Izinyoka ziyizilwane ezihuquzelayo ezinomlando ogcwele izinguquko kanye nezinqubo ezinkulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngayinye yalezi ziyingxenye yalokho lezi zinhlobo eziyikho namuhla. Zingatholakala kuwo wonke ama-ecosystems omhlaba, yingakho ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo nezindawo zokuhlala, namuhla sikutshela konke mayelana nemvelo. izinhlobo zezinyoka.
Ziyini Izinyoka?
bayatshelwa Ama-Serpientes noma ama-ophidians ezilwaneni ezihuquzelayo ezaziwa ngokungabi namilenze yangaphezulu noma yaphansi, yingakho umzimba wazo ukwazi ukunyakaza ngokuhudula, okubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ukujikajika. Ukwakheka kwazo side futhi mncane, nokho-ke, lokhu akusona isithiyo uma kuziwa ekutholeni ukudla, ngoba ziyakwazi ngisho nokudla izilwane ezinkulu ngosayizi.
Lolu hlobo lunemvelaphi enkathini ye-Cretaceous, ngisho nezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zinezinsalela ezincane zalokho okwakuyimilenze ngesikhathi esithile ekuziphendukeleni kwazo, futhi nakuba ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zihlukile ku-lizard, kuze kube manje abukho ubufakazi obanele bokuthi ziyakwazi ingaqinisekisa lokhu noma yimuphi umbono mayelana nomsuka wayo okhuphukayo.
Izimpawu Zezinyoka
Izinyoka zinesikhumba esakhiwe ngokuphelele ngamazenga, lesi sici sizithanda kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuhambeni emhlabeni, ngoba ziqhutshwa ukukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene okutholakala emhlabeni, futhi izikali zivumela kuphela ukugijima kuwo ngaphandle kokushibilika. phezu kwakho.
Lezi zinhlobo zingakhipha isikhumba sazo ngezikhathi ezithile, konke ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa isakhiwo sazo somzimba, ikhono lokunyakaza nokukhipha noma yikuphi okuphilayo kwangaphandle okusongela impilo yezilwane ezihuquzelayo. Kunjalo Izilwane ze-Vertebrate Bangaba nama-vertebrae aphakathi kuka-200 no-400 emzimbeni wabo wonke.
Ubukhulu balezi zinhlobo bungahluka kakhulu, konke kuzoncika ku- izinhlobo zezinyoka nezici zayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi umehluko ungabonakala kakhulu, njengoba izinyoka ezincane kunazo zonke zingafinyelela amasentimitha angu-10 ubude, kanti enkulu kunazo zonke ingafinyelela kumamitha angu-10 ubude.
Lapho unyakaza, umhlathi ushaya phansi, okubavumela ukuthi bathole ukudlidliza okukhishwa yinoma iyiphi i-ejenti yangaphandle futhi ngale ndlela baqondiswa ukuba babaleke, bahlasele noma bazingele. Kukhona futhi ukuthi le ngxenye yomzimba wabo ayinamathele ngokuphelele kugebhezi, okwenza kube lula ukuthi bavule imilomo yabo ukuze bagwinye inyamazane yabo.
Izinzwa zabo zokubona nokuzwa azisebenzi kakhulu, ngakho zihambisana nezinye izinzwa zabo ukuze zisebenzisane nendawo ezungezile, kuhlanganise nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuyilapho umhlathi uthola ukudlidliza, ulimi lusebenza njengomuzwa wabo wokuhogela futhi bayakwazi ukubona kalula indawo abakuyo ngenxa yalokhu. , ngenxa yaleso sizathu kuvame kakhulu ukuba izinyoka zikhiphe ulimi lwazo kakhulu emilonyeni yazo, njengoba zihlola indawo ezungezile.
Ukondla Izinyoka
zonke ezahlukene izinhlobo zezinyoka badla inyama futhi ngokuya ngezinhlobo nendawo ezitholakala kuyo, ukudla kwabo kuzosuselwa, kepha kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kufaka phakathi izilwane ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izinhlanzi, izilwane ezihlala emanzini, izinambuzane futhi zingadla nezinye izilwane ezihuquzelayo. .
Izinyoka aziyichobozi inyamazane yazo ngamazinyo, ngoba aziqeqeshelwanga lolu hlobo lomsebenzi, kodwa zingagwinya inyamazane yazo iphelele futhi ziyigaye ngosizo lwejusi yesisu etholakala ezindongeni zenyama.
