Imvelo imele yonke imithombo yemvelo esizungezile, ehlanganisa imvelo, izilwane nezitshalo ezihlala ndawonye futhi zinikeza ukuphila emhlabeni. Namuhla, yonke imithombo yemvelo isongelwa imikhuba engalawuleki yomuntu eye yabangela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, esihlokweni esilandelayo sizofunda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zokungcoliswa kwemvelo ezikhona emhlabeni.
Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo
Umuntu ubonakala ngokuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila zesintu, ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zabo kanye nokuqhubeka nokwenza ngcono imikhiqizo esetshenziswa umphakathi. Izinto ezingavuthiwe eziningi zitholakala emithonjeni yemvelo efana nezinkuni, uwoyela, amanzi, izitshalo, amaminerali, phakathi kokunye. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obunikeza kalula ukuyikhipha; Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lezi zinqubo ziye zaholela ekuwohlokeni kwemvelo, okudala ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo, ngenxa yalokhu incazelo yokungcola iyazalwa.
Kuyaziwa njengokuqoqwa kwezinto eziyingozi emvelweni, okuthinta kabi imvelo kanye nazo zonke izimo zokuphila ezenzeka kuyo. Ukungcola kubhekwa njengoshintsho olubangelwa izakhi zomzimba (udoti, imfucuza, phakathi kokunye), izinto zamakhemikhali (izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, ukuchitheka kukawoyela, phakathi kokunye) ngisho nangokuqoqwa kwamandla (inuzi, imisebe ye-ionizing, phakathi kwabanye).
Imikhuba yomuntu yokwanelisa izidingo kanye nezimfuno zomphakathi iholele ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo, kuze kufike ezingeni lokuyicekela phansi noma ukuyishintsha, njengoba uma kulinywa ngokweqile okubangela ukuwohloka komhlabathi nokulahlekelwa ukuvunda, ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokweqile okudala ukulahlekelwa izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo, ukunqwabelana kukadoti kanye nemfucuza yasendlini, ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa ongqimbeni lwe-ozone ngenxa yokushiswa kukaphethiloli wezinsalela, phakathi kokunye.
Ama-ejenti angcolisayo angaba nokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu, aguqule izimo zemvelo zezinto eziphilayo, njengoba amazinga azo okugxila ekhula, abangela izinkinga zempilo kubantu abazungezile, ngisho nokufa. Ukungcola kuyindaba evuse isithakazelo sochwepheshe abaningi, amazwe kanye nemiphakathi, ngenxa yokuwohloka kweplanethi nezimo zokuphila ezithonywa yikho.
Izinhlobo zokungcola
Ukungcola kumelela into edala ukungazinzi, ukuphazamiseka kanye nokungakhululeki ku-ecosystem noma indawo lapho ukuphila kukhula khona, ngokuvamile okubangelwa imiphumela yomsebenzi womuntu. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ukuhlukaniswa okugxile kumapharamitha amathathu abalulekile njengokuthi indawo ethintekayo, indlela yokungcolisa kanye nesandiso esethulayo:
Ukungcoliswa Ngokwemvelo Ethintekile
Indawo ethintekile isho indawo yokuhlala, indawo kanye nendawo ehlaselwe ukungcola, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokungcola ngokwendawo ethintekile echazwe ngezansi:
I-Atmospheric noma Ezemvelo
Kuyaziwa ngokuba khona kwezinto zamakhemikhali egesi ezishintsha ungqimba lwe-ozone olumboze iplanethi engumhlaba. Ukukhululwa kwezinto zamakhemikhali emkhathini kushintsha ukubunjwa komoya futhi kubangela ingozi enkulu empilweni yabo bonke abantu nakuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo (izilwane, izitshalo). Amagesi angcolisa kakhulu i-carbon monoxide, i-sulphur dioxide, ama-nitrogen oxides nama-chlorofluorocarbon.
Ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwamagesi emkhathini kuye kwabangela ukuvela kwemifantu ongqimbeni lwe-ozone, ngaphezu kokubangela imiphumela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Ezinye zezimbangela eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo lokungcola izimayini, ezikhiqiza inqwaba yezinhlayiya zothuli ezinqwabelana emoyeni, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane noma imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukutshala ukudla, ukwanda kwezimboni ezikhiqiza igesi eyingozi enkulu. futhi isici esiyinhloko ukushiswa kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ezindleleni zokuthutha ezisetshenziswa nsuku zonke.
I-Hydro noma Amanzi
Kubandakanya ukuguqulwa okukhona kwemisinga yamanzi ngenxa yokunqwabelana kodoti obonakalayo kanye/noma wamakhemikhali. Kuwumkhuba ovame ukudalwa ngumuntu, okugqamisa ikakhulukazi ukuchithwa kwamanzi angcolile, ahambisana nalolo hlobo lwamanzi atholakala ngenxa yezinqubo (imfuyo, izimboni, ezifuywayo, phakathi kokunye) futhi adinga ukugezwa ngaphambi kokuba alahlwe. ; Ngeshwa, lo mkhuba awuvamile ukwenziwa futhi ubangele ukungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi ehlukahlukene njengolwandle, imifula, amachibi, izixhobo, amachweba, iziphethu, phakathi kokunye.
