Izidalwa eziphilayo zinezinqubo zemvelo zokufeza le mijikelezo yebhayoloji elandelayo: ukuzalwa, ukukhula, ukuzala nokufa. Izitshalo, okuyizinto eziphilayo, nazo zigcwalisa le mijikelezo yebhayoloji, maqondana nemijikelezo yokuzala, izitshalo zingakwazi ukukufeza ngokuzalana kwe-asexual kanye nokuzalana ngokocansi. Ngiyakumema ukuthi wazi, kunjani Ukuzalanisa Izimila.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo
Ngenhloso yokulondoloza uhlobo lwazo, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ziye zakha indlela yokuZalana nokulondoloza ukwakheka kwazo kofuzo. Kokubili izilwane nezitshalo zenze izindlela ezihlukene zokuzalanisa, kuye ngokuvela kwazo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi kuye nge-ecosystem lapho zisakazwa khona. Ngokuqondile, izitshalo zingazalana ngokobulili nangokocansi.
Ukuzalanisa Kwezitshalo kuhambisana nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo, ukujwayela kwazo kanye nokuvela kwezakhiwo zazo zokuzala. Izitshalo zokuqala ezakhula emhlabeni zazingama-ferns futhi zihlobene, amahlathi eNkathi YeCarboniferous yePaleozoic, ibizwa ngokuthi "inkathi yama-ferns" izitshalo zokuqala ze-vascular ngaphandle kwembewu noma izimbali.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkathi ye-Paleozoic, izitshalo ze-Gymnosperm ezikhiqiza imbewu, njenge-ferns enembewu (ezaziwa kuphela esimweni sezinsalela), zaqala ukuvela futhi ziqhudelana nezitshalo ezingenambewu, ezingenazimbali zemithambo yemithombo yemvelo. Ngaleso sikhathi kwavela ama-conifers namanye ama-gymnosperms.
Iqembu lakamuva lezitshalo lingabameleli beMagnoliophyta Division, okuyi-angiosperms noma izitshalo ezinezimbali, izithelo nembewu. Leli qembu lokugcina lezimila laqala ukubusa ngokuqhuma kusukela eMesozoic ngeNkathi Yezimila. Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezitshalo ze-angiosperm zikhula futhi zisakazwa endaweni eshisayo yeplanethi, emahlathini ayo kunezitshalo ezimbalwa ze-coniferous (gymnosperms). Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo ze-gymnosperm, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zimelelwe kahle emahlathini ezindawo ezipholile zeplanethi.
Lokhu okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kuholele ekubonakaleni kwezindlela ezihlukene Zokukhiqiza ngokwezici zezinhlobo zezitshalo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlukana okuhlukene kwezitshalo: ama-gymnosperms nama-angiosperms ayahluka kakhulu ngezakhiwo zawo, izici nezindlela zokuzala, ngokuzalana.
ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi
Ngokuzalanisa izitshalo ngokocansi, ukuhlanganiswa kwama-gamete amabili, i-gamete yesifazane ne-gamete yesilisa, kufanele kwenzeke. Lezi zakhiwe ezithweni ezifanele zocansi stamens (owesilisa) kanye pistils (owesifazane). Ukuze lawa ma-gametes ahlangane, ama-pollinating agents afana nezinambuzane nezinyoni ngokuvamile ahilelekile, kanye nezici zemvelo ezifana nomoya.