Njengoba sesishilo, ukudla kuncike ohlotsheni lwenyoka nendawo ezungezile, kodwa lezi zilwane zingagwinya izilwane eziningi ezinkulu, nakuba lokhu kungabandakanyi abantu, ngakho akufanele ukhathazeke kakhulu ngalokho.
Ngenxa yobuningi bokudla ezingakwazi ukukugcina emizimbeni yazo, izinyoka zingahlala isikhathi eside zingadli, phakathi naso sonke lesi sikhathi kufanele zihlale ziphumule futhi zigweme ukwenza noma yimuphi umsebenzi odinga umzamo omkhulu womzimba, ngoba kukho konke lokho. isikhathi ukuthi inqubo yokugaya yenzeka.
Udumo Lwenyoka
Izinyoka zinedumela elibi kakhulu kubantu ngenxa yezinganekwane ezingenasisekelo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ezinkolweni namasiko ahlukene avela ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni, ziyazenyanya izinyoka ngokuba nenkolelo yokuthi empeleni Zizenza samuntu. okubi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezifundeni eziningi ezihlukene, inyoka imelela izinhlangano eziningi ezinhle, njengonkulunkulu bemithi noma ukuphila, nakuba futhi ifanekisela izindinganiso, njengokuhlakanipha, ukuphila, ulwazi, ukuvikelwa nokulondeka. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, izinganekwane ezingezinhle zinamandla amakhulu phezu kokwazi komuntu, ngenxa yaleso sizathu imibono emibi mayelana nalolu hlobo igcwele.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinhlobo
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoka zinokubukeka okufana kakhulu okuvame ukuhluka kancane ekubukekeni kobukhulu nombala wezikali, ngaphandle kokuba nomehluko omningi esakhiweni sazo, nokho, zonke zinezindlela ezihlukene zokuthola ukudla kwazo.
Abanye izinhlobo zezinyoka benza buthaka noma babulale inyamazane yabo ngokulunywa lapho befaka khona ushevu oqinile, okuthi, kuye ngamandla awo, ukwazi ukubulala izilwane ezinkulu ngisho nabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona abavimbela inyamazane ngohlobo lokukhama, olubizwa ngokuthi ukuminyanisa.
Izinhlobo Zezinyoka
Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3.400 zezinyoka ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke, ezingahlukaniswa ngokuhlukahluka kwesakhiwo sazo, imikhuba yokudla, indawo yokuhlala noma isifunda lapho zihlala khona futhi zizalana.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinhlobo Zezinyoka
Izinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoka zinikeze ithuba lokuba nohlobo oluthile lokuguquka oluvumela ukuba zivumelane nemvelo ezizungezile, kusukela kulokhu izinhlobo ezahlukene esizaziyo namuhla ziye zavela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuye kwahlukaniswa ngokufanelekile phakathi kwamaqembu ongawabona ngezansi.
Izinyoka
Ama-Viper anesakhiwo esithuthuke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngamazinyo, njengoba anamazinyo amade, angenalutho angafihlwa ngaphakathi kolwanga futhi aphume lapho isilwane singena ekuvikelweni noma ekuhlaseleni, yilapho ubuthi bugeleza bubheke esilwaneni. , ngaphezu kokuba nobuthi obungaba yingozi kakhulu ezilwaneni nakubantu.
Ugebhezi lwazo lunonxantathu, lunezinzwa zokushisa ohlangothini ngalunye lwamakhanda futhi lunembe kakhulu futhi lushesha lapho bezingela, ikakhulukazi ebusuku, luyi-ovoviviparous futhi lungatholakala ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Abanye izinhlobo zenyoka bangaba:
ikhanda lethusi
umlomo kakotini
IMambas, Cobras kanye namaCorals
Lezi zingezomndeni wakwa-Elapidae, nakuba izinyoka zasolwandle nazo zifakiwe lapha, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zalo mndeni ziyingozi kakhulu, hhayi ezilwaneni kuphela, kodwa nakubantu, njengoba ingxenye enkulu yalezi zinamandla amakhulu. ushevu okwazi ukuqeda impilo yanoma iyiphi indoda uma ukulunywa kungelashwa kusenesikhathi.
Zide futhi zincane, izikali ziba zinkulu uma zisondela ekhanda, ziyi-oviparous futhi zivame ukuhamba kakhulu endaweni yazo, ngokungafani nezinye ezihlala zinganyakazi futhi zinganyakazi, zilinde ukuzingela.
Izinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene zinomehluko omningi ekwakhekeni nasekuziphatheni kwazo, okokuqala, ama-cobras angawo izinhlobo zezinyoka okusabisa kakhulu kanye nedumela elibi kakhulu phakathi kwabantu, banokuhlasela okunembe kakhulu nokubulalayo, kanye nokuba nesigqoko esihluke kakhulu emakhanda abo, esikhiphekayo futhi ngokuvamile abasuka lapho bezizwa besongelwa, ngenhloso yokunikeza. umthamo owengeziwe wesakhiwo sayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimamba zivame ukuhlala ezihlahleni futhi zihamba ngesivinini esikhulu emagatsheni, zikwazi ukufinyelela ngokushesha inyamazane yazo ngaphandle kokuzinika ithuba lokuthuka. Izinyoka zama-coral zinefreyimu encane, futhi zinokuluma kancane, ngakho-ke azibhekwa njengengozi, zinemibala egqamile kakhulu futhi ekhanyayo. Kulo mndeni wezinyoka sinawo:
imamba emnyama
King Cobra
izinyoka
Lezi zibizwa nangokuthi izinyoka zeqiniso, zimboza iningi lemindeni yezinyoka ezihlanganisa cishe ingqikithi yezinhlobo eziyi-1.800 emhlabeni wonke. Umuntu ubaqambe ngokuthi izinyoka, igama elisuselwe egameni labo langempela elithi "Colubridae".
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezilwane kulo mndeni, lezi zinyoka azihlukaniswa njengeziyingozi, ngoba azivamile ukuhlasela, ngaphandle uma zidinge ukudla futhi lokhu kuzoncika endaweni ezihlala kuyo, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ezihlala kuzo. i-beech kanye nezici ezithile zesilwane esihuquzelayo.
Izinyoka zenzeka ngaphezu kwanoma yini ezifundeni zaseYurophu, kodwa ngenhlanhla eziningi azinalo ubuthi futhi uma zikhona, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi azibulali kubantu, nakuba lokhu kungase kuhluke kuye ngokuthi inyoka ekhona futhi ukuqapha kuyalulekwa lapho usebenza nanoma yikuphi. isilwane esihuquzelayo salolu hlobo. Abanye amagama ezinyoka Yilezi:
Inyoka Enemibala
corn snake
I-Python kanye ne-Boa
Lezi zinyoka azinalo nhlobo uhlobo lobuthi, kodwa zingochwepheshe ekubambeni, ngakho zinkulu ngokwanele futhi ziqine ngokwanele ukuba zingasonga inyamazane yazo bese ziyikhama kuze kube yilapho igazi linqamuka futhi izitho ziqala ukwehluleka kungazelelwe.
Amazinyo abo, njengoba bengenazo izimbobo lapho ushevu ugijima khona, bese kuba namazinyo asebenza njengezinzipho, abambe isilwane ukuze singasivumeli ukuba siphume. Lo mndeni wezinyoka ungahlukaniswa njengomdala kunayo yonke, njengoba nasemizimbeni yawo kusale imikhondo yalokho okwakuyimilenze yawo.
Kuleli qembu kunezinyoka ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwayo, ezifinyelela kumamitha angu-10 ubude, ezinobukhulu obukhulu kakhulu obuzisiza lapho zizingela ukudla. Nazi izinyoka ezifana:
IBoa Constrictor
inhlwathi yasebukhosini
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezinyoka Nge-Habitat
Lolu uhlobo olukwazile ukusabalala kulo lonke ubude nobubanzi beplanethi yomhlaba, ngaphandle kwezifunda ezibanda kakhulu, futhi naphezu kwalokho, singathola lolu hlobo lwezilwane cishe kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo ongayicabanga, kusukela emahlathini. nasemahlathini, ezingwadule nasezintabeni, zingatholakala nokuhlala ezilwandle nasemifuleni.
Izinhlobo Zezinyoka Zomhlaba
Izinyoka zasemhlabeni zingahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene zomhlaba futhi kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni lwendawo ezitholakala kuyo, zingahlala emhubheni ngaphansi komhlaba, phakathi kwamadwala, ezindaweni zokulima kanye nasezihlahleni.