Kunezizathu eziningi ezingashintsha isimo semvelo samanzi, njengokuchithwa kwemfucumfucu, ukukhululwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa, i-acidification yezilwandle, ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu yepulasitiki, ukukhishwa okusele, phakathi kokunye okuningi. Njengamanje inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezihlala emanzini lingcoliswe ukunqwabelana kukadoti noma ukuchithwa kukawoyela, okubangela ukulahlekelwa kwezilwane zasolwandle nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo yazo, okugqamisa ukulahleka kwemithombo yamanzi okuphuza, eyindlala kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.
Ground
Inhlabathi imelela indawo yasemhlabeni ehlanganisa yonke iplanethi, kuyisici esibalulekile emnothweni womuntu, ngoba kutholakala imikhiqizo edingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe abantu. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezisetshenziswa njengezibulala-fungi, izibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo, phakathi kokunye, kuye kwadala ukuwohloka kwenhlabathi, okuholela ekulahlekeni kwekhwalithi.
Kunezimbangela eziningi eziholela ekungcolisweni kwenhlabathi, njengokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezinto zamakhemikhali, ukugcinwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, ukuvuza kwendle, ukuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo yezimboni; kodwa ikakhulukazi ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezitshalo, okubangela ukuguguleka kwemvula, ilanga nomoya, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kokuzala nokuvuselela imisoco yazo.
Ukungcoliswa ngokusho kwe-Pollutant
Olunye uhlobo lokungcoliswa ngokwendlela engcolisayo, olwakhiwe iqembu lezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalolunye zokungcola ezichazwe ngezansi:
I-Chemistry
Ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kwendawo ezungezile ngokufaka i-ejenti engaziwa ngokuphelele endaweni ezungezile, kubhekisela ohlotsheni lwento ephilayo, engaphili noma yokwenziwa; Ngokujwayelekile yilezo eziphuma ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni, ezikwazi ukulimaza indawo yokuhlala futhi zibe nomthelela empilweni yezidalwa eziphilayo; Angakwazi futhi ukukhiqiza izinguquko ezicutshini zemvelo, wonakalise ama-ecosystem futhi abangele ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubambisana emvelweni.
Ukwethulwa kwalezi zinto eziyingozi kungabonwa esimweni somzimba (udoti, ukuqoqwa kwemfucuza, phakathi kwabanye), amakhemikhali (izibulala-zinambuzane, ama-herbicides, phakathi kwabanye) namagesi (i-carbon dioxide, i-nitrous oxides, phakathi kwabanye).
i-radioactive
Izinto ezikhipha imisebe yilezo zinto ezivela ezingozini zesikhungo samandla enuzi, ukuba khona kwazo kungaba yingozi emkhathini, emhlabathini nasekudleni. Konke lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lolu hlobo lwento lukhiqiza ama-radioisotopes ngokwemvelo nangokwenziwa, okuthi, uma kungelashwa kahle, kudale umonakalo ohlala iminyaka emvelweni.
Okushisayo
Kuyinqubo eshintsha izinga lokushisa kwemvelo libe sesimweni esiyingozi, ziyizinguquko ngenxa yokukhuphuka noma ukwehla kwamazinga okushisa athinta izinga lendawo ezungezile futhi aguqule isimo sayo semvelo, kubhekwa njengesinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Ziningi izimbangela zokungcola okushisayo njengokusetshenziswa kwamanzi njengesimiso sokupholisa, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi okubangela ukuchayeka kwemizimba yamanzi ekushiseni kwelanga, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okubangela imizimba yamanzi ukuba imunce amandla amaningi elanga. , phakathi okunye.
I-Acoustics
Lolu hlobo lokungcola lubhekwa njengomsindo oweqile ngaphezu kwamazinga emvelo emvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo yansuku zonke yabantu kudala imisindo eyeqisayo necasulayo njengophondo lwezimoto, ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo, ukuphathwa kwezindiza, phakathi kokunye, kudala izinkinga ezindlebeni ngisho nempilo yomzimba nengqondo. .
Visual
Ukuguqulwa kwemvelo okumele kuthathelwe indawo ezinye izakhi ezikhinyabeza ukubonakala futhi zibe nomthelela omubi ubuhle bendawo. Lolu hlobo lokungcola lubonakala ekuthuthukisweni kwempilo yasemadolobheni njengokuqoqwa kwamabhodi, ukuchichima kwezindlu, imigwaqo emikhulu, izakhiwo ezeqile, phakathi kokunye; Kufakazelwa ukuthi ukungabikho kwezindawo eziluhlaza endaweni lapho ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwenzeka khona kudala ukucindezeleka nezinkinga zempilo.
elikhanyayo
Kuqukethe ukwethulwa kokukhanya kokwenziwa, okuthonya isibhakabhaka sasebusuku ngokugqama, okukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamandla akhishelwa emkhathini. Ezinye zezimbangela ukukhanyiswa kwamadolobha, amalambu asebusuku ezindaweni zamabhizinisi, phakathi kokunye. Lolu hlobo lokungcola lugqama kakhulu emazweni athuthukile anabantu abaningi.
Ugesi
Imisebe ye-electromagnetic yileyo evela kuzo zonke izinto zikagesi, edala ukuphazamiseka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo njengemiphumela yezempilo kanye nemikhuba yokuzala. Lolu hlobo lokungcola lubangelwa izakhi ezenziwe umuntu ezifana nezinti zamaselula, imibhoshongo enamandla amakhulu, izinto ezisebenza ngogesi, phakathi kokunye.
I-Microbiological
Kubhekiselwa ekungcolisweni yindle, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba nasemhlabeni, ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-microorganisms athathelwanayo akhona, njengemvubelo, isikhunta, amagciwane, ama-prions, amagciwane kanye nobuthi, okwethulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Lolu hlobo lokungcola luyingozi ezilwaneni nakubantu lubanga izifo eziningi.
Izakhi zofuzo
Lolu hlobo lokungcoliswa yilona oluyimpikiswano kakhulu futhi oluxoxwa ngochwepheshe, lapho kubhekiselwa khona ekugelezeni kofuzo okungalawuleki phakathi kwabantu, kuyizinqubo zesayensi lapho ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo nokudalwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane kubonakala khona; ukushintsha izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo. Enye yezimbangela ezingokwemvelo ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo okubangela ukufuduka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi kuguqule isimiso sazo sofuzo.
Ukungcola Ngokwesandiso Somthombo
Ukungcola kuhlolwa ngezici ezihlukene, kulokhu kugqama njengokunwetshwa komthombo, okuthathu sekukonke kuchazwe ngezansi:
Gcina isikhathi
Imele umthombo obonakalayo nowendawo, ngakho-ke, ukungcola kuhlukile futhi kulula ukukubona njengokushisayo, amanzi, ukukhanya, umkhathi, phakathi kokunye. Imele ukuguqulwa kwezandiso ezinkulu.
Ulayini
Alukho ulwazi oluningi mayelana nalolu hlobo lokungcola, kodwa luhlobene nomthelela oqondile endaweni ezungezile, yilezo ezinezandiso ezinomkhawulo, isibonelo i-acoustics ne-chemistry.
sabalalisa
Okwaziwa nangokuthi ukungcola okungelona iphuzu, yilolo hlobo lokuthinta olungenayo indawo yemvelaphi noma okunzima ukulithola. Kulokhu, ukungcola kuye kwahlakazeka kuyo yonke indawo, kuhamba ngazo zonke izindlela (umoya, amanzi nomhlabathi), isibonelo ukungcoliswa kwemifula, zondliwa ngokugezwa kwemfucuza yezolimo, imfucumfucu eqinile kanye nokugeleza, kube imithombo eminingana. yokungcoliswa komzimba wamanzi.
Imiphumela Yokungcoliswa Kwemvelo
Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo ubukhona bezinto ezibonakalayo namakhemikhali ezingashintsha indawo yokuhlala yemvelo, kuze kube sezingeni lokuyiwohloka futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa okuphelele kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinhlobo ezikhona. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu futhi kuxoxwa ngaso njengamanje, izinga lokunukubezeka emhlabeni kanye nomthelela wemithombo yemvelo liyakhula.
Ngalunye lwezinhlobo zokungcola kunemiphumela emibi kakhulu, okubangela izenzakalo eziningi ezimbi neziyingozi kubantu nasemvelweni. Okunye okugqama kakhulu ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, kumela ukuthinteka kwesimo sezulu sendawo, ukunwetshwa kwezikhathi zesomiso kanye nokuncipha kwemvula noma ngokuphambene nalokho; okubangela ukuguquka kwezinga lokushisa komhlaba namanzi, okuholela ekwenyukeni kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izinhlobo zokungcola zenza ngokwehlukana noma phakathi kwazo, zimelela ingozi enkulu empilweni yezidalwa eziphilayo, ukulondolozwa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokunakekelwa kwemvelo. Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo, ukukhishwa kwegesi emkhathini, ukunqwabelana kukadoti emanzini, kubangela umphumela ofanayo futhi lokho kuwukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane nezitshalo ziye zashabalala, ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo noma ngenxa yokufuduka ezibhekene nakho.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Izinhlobo Zezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo
Asebenza kanjani ama-solar panel