La ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ezilwaneni, yindaba ephathwa abantu abambalwa njengoba bengaboni ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi isilwane sande ngaphandle kwesenzo sohlelo lokuzala, noma isenzo sokukhwelana, siyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda ukuze wazi ukuthi lokhu kuphindaphinda izinhlobo zingenziwa ngale ndlela.
Kuyini ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ezilwaneni?
Ukuzala kubalulekile kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, lokhu kuwumsebenzi wesithathu odingekayo wezidalwa kokubili emhlabeni nasolwandle. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukuzala akuzange kube khona, ngabe akukho zilwane emhlabeni, ngoba zonke zanyamalala, zizogwetshwa ukufa, nokho, kunezinhlobo ezingadingi ubulili, okungukuthi, asikho isidingo owesilisa noma owesifazane, owesifazane ukuze akwazi ukwenza isenzo socansi noma ukuze asiqonde kangcono kakhulu, akwazi ukuzala.
Yilapho ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ezilwaneni kungena khona, lapho singekho isidingo socansi ukuze zizalane.
Kulapho kukhona ubaba oyedwa noma umama oyedwa ukuze kungabikho amangqamuzana avusa inkanuko noma izitho zocansi ezibamba iqhaza, njengoba sesivele sazi ukuthi kwenzeka ekuzalaneni okujwayelekile, njengoba kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlobo zezilwane ama-asexuals Benza lesi sici sokusakazeka lapho enye yezingxenye zesisindo sabo semisipha ihlukaniswa, ukuze kulungiselelwe amaqembu ezinhlanga. Indlela yenziwa ngenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo ezinjengalezi:
- Ama-Vertebrates
- Ezingenamgogodla
- Izimila
Lolu hlobo lwento lwenzeka ezimeni lapho umuntu ekhiqiza izifundo ezifanayo ngofuzo.
Kula maqiniso, singathola igama elithi Cloning procreation, ngoba lidala izinhlobo zabazali. Kanye nalolu hlobo lokusabalalisa, alubonakali lubandakanya amangqamuzana lapho ephuma, (amaqanda noma i-spermatozoa), izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto, i-parthenogenesis ne-glycogenesis. Esikhundleni samaseli e-somatic ukuthi kulawo (okuhlanganisa zonke izicubu nezikhumba kanye nesakhiwo sethu) lokhu mayelana nezici ze-corporal.
Izinhlobo zokuzalana kwe-asexual
Ezweni layo elijikelezayo, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezakhiwe ngofuzo ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, kodwa ezitshalweni, umuntu ubelokhu enezela, ecekela phansi izwe lazo ngendlela ethile ngokulingcolisa, uhlu lukhula kakhulu, singasho nsuku zonke.
ukuphindaphinda kwemifino
Lokhu kulingisa ukusakazeka kocansi okujwayelekile kwezipontshi zasolwandle, okwenzeka ngenkathi imvuthuluka yokudla inqwabelana kumodeli yazo yamaseli esipontshi sangempela. Ngala mangqamuzana, izembozo zokuzivikela zihlukanisiwe, zenze i-gemula ekhishwa kamuva, inikeze isipontshi indawo.
- Ezinye izinhlobo zokuphindaphinda kwezitshalo ezimilayo, iqoqo lamangqamuzana angaphezulu kwesidalwa esiphilayo esiqala ukukhula futhi sikhule, kuze kube sekwakhekeni kwelunga elisha lomndeni, elingagcina liqede ukwehlukana noma wonke ahlale esesimweni. ikoloni. Lezi zinhlobo zokukhiqiza zinikezwa ama-hydras.
- Kwezinye izilwane zingaphindaphindeka ngokuhlukana, kulezi zinhlobo zokuphindaphinda, uhlobo oluthile lungahlukaniswa lube yisiqephu esisodwa noma ezimbalwa futhi yonke into eyahlukaniswa yaba izingcezu ezincane zesidalwa esifanayo ngasinye sikhula njengabantu abasha abaphelele. Kuyisibonelo esivamile kakhulu esingasibona emjikelezweni wokuphila we-starfish, ngoba lapho izilwane zilahlekelwa ingalo, zingakwazi ukuyivuselela, kusukela kulezi zingalo abanye abantu bakheka, ama-clones ezinkanyezi zokuqala.
I-Parthenogenesis
Njengoba sishilo ekuqaleni, ku-parthenogenesis iqanda liyadingeka, kodwa abakanikezwa isidoda. Ku-ovum engavundisiwe, ingaba yisidalwa esiphilayo esilandelayo. Lolu hlobo lokuhlangana kwe-asexual lwachazwa nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinambuzane lapho zikhiqiza ama-aphid.
i-angiogenesis
Ku-anginogenesis, okungolunye uhlobo lokuzalana ngaphandle komzali. Ama-ovules adinga ugqozi oluthile ukuze akwazi ukudala isidalwa esiphilayo, lesi sikhuthazo siyisidoda, kodwa kulokhu asinikeli ngofuzo lwaso. Yileya nzalo engumzukulu kamama. Isidoda esisetshenziswayo akudingekile ukuba sibe esohlobo olufanayo nomama, lumane lube olunye lwezinhlobo eziningi ezifanayo. Kwenzeka kuma-amphibians kanye nama-teleosts.
Uqhekeko
Umuntu oyedwa uhlukaniswe waba izingcezu ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, okungenzeka ngesenzakalo esiyinhlanhla noma ingozi noma ngenye indlela ezenzakalelayo, noma lapho isilwane sikubona kufanele. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezenza ukuhlukana, singanikeza i-starfish noma izibalo ezinezingalo ezingaphezu kwesithupha njengesibonelo esiyinhloko futhi sifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi i-starfish iyisilwane esisebenzisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ezilwaneni.
Ukuhlukana kabili
Kunjengoba igama layo libonisa, kulezi zimo ukwahlukanisa kwenziwa kuzo zombili izingxenye. Lolu hlobo lokuzala lwenziwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane Imibuso Yezidalwa Eziphilayo futhi hhayi izilwane kuphela, lezi zinhlobo yilezi:
- igciwane
- Imvubelo
- I-Protozoa
- izipontshi
- i-algae unicellular
Kule nqubo kumayelana nokuphindaphinda i-DNA, lapho kufanele bahlukanise i-cytoplasm bese beveza amangqamuzana amabili afanayo ngokwawo. Ezingeni lokuzala kweziningi zalezi zimo liyachayeka. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye zalezi zimo amagciwane Escherichia coli, lapho ehlukana phakathi njalo ngemva kwemizuzu engamashumi amabili.
sporulation
Endaweni esetshenziswa ama-spores kanye nama-endospores ukuze aphindaphindeke futhi kuvame kakhulu uma esendaweni engalungile, njengemisoco, sonke esaziyo ukuthi imbalwa ngokwehlukahlukana. Kufungus lwesinkwa kanye ne-bacterium bacillus subtilis, zibonakala ngokusebenzisa le ndlela yokuhlangana kwe-asexual, engekho ezilwaneni kuphela kodwa nasezitshalweni ezithile.
UPolyembryony
Kungenye yezindlela ezinikezwa lapho kwakhiwa umbungu ongaphezu kowodwa ukuthi izingcezu zibe eziningana, lokhu kwenzeka ezinambuzaneni zohlelo lwe-hymenoptera ezakha ngazo Umehluko phakathi kwe-Wasp ne-Bee, izinyosi nezintuthwane, kodwa kulokho okwenzeka kuqala kumelwe ukuba kube nokuzalana kobulili phakathi kweduna nensikazi.
I-Parthenogenesis
Kulolu hlobo lokuzalana kwe-asexual, kusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwamangqamuzana angama-asexual angabesifazane abakhulelwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-ovum engavundile ihlukaniswa ukuze idale abantu abasha futhi ngezinye izikhathi ayidingi njalo ukuba khona kwama-gametes abesilisa.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Asexual njengesu lokusinda
Lezi zindlela zokusinda azisetshenziswa kulolu hlobo lwesilwane, ngoba siyacaca ukuthi uma izilwane zingalingani azihlali futhi zishabalale, njengezinto ezijwayelekile zokukhwelana, ngokuphambene nalokho, zenza lokhu ukuze zizizwe kahle ngazo. kanye nezinye izilwane, indawo ezizungezile.
Kungenxa yokuthi eziningi zalezi zilwane kuye kwadingeka zisinde ezinhlekeleleni zezulu ezehlukene ezishaye kakhulu izinhlobo zazo futhi uma zingaguquki zivele zife, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ezinsikazi yizo ezihlakulela ukuzalana ngokobulili ezilwaneni.