Ziyakwazi ukuphila phakathi kwezilwane ezizidlayo ngenxa yemibala yezikali zazo, njengoba zingathathi hlangothi, zibe nsundu noma zibe luhlaza okotshani, zingafihla kahle kakhulu imvelo. Esimeni esiphambene, lezi zinhlobo zezilwane zinemibala enamandla kakhulu futhi egqamile exwayisa ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane mayelana nobuthi bazo noma ubuthi ezingaba nazo njengendlela yokuzivikela.
Izinyoka Zesihlahla
Uma sikhuluma ngezinyoka ezihlala emahlathini anamahlamvu noma emahlathini anomswakama, kufanele siqaphele ukuthi lezi zivame ukuhlala futhi zihamba phakathi kwezihlahla, lokhu kuzisiza ukuba zibaleke ezilwaneni ezizidlayo ngoba zigcina ibanga elihlakaniphile ukusuka phansi.
Izikali zabo ngokuvamile zinemithunzi efana nensundu noma eluhlaza ngokugqamile, okubasiza ukuthi bahlangane neziqu, amagatsha namaqabunga ezihlahla. Lesi sici futhi siyabathanda lapho befuna ukudla, ezingela izilwane ezihamba phakathi kwezihlahla, njengamagundane amancane noma izinyoni. Ezinye izibonelo zalokhu kungaba:
I-Bejuquilla eluhlaza
izinyoka zesihlabathi
Laba yibo abahlala ogwadule nama-savannah, lapho amazinga okushisa ephakeme futhi amanzi eyivelakancane kakhulu, ngokuvamile kufanele bavumelane nalolu hlobo lwendawo ukuze bakwazi ukuhamba emhlabathini nasesihlabathini ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kabi imisebe enamandla yemvelo. ilanga. , njengoba nje kufanele bavumelane nokuziphatha kwabo ukuze lapho bezingela, akudingekile ukuba baqede wonke amandla abanawo.
Ngokuvamile zihlala emihubheni enziwe zona noma ezinye izilwane, futhi zinyakaza ngokumba umgodi ongashoni esihlabathini futhi zinyakaze ngaphansi kwaso, bese zivela phezulu imizuzwana embalwa, ukuze zicwile emuva esihlabathini. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoka zesihlabathi zingaba:
I-Red Diamond Rattlesnake
Izinhlobo Zezinyoka Zamanzi
Abanye izinhlobo zezinyoka Baye bathuthela ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini futhi baye bajwayela ukuhlala kuzo unomphela, hhayi kuphela emifuleni nasemachibini, kodwa nasezilwandle ezinkulu. Lezi zilwane zingabhekwa njenge-semi-aquatic, ngoba nakuba zichitha isikhathi esiningi sezimpilo zazo ngaphansi kwamanzi, zisadinga ukuphefumula umoya.
Izinyoka Zamanzi Ahlanzekile
Lezi zinyoka zihlala osebeni lwemifula namachibi, ngokuvamile zichitha usuku lonke phezu kwamanzi futhi zitshuza ikakhulukazi ukuze zithole ukudla. Abanye futhi bavame ukuhamba phezu komhlaba futhi baye emanzini kuphela ngenhloso yokuzingela izinhlanzi noma izilwane ezihlala emanzini.
Iningi lalezi zinhlobo Izinyoka zaseSpain, ezisakazwa kuzo zonke izifunda zaseYurophu, nakuba zingatholakala kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Ezinye zalezi zinyoka kungaba:
Anaconda
izinyoka zasolwandle
Lezi izinhlobo zezinyoka Zijwayele ngokuphelele ukuphila olwandle, ngisho nesakhiwo sazo sesishintshile kangangokuthi umsila wazo uzivumela ukuba zihambe ngokushesha futhi umzimba wazo oyisicaba uzivumela ukuba zigzag ngokukhululeka emanzini. Zivame ukuhlala emakhorali, emadwaleni noma ekujuleni kwesihlabathi, lapho zikwazi khona ukuzifihla kalula ebumnyameni, ngosizo lokhula lwasolwandle.