Ama-Pollinators ezitshalweni eziqhakaza adlulisa impova isuka kwenye imbali iye kwenye futhi ngale ndlela ukuvundiswa kwenzeka. Ukufeza ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo, izinyathelo ezintathu kufanele zenziwe: impova, ukuvundisa nokuhluma.
impova
Ngesikhathi se-pollination yezitshalo eziqhakazayo, kungenzeka ukudlulisa impova yezitshalo phakathi kwezimbali zezitshalo ezahlukene. Kwenzeka ngenxa yokungenelela kwezinto zangaphandle ezifana nomoya, izilwane ezihambisa impova noma amanzi. Izilwane ezikhiqiza impova zikhangwa izimbali zesitshalo ukuze Zikhiqize kabusha, ngombala wezimbali zaso, iphunga elimnandi, umpe noma enye indlela ekhethekile yokufeza impova. Ngokudlulisela impova, ama-pollinators aqala ukuvundisa.
ukuvundiswa
Lapho ukuvundiswa kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo kwenzeka, i-zygote iqala ukukhula, lapho izinhlamvu zofuzo zama-gametes amabili abazali bayo zihlangene, okuholela ekukhiqizweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zobulili. Lo mbungu wesitshalo esisha uyingqamuzana lokuqala elihlukanisayo futhi likhule, likhule livikelekile futhi londliwe isitshalo esivundisiwe. Ezitshalweni, kukhiqizwa isembozo esiqinile esivikela umbungu futhi sakhe imbewu.
Ezitshalweni ze-angiosperm, imbewu ivikelwa esinye isitho sesitshalo esibizwa ngokuthi izithelo. Izithelo zinikeza isivikelo nezakhamzimba, lezi zikhangayo ezilwaneni ngenxa yombala wazo, ukunambitheka kanye nephunga elimnandi, zingawela phansi lapho sezivuthiwe noma zidliwe yizilwane futhi imbewu yazo idluliselwe kwenye indawo ekude nezitshalo ezingabazali futhi, uma izimo zemvelo ziyayivumela, imbewu yayo iyakhululwa futhi ingaqhuma futhi umjikelezo wokuzala uqala futhi. Embewu ngayinye, kumila isitshalo esisha sohlobo olufanayo, sibe ne-genome eyingqayizivele nehlukile kwezinye izitshalo ezizalwa esitshalweni esisodwa.
ukuhluma
Lapho isithelo esivuthiwe siwela emhlabathini ovundile, njengoba imbewu ibola ingamila futhi, uma idliwe izilwane ezidla uhlaza lapho zizila, zibeka imbewu emhlabathini ovundile, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iyaqhuma lapho ivuliwe, yenze izimpande. futhi kuhlume isitshalo esisha. Emvelweni, imbewu ingalala futhi ilinde izimo ezifanele zemvelo ukuthi ziqhume.
ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual
I-Asexual Reproduction of Plants ihlukile Ekukhiqizeni Kabusha Kwezitshalo, ngoba akukho ukuhlukahluka kofuzo okwenzeka esitshalweni esisha. Ngokuzala kabusha kwesitshalo, izitshalo ezilingana nezitshalo ezingumama ziyazalwa. Lokhu Ukukhiqiza kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: sporulation, budding, polyembryony kanye apomixis.
Ukuhlukumeza
Le ndlela yokukhiqiza i-asexual itholakala ngokuvundiswa kwezinhlamvu, ezingakhiqizwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo ze-gymnosperm, ezingakhi imbewu. Lezi zingamelana nezimo ezingezinhle zemvelo ezehlukene zize zithole Ukukhiqiza kabusha lapho izimo zomswakama wendawo zivumela ukuhluma kwazo. Lezi zinhlamvu zinalo lonke ufuzo lwesitshalo sikamama ngakho-ke zizokhiqiza umuntu ofana nomzali wakhe ngokofuzo, okungukuthi, isitshalo se-clone futhi ngale ndlela izinhlobo zaso zizolondolozwa.
Izitshalo ezinjengama-fern kanye nobulembu obakha ama-spores, zakha ngaphansi kwamaqabunga azo ngaphakathi kwe-sori, lapho isimo sezulu somile i-sori ivulekile futhi umoya unesibopho sokuhambisa izinhlamvu, ezincane ngobukhulu nesisindo esincane. Uma izinhlamvu eziwela phansi zihambisana nomswakama omuhle wendawo kanye nezimo zokushisa ezifudumele, lezi zinhlamvu zizohluma bese kwakheka i-gametophyte, lapho izitho zobulili zesilisa nezinsikazi zizotholakala ndawonye.
Emanzini, amangqamuzana wesilisa e-gametophyte ayathuthwa futhi lapho efika kwenye i-gametophyte enamangqamuzana wesifazane, ukuvundiswa kuzokwenzeka futhi uma evundiswa, kuzozalwa umuntu omusha wezinhlobo ezifanayo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-gametophyte ayizitshalo ezincane futhi akuzona abantu abadala bezinhlobo zabo. Umsebenzi wawo ukuvumela Ukuzala kabusha kwesitshalo ukuthi kwenzeke. Okusho ukuthi, i-gametophyte yesitshalo se-fern ayiyona i-fern entsha, kodwa isitho sokuzala sezitshalo ezithwala i-spore ukuze zikhiqize.
Ukuqothula
Kule ndlela yokukhiqiza i-asexual, amangqamuzana omuntu azalanayo ahlukana ngokulinganayo, abelethe omunye umuntu ofana nalona, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngokwakha i-protuberance noma isakhiwo somzimba okuthi, sibe nezimo ezifanele, sizokwazi ukukhula futhi. hlukana nomzali bese uqala ukuphila ngokuzimela, abanye bahlala bebumbene benza ikoloni. Isibonelo semvubelo.
i-polyembryoni
Kulokhu kuzalana ngendlela engafani nobulili, imibungu emibili noma ngaphezulu ingakhula ku-ovule eyodwa evundisiwe, njengoba kwenzeka ezitshalweni zikamango.
I-Apomixis
Kuwuhlobo lokuzalana kwe-asexual ngokusebenzisa imbewu eyenziwa yizinhlobo ze-gymnosperm ezinembewu. Lokhu kufezwa ngembewu ngaphandle kwempova yangaphandle. Lezi ziphindaphinda i-genome yesitshalo esingumama, okungukuthi, imbewu eyakhiwe. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho esinye sezitho zesitshalo sihlukana, kungaba: isiqu, igatsha, i-tuber, igatsha, njll.) futhi ikhule, ikhula ngokuzimela, yakha isitshalo esisha. Lolu hlobo lokuzala lunezinhlobo ezahlukene, kungaba yilezi:
- ama-mitospores. Kuwuhlobo lokuzalana kwezitshalo okungasexual, lapho izinhlamvu zivela ku-mitosis, okuyindlela isikhunta, ama-ferns, ama-mosses kanye nama-lichens azala ngayo. Imbewu ngayinye yakhiwe ingqamuzana elivikelwe ungqimba lwangaphandle oluwugqinsi oluzivikela esimweni sezulu esingesihle. Uma izimo zemvelo zivuma, imvilophu evikelayo idabukile futhi iseli elingaphakathi kuyo liyaqhuma futhi isitshalo esisha sikhule.
- ama-propagules. Ama-propagules yinoma yisiphi isakhiwo sezinto ezimilayo ezikhiqizwa ngokocansi noma ngokobulili, futhi aqala umuntu omusha ongakhula futhi athuthuke ngokuzimela futhi asungule isidalwa esisha esiphilayo esifana nesitshalo esingumama.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual yiyona esetshenziswa kakhulu ekutshaleni izitshalo zokusetshenziswa kwezolimo noma zokuhlobisa, ngoba ngezinye izikhathi kuyashesha ukuthola izitshalo ezintsha ngalolu hlobo lokukhiqiza, ikakhulukazi uma ziyizinhlobo zehlathi nezinye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuthola imbewu kunzima, kudingeke ukuba ilinde ukuthi ifinyelele ebudaleni futhi kungathatha iminyaka eminingi. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo azikhiqizi imbewu uma izimo zemvelo zingahlangatshezwana nokuthi lokhu kwenzeke ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwendawo yazo.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda ngemvelo emangalisayo nokuthi inganakekelwa kanjani, ngokufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: