhulu nezindawo zemvelo, zibe nomthelela omubi esimweni sezwe ngoba ezinye zinemiklamo yezakhiwo ezingahambelani nemvelo. Amandla okusetshenziswa kwawo angabangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwemfucuza eqinile, ukungcoliswa komsindo, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ayo, ukukhanya kwasebusuku eduze kakhulu nezindawo lapho kuhlala khona izilwane zendawo.
Idizayini yezindlela zokuhumusha okufanele zisetshenziswe izivakashi ngokuvamile iklanywe ngokulinganiselwe futhi kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi umzila uphenduke ungafaneleki ngoba uyindlela efanayo lapho nangemuva, esikhundleni sendawo evumela ukujikeleza kwendilinga. . Ngenxa yalokhu, izinkinga zokuguguleka zingadalwa ukunyathelwa phansi futhi ngezinye izikhathi izivakashi ziqondiswa abantu abanolwazi oluncane ngendawo nesiqondiso, benza uhambo olubi olunolwazi oluncane.
Ukushoda kwezifundo zomthamo womthwalo ezindaweni ezivakashelwe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintekenteke kakhulu kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomthelela omubi kwezemvelo. Kwenzeka ukuthi kukhona ukuhlela okuncane ukukhawulela noma ukubeka indawo yokungena ezindaweni noma ezindleleni lapho umthamo wazo wokuthwala weqiwe.
Ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi iziphakamiso eziningi ze-Ecological Tourism zinentshisekelo yokuheha izivakashi ezivela phesheya kuphela, ngenxa yemali engenayo ephezulu yemali yangaphandle ehlinzekwa yilolu hlobo lwezokuvakasha. Ngenxa yalokho, akunakwa kangako isivakashi somdabu kanye neqembu lesikole lendawo, elinezinsiza ezimbalwa zokuhamba.

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyini incazelo nemigomo ye-Ecological Tourism, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo ithuba yimboni yezokuvakasha, kunamaqembu ezomnotho abheka amathuba amakhulu okukhula kwengxenye ye-ecotourism. Ngokubona ngalo mbono, i-Ecological Tourism ingadlala indima enhle ekuthuthukisweni kwamazwe amaningana Omhlaba Wesithathu ngezizathu ezahlukene: imali engenayo kanye nokwanda kwemisebenzi, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda kanye nokwanda komnotho ongekho emthethweni.

Amazwe anokukhula okuncane komnotho ngenxa yeminye imikhakha yezomnotho kanye nezindawo ezimbalwa zemvelo ezikhangayo kanye namasiko athakazelisayo, njengeBrazil, Peru, Bolivia kanye ne-Ecuador. Sekukonke, umkhakha we-Ecological Tourism udinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane komkhakha womphakathi kwingqalasizinda, uma kuqhathaniswa nezokuvakasha ezijwayelekile; nakuba, I-Ecological Tourism noma i-ecotourism ingaletha izinzuzo ezingcono emiphakathini yendawo kunokuvakasha kwendabuko.

Mayelana nalokhu, ezokuvakasha kwezemvelo emkhakheni wazo wezomnotho zixubene nemisinga eyinhloko yamafilosofi omphakathi e-anthropocentric kanye ne-egocentric social. Uma kukhulunywa ngesihloko se-ecotourism, elinye lamaphuzu abalulekile okufanele kuxoxwe ngawo ukuthi lingaba yinzuzo engakanani ngokomnotho emiphakathini yendawo kanye nezwe elitholayo. Njengoba futhi iwumthombo omuhle wemali engenayo kubasebenzisi bangaphandle, ikakhulukazi njengoba le ngxenye yemakethe iqhubeka nokukhula.

Okuholela engxabanweni, uma kubhekwa ukuthi le nhlanhla yezomnotho ayivamisile ukufinyelela emazweni okuyiwa kuwo futhi kancane emnothweni wemiphakathi yendawo lapho izindawo zemvelo zobuhle obungavamile kanye nesiko lokhokho babo zikhona. Ngokocwaningo olumayelana nemithelela yezomnotho yomsebenzi we-Ecological Tourism, kunenkolelo-mbono ehamba phambili ebonisa ukuthi i-Ecological Tourism inyusa imali engenayo ezindaweni ezintathu:

Ezweni lapho izinsiza zemvelo kanye/noma zamasiko zikhona, ngenxa yokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe okutholwa abavakashi bemvelo.
Kubantu bendawo ngokubheka ukubamba kwabo iqhaza emisebenzini yezokuvakasha, kanye nangeminye imikhakha ehambisanayo.
Kumphathi wendawo yemvelo noma imisebenzi yamasiko ngomnikelo abawuthola ngokuqondile kubavakashi lapho bekhokhela ukufinyelela.

Izithiyo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-Ecotourism

Kukhona izifundo ezimbalwa eziqinisekisa ukuthi i-ecotourism inganikeza kanjani impendulo ephelele yokuthi unganelisa kanjani ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwesidingo ngabavakashi bemvelo. Ngenxa yokushoda kokuhlela esikhathini esifushane nesimaphakathi, kusebenza ngokuxazulula izimo eziphuthumayo (ngisho nokwenza ngcono) lapho kwenzeka inhlekelele noma inhlekelele. Ngaphandle kokuhlola ukuthi kungani kwenzeka ukuze ukwazi ukubona kusengaphambili ithuba elizayo.

Nakuba kunezincwadi eziningi ezikhiqizwe i-World Ecotourism Society, nokho kuncane okuboniswayo noma okuhlangenwe nakho kwamanye amazwe kuyafundwa. Kukhona ulwazi ngezilimi ezahlukene, njengeSpanishi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iminikelo yesabelomali iphansi ukwenza ukuhlela, ukwenziwa kanye nokuqapha kwe-ecotourism, ikakhulukazi ezikhungweni zamahhotela. Njengamanje, lukhona ulwazi lwenhlangano ehlelekile yokufaneleka nokuqinisekisa amahhotela, ngokuya ngokuzwela kwawo emvelweni, nokho-ke, imiphumela nomthelela wawo eqinisweni lemisebenzi yezivakashi kusamele ihlolwe.

Zimbalwa izikhungo zemfundo futhi ezinezinga eliphezulu kwezemfundo nge-ecotourism. Isikhungo semfundo esaziwayo futhi esinemibhalo esiqinisekisayo, ukuze sibe yisiqinisekiso ekuqeqeshweni kochwepheshe nabacwaningi ku-Ecological Tourism ezindaweni ezahlukene kanye namazinga okuqeqeshwa nokufunda okukhethekile. Futhi, yiba nobudlelwano obuhle nabahlali balezi zikhungo ukuze basebenzise ngokunenzuzo ulwazi lwabo lwebhayoloji, lwezokupheka, lwendabuko, lwezobuciko olungasetshenziswa.

Zimbalwa izinjongo zokuhlolwa kwezibalo kanye nokuqapha okwenziwe ezibika ngokuningiliziwe umthelela we-Ecological Tourism, ukuze kubhekwe futhi, ngokusekelwe kulolu lwazi, ukwenza intuthuko noma ukuguqula inkambo yokuba semqoka futhi kukhuthaze izindlela ezintsha zokusondelana ne-ecotourism. .ngendlela enesibopho futhi esimeme ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imibono Yezokuvakasha Kwemvelo

Imibono yomsebenzi owenziwe kahle we-Ecological Tourism ingaba ithuluzi elihle lokugqugquzela ukongiwa nokuvikelwa kwezindawo zemvelo kanye namasiko amasiko emiphakathi, uma kwenziwa umkhuba omuhle walolu hlobo lwezokuvakasha futhi, nokho, ukwenziwa kwe ukwenza ngokunganaki kwe-Ecological Tourism kungabangela imithelela engemihle ezilwaneni, ezimila kanye nayo yonke imithombo yemvelo namasiko yesifunda.

Lolu hlobo lwe-Ecological Tourism luyaqhubeka nokusabela ekunambithekeni nasezimfuneko zenani labantu abavakashi bemvelo, abaya ngokuya benentshisekelo yokuthola indawo yemvelo kanye nokusabela ezidingweni zokusabela endleleni yokuhlanganisa ukongiwa kwemvelo namaphrojekthi wentuthuko. Kanye nokwesekwa okuncane ekunikezeni umphakathi owamukelayo indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekubambeni kwabo iqhaza elibonakalayo, njengoba kuyibo abahlomuli bokuqala. Ngenxa yalokhu, inzuzo yezomnotho, ngokwezinga elikhulu, ihlala isezandleni zabaqhubi bezokuvakasha nezinkampani, kodwa ayiphinde itshalwe ekuqiniseni umphakathi kanye nemvelo.

Nakuba kukholakala ukuthi umsebenzi we-Ecological Tourism uhambisana nenqubekelaphambili yomnotho wemiphakathi yasendaweni, kunalokho kuhloswe ngawo ukuhlinzeka ngokuphathwa okucatshangwa yisifunda noma izwe elitholwayo, ngokuba nesithembiso esingajwayelekile sohlelo lwendalo olungakathintwa futhi lwandise amazwe ngamazwe. ukuhweba kwezokuvakasha njengethuluzi lokungenisa endaweni.

I-Mercado

Inkampani ye-ecotourism ibilokhu ikhula eminyakeni yamuva emhlabeni jikelele, nokho, iqiniso lokuthi akuwona wonke amazwe anqume izinqubomgomo noma izitifiketi zezinkampani ze-ecotourism ezithobela yonke imigomo yalesi sigaba sezokuvakasha esiqondiswe ekusetshenzisweni ngendlela eqhubekayo, okuye kwadala ukudideka. ngendlela enikeza ngayo izinkonzo kanye nalokho elikunikezayo ngempela.

Okwamanje, ukunikezwa kwe-Ecological Tourism emhlabeni kuwukukhanya kuphela kwe-Ecological Tourism noma i-greenwashing, okungukuthi, isikhangiso esinezithombe ezikhangayo zezindawo zemvelo kanye nelebula yezokuvakasha kwemvelo, ngenhloso yokuheha abavakashi nokubanikeza imisebenzi ethile. ungajwayele ukuhlangabezana nezimiso ze-ecotourism yeqiniso.

Eqinisweni, izakhiwo zamahhotela endabuko ezakhiwe eduze nolwandle noma, eduze nendawo yemvelo ehlanzekile egqama ngobuhle bayo obumangalisayo, ngokuvamile ziyabonwa. Ukuvakasha ngobuningi kuvame ukukhiqiza imithelela eminingi engemihle futhi labo abathandwayo ngabanikazi bamahhotela nabaqhubi bezokuvakasha, ngaphandle kwanoma yimuphi umnikelo ekongiweni kwemvelo kanye nemiphakathi kanye nezakhamuzi zayo, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi ekhokha kancane edalelwe ukwamukela izivakashi. I-Ecological Tourism ithole ukugxekwa kaningi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemithetho ecacile, yingakho ezimakethe zomhlaba inikeza i-ecotourism okungelona iqiniso sengathi injalo.

Izibonelo Zokuvakasha Kwemvelo

Kunamaphrojekthi ambalwa we-Ecological Tourism angavezwa njengezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu, lokhu ngombono wokuthi nakuba izindawo zemvelo zingena ngokuphelele kumigomo ye-Ecological Tourism noma ye-ecotourism, le phrojekthi ithonywe kabi impumelelo efanayo nalolu hlobo lwezokuvakasha. . Ngenxa yobuhle bayo bendawo kanye namanye amanani emvelo, iheha izivakashi eziningi, nakuba kunemikhawulo yokufinyelela. Ezinye izibonelo ze-Ecological Tourism ezindaweni zemvelo, ezinemithetho yazo yokusetshenziswa ukuze zibe izindawo zokuvikela nokuphatha okukhethekile.

Iziqhingi zaseGalapagos e-Ecuador.
I-Fernando de Noronha National Marine Park eBrazil.
I-La Selva Biological Station, i-OET Biological Reserve yangasese e-Costa Rica.
I-Chubut ePatagonia e-Argentina.
I-Pico Duarte kanye ne-San Juan de la Maguana National Parks e-Dominican Republic.
I-Olmos-Lambayeque ePeru.
I-Kruger National Park eNingizimu Afrika.
I-Reserve Park: i-Maasai Mara, eKenya.
I-Souss-Massa National Park, Morocco.
I-Turuépano National Park, isifunda saseSucre eVenezuela.
I-Rio Negro, Amazon.
I-Tingo Maria National Park, i-Huánuco ePeru.
Sierra La Macarena eColombia.
I-Los Nevados National Natural Park, eColombia.
I-El Yunque National Forest, ePuerto Rico.
I-Crax- Rescue Centre ePeru.
I-Las Estacas-Morelos Natural Park, eMexico.
Isiqhingi saseGuadalupe eBaja California, eMexico.
Cerro el Chumil-Jantetelco, Morelos Mexico.