Lezi zinhlobo zijwayele ukuphila olwandle kangangokuthi ngisho noma zingafika phezu komhlaba, azikwazi ukuhamba phansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zinhlobo zisadinga ukuphefumula umoya, ngakho kufanele zize phezulu ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa zingabamba umoya wazo ngaphansi kwamanzi amahora angaba ngu-5.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo kakhulu ukuthi phakathi kwalezi zinyoka zasolwandle kunezinhlobo ezinobuthi obunamandla futhi obunamandla, ezikwazi ukubulala inyamazane yazo ngemizuzu embalwa ngokuluma kanye nje. Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo yilezi:
Inyoka Yasolwandle yaseJerdon
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezinyoka Ngobuthi
Kulesi sigaba sizokwazi ukucacisa ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu mayelana nezinyoka ezinobuthi nezingezona ezinobuthi, ngaphezu kokukhumbula ukuthi izinhlobo ezinobuthi zidla futhi zizivikele ngalobu buthi, kodwa lezo ezingenabo ushevu zisebenzisa ezinye izindlela zokuzivikela. nokuzingela, njengokuminyanisa.
Izinhlobo Zezinyoka Ezinobuthi
Lena ethile edonsa ukunakwa okukhulu kubantu futhi ehlukanisa izinyoka njengezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu, nakuba abaningi bengazi ukuthi eziningi azinawo ushevu futhi noma ngabe ziwubuthi, azibeki usongo lwangempela kubantu, ngoba abawahlaseli, kuphela endaweni ekude lapho bezizwa behlaselwa.
Kuyadingeka ukukhawulela ukuthi kuphela 10% of the izinhlobo zezinyoka Emhlabeni wonke zinoshevu, lezi zinhlobo zinamazinyo akhethekile akwenza kube lula ngazo ukuba zilume futhi zijove lobu buthi ezizimbeni zazo. Akubona bonke abanobuthi obunamandla alinganayo, ngakho-ke ukubulawa kwawo kuzoba nomthelela ekudleni kwabo kanye nobukhulu bezisulu zabo.
I-Los izinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi, ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu ahlukene:
- I-Solenoglyphs: Zinamazinyo amade, angenalutho abhoboza kalula isikhumba sesilwane esizingelayo futhi ubuthi obujovwe bugeleza kuzona lezi zimbobo buze bufike emzimbeni wesinye isilwane ukuze buqale ukusebenza ngemizuzwana. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zinoshevu ongathinta abantu.
- Ama-Proteroglyphs: Anamazinyo anesikhala esincane lapho ushevu ugijima futhi ufinyelele inyamazane, lokhu kuqhekeka kuvalwe ngokwanele futhi kuvumela ubuthi ukuthi bufinyelele esilwaneni ngokushesha, nakuba inqubo yinde kunezinye. izinhlobo zezinyokaNaphezu kwalokhu, ubuthi bayo bunamandla kakhulu.
- I-Opisthoglyphs: Banobuthi obuncane kakhulu futhi obungabathinti abantu, ngakho abubhekwa njengosongo. Njengeyangaphambili, banamazinyo axhumene nembobo okugeleza kuyo ubuthi, kodwa lena ivuleke kakhulu futhi yenza inqubo ibe nzima.
- Ama-Aglyphs: Amazinyo ayo awakhiwe ukuze kujovelwe ubuthi, ithathwa njengoshevu ngoba uketshezi olusemlonyeni wayo lunobuthi.
Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi umuntu akayona ingxenye yokudla kwezinyoka, kodwa kunezinyoka ezinobuthi ezingaba izinkinga ezibulalayo noma ezikhona emzimbeni womuntu. Ezinye zezinyoka ezinobuthi yilezi:
I-Diamond Rattlesnake
Izinhlobo Zezinyoka Ezingenabuthi
Ukukhumbula lokho okwashiwo ngaphambili mayelana izinhlobo zezinyoka ezinobuthi, Kumele sazi ukuthi u-90% wezilwane ezisele azinalo uhlobo lukashevu noma ubuthi, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi ziyingozi, ngoba ngenxa yokwandiswa okukhulu ezinakho, zingakwazi ukuminyanisa inyamazane yazo ize inqamule ukujikeleza kwegazi. futhi kubangele ukufa ngemizuzu.
Naphezu kwalokhu, abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zezinyoka zingasebenza njengezilwane ezifuywayo, ngoba njengoba zivame ukuzola futhi zingenabo ubuthi, abaningi babamukela njengezilwane ezifuywayo, nakuba lokhu kungenzeka, akunconywa, ngoba ziyizilwane zasendle. abangakadluli ohlelweni olwanele lokujwayela impilo yasekhaya. Ezinye izibonelo zalolu hlobo lwezinyoka kungaba:
amakhorali angamanga