I-Ecology Succession yilokho esikwazi njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Sonke ngesinye isikhathi sike sabheka eduze kwethu futhi sizibuza ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani lokho, kwenzeke kanjani lapha, kwathatha isikhathi esingakanani? phakathi kweminye imibuzo eminingi. Konke okusizungezile kuhamba ngemijikelezo yoguquko nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kulesi sihloko sichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi lokhu kulandelana kuhlanganisani. Qhubeka, qhubeka ufunda futhi ufunde!
Ukulandelana Kwemvelo
Kungashiwo ukuthi i-Ecological Succession yilezo zinguquko ezenzeka kancane kancane emvelweni nasezicini ezihlanganisayo. Lezi zinguquko zibonakala ngesikhathi nasemkhathini, lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane kubonakala khona, kodwa futhi nokunyamalala kwazo. Okuhle wukuthi yonke i-ecosystem ingafinyelela ibhalansi yeqiniso futhi lolo hambo olwenziwayo kuze kufike kuvuthondaba noma ukuqina okuphezulu ukulandelana futhi izigaba zayo ezihlukene zibizwa ngokuthi uchungechunge lokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, kusukela kulezo ezihlala emanzini kuye kulezo ezisemhlabeni, bezilokhu zisungula izixhumanisi ezithile, ikakhulukazi esicini sokudla okunomsoco. Ngalesi sizathu, abakhiqizi, abathengi kanye nababolisi basungulwa kulayini. Yilokhu okwaziwa ngokuthi wuchungechunge lokudla olubalulekile ukuze kube nebhalansi enempilo emhlabeni.
Ngakho-ke, ukulandelana kwemvelo akuyona into engaphezu kwaleyo nqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma ukushintshwa kohlobo oluthile esikhundleni sohlobo olungcono oluyingxenye yazo yonke imvelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yezizathu zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle. Lokhu kwezinye izimo kungase kubikezeleke, ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu futhi ngokuvamile kuwuhlobo lokuncintisana phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezisesimisweni semvelo esifanayo. Ngalesi sizathu, le nqubo ibonwa kakhulu njengendlela yokuhlela impilo lapho ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kudlala indima yako ebaluleke kakhulu.
Esimeni lapho izitshalo noma izilwane zithathwa njengohlobo olumele uhlobo lwazo, izinhlobonhlobo noma uhlanga lapho imiphakathi isuka khona ibheke kuvuthondaba, imvelaphi yasemanzini, ibizwa ngokuthi ama-hydroseries futhi uma ivela emhlabeni i-xeroserie.
Izinhlobo Zokulandelana Kwemvelo
Le nqubo yokulandelana kwemvelo ivame ukuqhubekisela impilo ekushintsheni. Uma lakhiwe ngokulandelana emphakathini wokuqala, igama elithi iphayona kuthiwa liqanjwe yilo. Ezinye izigaba zaziwa njengochungechunge oluyinhloko noma oluphelele, ukulandelana kwesibili nokuhlehlayo noma uvuthondaba.
ukulandelana okuyinhloko
Yilezo zilandelana eziqala e-terreros elangazelela impilo, engakaze ihlalwe ngaphambili. Okusho ukuthi, lapho kwakhiwa indawo entsha yokuhlala kusukela ekuqaleni. Izinhlobo ezinesibindi sokuqoqa lezi zikhala ikakhulukazi lezo zemifino ngendlela yazo eyisisekelo, lezi zibizwa ngokuthi amavulandlela.
Le nqubo iqala ngokwakhiwa kongqimba lwasemhlabeni olusebenza ngebhayoloji. Kuyo, ama-microorganisms aqala ukukhula, izakhi ezizovumela ukwakheka kwezimpande. Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye lapho idwala elingumama lichayeka khona emoyeni nalapho kufanele lidlule inqubo yokuguguleka, okungukuthi, lapho amadwala nomhlabathi kuqhephuka ngokwemvelo ebusweni bomhlaba bese kudluliselwa kwenye indawo ngesenzo somoya futhi amanzi.
Isimo sezulu siphinde sibe nomthelela, okuwukubola kwamaminerali namatshe, lokhu kwenzeka endaweni noma eduze nayo ebusweni bomhlaba lapho lezi zinto zihlangana nomkhathi, i-hydrosphere kanye ne-biosphere. Lezi yizakhi ezivumela ukubuthwa kwenhlabathi, ngoba azidingi izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Yilapho impilo iqala khona ngama-lichen akhiqiza amanani amancane ezinto eziphilayo ezinikeza indawo yobulembu nokunye.
Ezilwaneni, ukoloni ngokuvamile luqala ngezinambuzane, kamuva izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izinyoni nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ziyajoyina, kancane kancane okwenza umphakathi wande ngendlela ehlangene nezitshalo. Le miphakathi ingahlala ngisho nezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu njengoba i-ecosystem izoceba ngokudla okuyenza ibe yindawo yokuhlala ekahle.
ukulandelana kwesibili
Lokhu kulandelana kuvulela enye indawo esesivele yasungulwa, okungukuthi, endaweni esihlaselwe yisici esithile esinjengomlilo, kungadalwa nokugawulwa kwemithi, izikhukhula, ukungcola nezifo, ukubala izici ezimbalwa. Ngakho-ke, kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi ukulandelana okuqhubekayo futhi ukuze kuqale, kufanele kube nezakhiwo ngaphambi komcimbi.
Ikakhulukazi lezi zindawo noma izikhala zinalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izinsalela noma amafa futhi uma ukuba khona kwazo kukhulu, ukulandelana nokubuyiselwa kwendawo kuzoba ngokushesha. Lokhu kwandisa ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhula kule nhlabathi zikhula kancane kancane futhi inqubo yazo ye-photosynthetic ayisebenzi kahle. Isidingo sabo somsoco siphansi, okwenza kube lula indawo yabo yokuhlala.
Izinhlobo eziguqukayo ngaphansi kwalesi simo zivame ukuncintisana futhi zikhethekile, zijwayelana kahle nemvelo. Njengoba kunjalo ngezinhlobo ze-pyrophilic, ezidla umhlabathi oshisiwe.
ukulandelana okuhlehlayo noma ukuhlukanisa
Njengoba igama layo libonisa, incazelo yalo iphambene novuthondaba, okungukuthi, ziya ezigabeni ezingavuthiwe ze-ecosystem. Lolu wuhlobo lokucekelwa phansi kwe-ecosystem okubangelwa imisebenzi yabantu. Lokhu kubangelwa kakhulu ukucekelwa phansi kwezinye izigaba zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Kunjalo ngamahlathi ahlala evutha aze abe ugwadule, aguqule izwe elivundile nelihlalwa abantu libe ugwadule. Kumele kucaciswe ukuthi akukona ukulandelana okuhlanekezelwe, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho, ukulahlekelwa kwesistimu.
Ezinye Izimo ku-Evolutionary Series
Kunezinye izimo ezingase zenzeke ngokulandelana, njenge-anteclimax, okuthi ngenxa yezimo ezimbi zivimbele lezi zinhlobo ukuthi zifinyelele kuvuthondaba. I-paraclimax, lapho ukwakheka kwezitshalo kusekulinganisweni, kodwa akuzona ezendawo, okwenza kube cishe izimo zomvuthwandaba. Endabeni ye-peniclimax, kulokhu umvuthwandaba uhlangabezana nethonya lomuntu, lapho izakhi zalo zingahlukahluka.
Ikoloni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isho inqubo yokusungula izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo endaweni eyayingahlali muntu ngaphambili. Ibhalansi yenzeka lapho izinto eziphilayo ezihlukene, izitshalo noma izilwane, eziphila futhi zizalana ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo, ngaphandle kokwethula izinguquko, ngoba izimo ze-edaphic, biotic kanye nesimo sezulu zizinzile futhi zikhawulelana. Ukuvuthwa yilapho i-ecosystem ithuthukiswe ngokugcwele, ifinyelela esigabeni esithuthuke kakhulu sokulandelana.
Izindlela Zokulandelana Kwemvelo
Izazi ze-ecology ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuze ukulandelana kwemvelo kwenzeke, izindlela ezithile kufanele zibe khona, ezifana nokwenza lula, okuyilapho ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo zezilwane kuvumela futhi kube lula ukufika kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhathini zakamuva, ikakhulukazi phakathi nokulandelana okuyisisekelo. Enye indlela ukuncintisana, lapha lezi zilwane zilwela indawo yazo nezinsiza ezitholakalayo. Endabeni yezinhlobo zamavulandlela okuyizo ezihlala kuqala ezindaweni ebezingamukelekile.
Izicubu zalezi zitshalo ezingamaphayona zilayishwe inani elikhulu le-nitrogen ne-phosphorus, okuzenza zibe ukudla okufanele kwezilwane ezidla uhlaza, okusheshisa kakhulu ukulandelana, ngakho zivame ukunyamalala futhi zinikeze izitshalo kamuva.
Izibonelo Zokulandelana Kwemvelo
Ezinye zezibonelo ezivelele zokulandelana kwemvelo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi yethula izigaba ezifanayo kokubili endaweni yasemhlabeni neyamanzi. Lapho izinto eziphilayo ezikhiqizayo ziqala ukuzinza, ngoba ngaphandle kokuba khona kwazo abathengi ababonakali futhi ngale ndlela ibhalansi edingekayo ukuze kufike kuvuthondaba bekungeke kufinyelelwe.
Izindunduma zaseLake Michigan ziyisibonelo esiphilayo sokulandelana kwemvelo, ngoba ekupheleni kwenkathi yokugcina yeqhwa, amachibi amakhulu ahlehla, aveza izindunduma ezinkulu, ezingeyona into edlula ukwakheka kwesihlabathi esinqwabelana ogwini lwamachibi. . Ngokuhamba kweminyaka futhi ngenxa yezimo zemvelo, kuye kwaba nezinkomba zokulandelana kokuqala kohlobo oluyinhloko.
Lapha lezi zinhlobo zabonisa ukumelana okukhulu nesomiso, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ziye zasiza ukulungisa izindunduma. Ngokulandelayo kuvela izihlahla, izihlahla ze-cherry nezihlahla, ezathathelwa indawo amahlathi kaphayini aqhubeka nomsebenzi wokulungisa i-substrate.
Endabeni yokulandelana ngemva kwezenzakalo zentaba-mlilo, udaka lwentaba-mlilo olukhishiwe luyaphola lwakha izingqimba ezintsha zezwe elincanyana, ezimweni eziningi lokhu kubangela ukuthi iziqhingi zikhule zibe zinkulu futhi ziqhubeke nokukhula. Lokhu kuvula indlela yokulandelana okuyisisekelo okuzogcina sekwakhe i-ecosystem entsha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lo mcimbi uvamise ukuqeda i-ecosystem ekhona futhi ezinye izindawo ziqala kabusha ukulandelana.
Ezinye izibonelo
Uma indawo ishaywa imimoya enamandla futhi engapheli, lokhu kunciphisa ukulandelana njengoba izitshalo eziningi zikwazi ukufinyelela esigabeni sazo sehlathi. Esinye isibonelo yilapho izinyoni zasolwandle zifika futhi zihlala esiqhingini esinentaba-mlilo. Lapho kwenzeka uhlobo oluthile lwenhlekelele, njengokusha kwehlathi, umphakathi uvame ukunyamalala lapho kufa khona izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo.
Lokhu kudala izimo nendawo yokuthi ezinye izinto zakheke, okuvumela izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane ukuba ziqoqene futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kube lula ukufika kwezinye izinto eziphilayo okungenzeka zazihlala lapho. Konke lokhu kuholela ekwakhiweni kwemiphakathi emisha enikeza ithuba lokulandelana kwemvelo. Lapho umkhumbi ucwila olwandle, ngokushesha uqala ukugqwala bese uqala ukulandelana kwezitshalo nezinhlobo eziba indawo yokuhlala yemvelo entsha.
Amaqiniso amnandi
Ubuwazi yini ukuthi iplanethi, ngenxa yobukhona bamanzi esigabeni se-liquid, yiyona evumela ukuvela kwe-ecosystem. Ingaphakathi lomhlaba lishisa kunelanga. Umoya-mpilo okhona kule planethi uvela ezitshalweni. Intaba ende kunazo zonke Emhlabeni isolwandle. Ososayensi bathi angaphezulu kuka-1500 50 amaminerali angakahlonzwa kanti angu-XNUMX XNUMX aziwayo. Amatshe abonakale enyakaza.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe nge-Ecology Succession ngendlela engokomfanekiso, sikumema ukuthi ubukele ividiyo elandelayo:
Sonke sibalulekile emhlabeni ngoba siyingxenye yesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi esisebenzisanayo, kokubili izakhi zemvelo ezifana namanzi, umoya, umhlaba nakho konke okusikisela ukuphila kuyingxenye ebalulekile yezinguquko eziqhubekayo futhi umjikelezo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wabo bonke kufanele uhlonishwe. ukuze uqhubeke nokuba neplanethi ephilayo.
Funda kabanzi mayelana neMvelo ngokusebenzisa izixhumanisi ezilandelayo.
Umehluko Phakathi Kwemvelo Nemvelo
Imiphumela Yokungcoliswa Kolwandle