I-Fernando de Noronha Island

Iziqhingi zase-Brazilian Atlantic zamemezela ukuthi i-Reserve of Fernando de Noroña kanye ne-Atoll of the Rocks kanye Nendawo Yamagugu Omhlaba yi-UNESCO ngo-2001. Itholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesifunda sase-Pernambuco e-Brazil. Kuyiqoqo leziqhingi ezinentaba-mlilo etholakala oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic nendawo engamakhilomitha angama-26² futhi yakhiwe iziqhingi ezingama-21 ezingahlali muntu futhi yiziqhingi ezinkulu kuphela ezinabantu abaningi, ezinobukhulu obungama-17 km.² ebizwa ngokufana neqoqo leziqhingi. Ezinye iziqhingi ziyingxenye ye-National Marine Park, ngakho-ke kuvunyelwe kuphela ukuzivakashela ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo.

Leli qoqo leziqhingi, kanye ne-Atol das Rocas kanye ne-Abrolhos, zaziswa kakhulu ngabatshuzi, yingakho izivakashi eziningi ziya kuleli qoqo leziqhingi ukuyotshuza nje. Eminyakeni engu-15 edlule izinsiza zezokuvakasha zaziselula kakhulu futhi ziyisisekelo, kwakuyizindlu zokulala zemindeni nezindawo zokudlela ezimbalwa; eminyakeni yakamuva lezi zindawo zivuselelwe futhi sekwakhiwe nezindawo zokulala ezintsha ngosizo okuhloswe ngalo ukudinga izivakashi. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi izivakashi ezivakashela lezi ziqhingi zihamba kuphela ukuze zijabulele indawo yokutshuza futhi zijabulele ubuhle bemvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona ukuphazamiseka okuncane.

I-Turuepano National Park

Leli paki likazwelonke eVenezuela, eliseSifundazweni SaseSucre, onqenqemeni olusenyakatho yeSan Juan naphambi kweGulf of Paria. Lesi siqiwu sigqama kakhulu ngamathafa asolwandle anethonya lasolwandle, esiyingqayizivele eVenezuela. Imihlume, amapayipi kanye nemisele yayo igqamile futhi ilungu elivelele lezilwane zayo yi-manatee. Indawo yayo icishe ibe ngamahektha ayi-72.600.

I-Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Reserve

I-Monteverde Cloud Forest Biological Reserve iyindawo yangasese etholakala e-Costa Rica, ezifundazweni zasePuntarenas nase-Ajajuela, eduze ne-Sierra Tilarán. Lesi siqiwu sasungulwa ngo-1972, futhi inendawo engamahektha ayi-10.500, ithola isilinganiso sezivakashi ezingama-70.000 ngonyaka. I-90% yendawo yokulondoloza iyihlathi elingenalutho futhi ngaphakathi kwendawo yokulondoloza ungabona izindawo ezingu-6 zemvelo.

Ibonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo zayo eziphakeme zezinto eziphilayo ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni, kulesi siqiwi kuye kwachazwa izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-2500, okugqamisa ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo zama-orchid, izinhlobo eziyi-100 zezilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlobo ezingama-400 zezinyoni, izinhlobo eziyi-120 zezilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. nezinkulungwane zezinambuzane.

La Selva Biological Station

Lesi siteshi sebhayoloji sivakashelwa kakhulu ngongoti ezindaweni ezehlukene njengezazi zezitshalo, izazi zezitshalo, i-ichthyologists, izazi zezinambuzane nokunye. Itholakala ePuerto Viejo de Sarapiquí, esifundeni esisenyakatho yeCosta Rica. Isiteshi siyingxenye yendawo enkulu evikelwe, iLa Selva Protective Zone. Lesi siteshi se-Biological sivame kakhulu ukwenza ucwaningo ngemithombo yemvelo yezindawo ezishisayo.

Lesi siteshi sitholakala phakathi kweNature Reserve enendawo evikelekile engaba ngu-15Km² yehlathi lokuqala elishisayo. Lesi siqiwu sizungezwe yizindawo ezingenelele kwezolimo futhi sizungezwe iBraulio Carrillo National Park, okuyindawo enwetshiwe yeCentral Volcanic Conservation Area. Kuyindawo eyimfihlo futhi esetshenziswa umnikazi wayo, i-Organisation for Tropical Studies (OET).

Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi imvelo emangalisayo nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani, ufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: